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18 pages, 5994 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Study of the Effect of Temperature on the Production of Carrageenan-Based Buccal Films and Optimization of the Process Parameters

by Katalin Kristó, Anahita Sangestani, Alharith A. A. Hassan, Hala Rayya, Krisztián Pamlényi, András Kelemen and Ildikó Csóka

Pharmaceuticals 2024, 17(12), 1737; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph17121737 (registering DOI) - 22 Dec 2024

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Films in the mouth offer a promising alternative drug delivery system for oral administration, with several advantages over traditional oral formulations. Furthermore, their non-invasive nature and easy administration make them conducive to increasing patient compliance. The use of active agents in these [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Films in the mouth offer a promising alternative drug delivery system for oral administration, with several advantages over traditional oral formulations. Furthermore, their non-invasive nature and easy administration make them conducive to increasing patient compliance. The use of active agents in these films can further improve their drug delivery properties, making them an even more useful drug delivery system. Methods: In this research, carrageenan was used as a polymer, while glycerine was added as a plasticizer, furthermore, lidocaine hydrochloride and diclofenac sodium were used as the active agents. The prepared films were characterized by analytical techniques. Results: The results showed that glycerine reduced the mucoadhesivity and breaking hardness of the films and increasing the temperature made the films brittle. These results are also confirmed by the statistical analysis. Based on the FTIR results, glycerine can be used in films without structural changes. Conclusions: Based on the findings, films prepared from a solution with a concentration of 1.5% carrageenan and 1.5% glycerine at 70 °C are suitable as a drug delivery system for use on the buccal mucosa when combined with active agents. Carrageenan was successfully used as a carrier for two different types of active agents. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pharmaceutical Formulation Characterization Design)

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12 pages, 353 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Carbon Footprint of a Windshield Reinforcement Component for a Sport Utility Vehicle

by Michele Maria Tedesco, Federico Bruno, Silvia Lazzari, Marco Lattore, Mauro Palumbo, Paola Rizzi and Marcello Baricco

Sustainability 2024, 16(24), 11263; https://doi.org/10.3390/su162411263 (registering DOI) - 22 Dec 2024

Abstract

In this study, the carbon footprint of a steel-based windshield reinforcement component assembled in a sport utility vehicle was calculated in three different stages: steelmaking, stamping, and middle-of-use. Possible solutions to decrease carbon emissions were evidenced, such as the purchasing of steel made [...] Read more.

In this study, the carbon footprint of a steel-based windshield reinforcement component assembled in a sport utility vehicle was calculated in three different stages: steelmaking, stamping, and middle-of-use. Possible solutions to decrease carbon emissions were evidenced, such as the purchasing of steel made through low-impact technologies and the exploitation of the green energy grid to power up stamping machines. The life cycle assessment methodology was used to calculate the carbon footprint. Four different steels provided by different suppliers were compared in order to highlight the greenest material for both the steelmaking and stamping processes and the best supplier from an environmental point of view. In addition, the carbon footprint related to the component weight in vehicles with different traction set-ups, i.e., internal combustion engine, mild hybrid electric, and battery electric, was reported. To reduce the carbon footprint, electric arc furnace-based steelmaking and cold stamping were the best options. In addition, component weight reduction (for instance, changing materials) allowed a decrease in fuel and/or energy consumption, with carbon footprint benefits. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Innovations in Industrial Transformation: Integrating Industry 5.0 and Ecological Economics)

16 pages, 13174 KiB

Open AccessArticle

MicroRNA-150 Deletion from Adult Myofibroblasts Augments Maladaptive Cardiac Remodeling Following Chronic Myocardial Infarction

by Satoshi Kawaguchi, Marisa N. Sepúlveda, Jian-peng Teoh, Taiki Hayasaka, Bruno Moukette, Tatsuya Aonuma, Hyun Cheol Roh, Meena S. Madhur and Il-man Kim

Biomolecules 2024, 14(12), 1650; https://doi.org/10.3390/biom14121650 (registering DOI) - 22 Dec 2024

Abstract

MicroRNA (miR: small noncoding RNA)-150 is evolutionarily conserved and is downregulated in patients with diverse forms of heart failure (HF) and in multiple mouse models of HF. Moreover, miR-150 is markedly correlated with the outcome of patients with HF. We previously reported that [...] Read more.

MicroRNA (miR: small noncoding RNA)-150 is evolutionarily conserved and is downregulated in patients with diverse forms of heart failure (HF) and in multiple mouse models of HF. Moreover, miR-150 is markedly correlated with the outcome of patients with HF. We previously reported that systemic or cardiomyocyte-derived miR-150 in mice elicited myocardial protection through the inhibition of cardiomyocyte death, without affecting neovascularization and T cell infiltration. Our mechanistic studies also showed that the protective roles of miR-150 in ischemic mouse hearts and human cardiac fibroblasts were, in part, attributed to the inhibition of fibroblast activation via the repression of multiple profibrotic genes. However, the extent to which miR-150 expression in adult myofibroblasts (MFs) modulates the response to myocardial infarction (MI) remains unknown. Here, we develop a novel 4-hydroxytamoxifen-inducible MF-specific miR-150 conditional knockout mouse model and demonstrate that the mouse line exhibits worse cardiac dysfunction after MI. Our studies further reveal that miR-150 ablation selectively in adult MFs exacerbates cardiac damage and apoptosis after chronic MI. Lastly, MF-specific miR-150 deletion in adult mice promotes the expression of proinflammatory and profibrotic genes as well as cardiac fibrosis following chronic MI. Our findings indicate a key protective role for MF-derived miR-150 in modulating post-MI responses. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Heart Diseases: Molecular Mechanisms and New Therapies)

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11 pages, 228 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Falls in Persons with Cognitive Impairment—Incidence and Characteristics of the Fallers

by Per G. Farup, Knut Hestad and Knut Engedal

Geriatrics 2024, 9(6), 168; https://doi.org/10.3390/geriatrics9060168 (registering DOI) - 22 Dec 2024

Abstract

Background/Objectives: The annual incidence of falls is high in older adults with impaired cognitive function and dementia, and injuries have a detrimental effect on disability-adjusted life-years and public health spending. In this registry-based study, fall incidence and characteristics of the fallers were explored [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: The annual incidence of falls is high in older adults with impaired cognitive function and dementia, and injuries have a detrimental effect on disability-adjusted life-years and public health spending. In this registry-based study, fall incidence and characteristics of the fallers were explored in a large population with cognitive impairment. Methods: NorCog, “The Norwegian Registry of Persons Assessed for Cognitive Symptoms”, is a national research and quality registry with a biomaterial collection. This study included 9525 persons from the registry who had answered the question about falls. Fall incidence was studied, and the characteristics of fallers and non-fallers were compared. Results: The annual fall incidence was 3774/9525 (39.6%). The incidence varied between types of dementia, from 22.4% in persons with the debut of Alzheimer’s disease before 65 years of age to 55.3% in persons with vascular dementia and with increasing degrees of cognitive impairment. A wide range of personal characteristics, symptoms, signs, laboratory tests, and physical, psychological, and cognitive tests differed between fallers and non-fallers, most in disfavour of the fallers. Age, reduced Personal Activities of Daily Living, reduced gait speed, delayed recall, use of a walking aid, and depression were independent predictors of falls. Conclusions: Among cognitively impaired persons with a history of falls, frailty was an independent predictor of falls. Neither the type of dementia nor the degree of cognitive impairment were independent predictors of falls. Prevention of frailty by physical training and social activity may be important in mitigating fall risk among older adults with impaired cognition. Full article

14 pages, 995 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Developing the Desert: How Qatar Achieved Dairy Self-Sufficiency Through Baladna

by Hussein Al-Dobashi and Steven Wright

Sustainability 2024, 16(24), 11262; https://doi.org/10.3390/su162411262 (registering DOI) - 22 Dec 2024

Abstract

This case study analyzes how Qatar rapidly achieved dairy self-sufficiency through public–private partnerships following the 2017–2021 blockade. Specifically, it examines the role of Baladna, Qatar’s leading dairy company, in scaling up its domestic production through alignment with government policies. A mixed-methods approach was [...] Read more.

This case study analyzes how Qatar rapidly achieved dairy self-sufficiency through public–private partnerships following the 2017–2021 blockade. Specifically, it examines the role of Baladna, Qatar’s leading dairy company, in scaling up its domestic production through alignment with government policies. A mixed-methods approach was employed, combining semi-structured interviews with key stakeholders from the Qatari government and Baladna and a review of Baladna’s internal documents and reports. Thematic content analysis was used to identify key themes, and data from Baladna’s reports were triangulated to validate the findings. Collaboration between Qatar’s government and Baladna ensured the self-sufficiency of domestic dairy demand, expanding operations with new products and exports, and strengthening supply chains. However, reliance on government support raises sustainability concerns, highlighting the need for efficiency and diversification. This partnership aligns with national policies, such as the Qatar National Food Security Strategy 2018–2023, and offers insights into how public–private collaborations can promote growth and supply security while balancing state support with market dynamics. This case study highlights how the blockade crisis catalyzed effective public–private collaboration, driving rapid growth in Qatar’s dairy sector to meet domestic demand. The lessons from Qatar’s developmental approach can provide insights for resource-rich countries struggling with food insecurity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Food)

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19 pages, 6995 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Classification Model for Fine-Grained Silkworm Cocoon Images Based on Bilinear Pooling and Adaptive Feature Fusion

by Mochen Liu, Xin Hou, Mingrui Shang, Eunice Oluwabunmi Owoola, Guizheng Zhang, Wei Wei, Zhanhua Song and Yinfa Yan

Agriculture 2024, 14(12), 2363; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14122363 (registering DOI) - 22 Dec 2024

Abstract

The quality of silkworm cocoons affects the quality and cost of silk processing. It is necessary to sort silkworm cocoons prior to silk production. Cocoon images consist of fine-grained images with large intra-class differences and small inter-class differences. The subtle intra-class features pose [...] Read more.

The quality of silkworm cocoons affects the quality and cost of silk processing. It is necessary to sort silkworm cocoons prior to silk production. Cocoon images consist of fine-grained images with large intra-class differences and small inter-class differences. The subtle intra-class features pose a serious challenge in accurately locating the effective areas and classifying silkworm cocoons. To improve the perception of intra-class features and the classification accuracy, this paper proposes a bilinear pooling classification model (B-Res41-ASE) based on adaptive multi-scale feature fusion and enhancement. B-Res41-ASE consists of three parts: a feature extraction module, a feature fusion module, and a feature enhancement module. Firstly, the backbone network, ResNet41, is constructed based on the bilinear pooling algorithm to extract complete cocoon features. Secondly, the adaptive spatial feature fusion module (ASFF) is introduced to fuse different semantic information to solve the problem of fine-grained information loss in the process of feature extraction. Finally, the squeeze and excitation module (SE) is used to suppress redundant information, enhance the weight of distinguishable regions, and reduce classification bias. Compared with the widely used classification network, the proposed model achieves the highest classification performance in the test set, with accuracy of 97.0% and an F1-score of 97.5%. The accuracy of B-Res41-ASE is 3.1% and 2.6% higher than that of the classification networks AlexNet and GoogLeNet, respectively, while the F1-score is 2.5% and 2.2% higher, respectively. Additionally, the accuracy of B-Res41-ASE is 1.9% and 7.7% higher than that of the Bilinear CNN and HBP, respectively, while the F1-score is 1.6% and 5.7% higher. The experimental results show that the proposed classification model without complex labelling outperforms other cocoon classification algorithms in terms of classification accuracy and robustness, providing a theoretical basis for the intelligent sorting of silkworm cocoons. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Digital Agriculture)

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25 pages, 55988 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Temporal and Spatial Variation in Habitat Quality in Guangxi Based on PLUS-InVEST Model

by Chuntian Pan, Jun Wen and Jianing Ma

Land 2024, 13(12), 2250; https://doi.org/10.3390/land13122250 (registering DOI) - 22 Dec 2024

Abstract

Despite Guangxi’s unique ecological diversity and its important role in land-based ecological security and conservation, research on the assessment and prediction of its habitat quality under the influences of rapid urbanization and environmental pressures remains limited. This study systematically analyzes the spatial and [...] Read more.

Despite Guangxi’s unique ecological diversity and its important role in land-based ecological security and conservation, research on the assessment and prediction of its habitat quality under the influences of rapid urbanization and environmental pressures remains limited. This study systematically analyzes the spatial and temporal dynamics of land use and habitat quality in Guangxi from 2000 to 2020 using the PLUS-InVEST model and simulates future scenarios for 2030. These scenarios include the Natural Development (ND) scenario, Urban Development (UD) scenario, and Cropland and Ecological Protection (CE) scenario. The results indicate the following: (1) Over the past two decades, rapid urban and construction land expansions in Guangxi intensified their negative impact on habitat degradation. Additionally, the disproportionate change between rural settlement land and rural population warrants attention. (2) Although ecological restoration measures have played a positive role in mitigating habitat degradation, their effects have been insufficient to counterbalance the negative impacts of construction land expansion, highlighting the need for balanced land use planning and urbanization policies. (3) The expansion of rural residential areas had a greater impact on regional habitat quality degradation than urban and infrastructure expansion. Moderate urbanization may contribute to habitat quality improvement. (4) The CE scenario shows the most significant improvement in habitat quality (an increase of 0.13%), followed by the UD scenario, which alleviates habitat degradation by reducing pressure on rural land. In contrast, the ND scenario predicts further declines in habitat quality. Furthermore, land use planning, restoration measures, and sustainable development policies are key factors influencing habitat quality changes. These findings emphasize the importance of integrating land use strategies with ecological restoration measures to balance economic growth and biodiversity conservation, especially in rapidly urbanizing regions. Full article

17 pages, 6661 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Multifunctional Nanozyme Hydrogel with Antibacterial, Antioxidative, and Photo-Induced Nitric Oxide-Supplying Properties for Promoting Infected Wound Healing

by Wen Zuo, Kunpeng Wei, Xinyi Zhang, Dongjing Wang, Haoyang Gong, Yanzhuo Zhang and Hui Wang

Pharmaceutics 2024, 16(12), 1624; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics16121624 (registering DOI) - 22 Dec 2024

Abstract

Objectives: To design a multifunctional nanozyme hydrogel with antibacterial, photo-responsive nitric oxide-releasing, and antioxidative properties for promoting the healing of infected wounds. Methods: We first developed ultra-small silver nanoparticles (NPs)-decorated sodium nitroprusside-doped Prussian blue (SNPB) NPs, referred to as SNPB@Ag NPs, which served [...] Read more.

Objectives: To design a multifunctional nanozyme hydrogel with antibacterial, photo-responsive nitric oxide-releasing, and antioxidative properties for promoting the healing of infected wounds. Methods: We first developed ultra-small silver nanoparticles (NPs)-decorated sodium nitroprusside-doped Prussian blue (SNPB) NPs, referred to as SNPB@Ag NPs, which served as a multifunctional nanozyme. Subsequently, this nanozyme, together with geniposide (GE), was incorporated into a thermo-sensitive hydrogel, formulated from Poloxamer 407 and carboxymethyl chitosan, creating a novel antibacterial wound dressing designated as GE/SNPB@Ag hydrogel. The physical properties of a GE/SNPB@Ag hydrogel were systematically investigated. Results: After embedding the nanozyme and GE, the resulting GE/SNPB@Ag hydrogel retains its thermosensitive properties and exhibits sustained release characteristics. In addition to its catalase-like activity, the nanozyme demonstrates high photothermal conversion efficiency, photo-induced nitric oxide release, and antibacterial activity. In addition, the hydrogel exhibits favorable antioxidant properties and high biocompatibility. The results of animal experiments demonstrate that the composite hydrogel combined with laser irradiation is an effective method for promoting infected wound healing. Conclusions: In vitro and in vivo studies indicate that the resulting GE/SNPB@Ag hydrogel holds significant potential for the treatment of infected wounds and for further clinical applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nanomedicine and Nanotechnology)

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Graphical abstract

28 pages, 2692 KiB

Open AccessReview

Overview of Wearable Healthcare Devices for Clinical Decision Support in the Prehospital Setting

by Rachel Gathright, Isiah Mejia, Jose M. Gonzalez, Sofia I. Hernandez Torres, David Berard and Eric J. Snider

Sensors 2024, 24(24), 8204; https://doi.org/10.3390/s24248204 (registering DOI) - 22 Dec 2024

Abstract

Prehospital medical care is a major challenge for both civilian and military situations as resources are limited, yet critical triage and treatment decisions must be rapidly made. Prehospital medicine is further complicated during mass casualty situations or remote applications that require more extensive [...] Read more.

Prehospital medical care is a major challenge for both civilian and military situations as resources are limited, yet critical triage and treatment decisions must be rapidly made. Prehospital medicine is further complicated during mass casualty situations or remote applications that require more extensive medical treatments to be monitored. It is anticipated on the future battlefield where air superiority will be contested that prolonged field care will extend to as much 72 h in a prehospital environment. Traditional medical monitoring is not practical in these situations and, as such, wearable sensor technology may help support prehospital medicine. However, sensors alone are not sufficient in the prehospital setting where limited personnel without specialized medical training must make critical decisions based on physiological signals. Machine learning-based clinical decision support systems can instead be utilized to interpret these signals for diagnosing injuries, making triage decisions, or driving treatments. Here, we summarize the challenges of the prehospital medical setting and review wearable sensor technology suitability for this environment, including their use with medical decision support triage or treatment guidance options. Further, we discuss recommendations for wearable healthcare device development and medical decision support technology to better support the prehospital medical setting. With further design improvement and integration with decision support tools, wearable healthcare devices have the potential to simplify and improve medical care in the challenging prehospital environment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Wearables)

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18 pages, 1661 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Retention of Nickel and Cobalt in Boda Claystone Formation

by Ottó Czömpöly, Fruzsina Szabó, Margit Fábián, Tamás Kolonits, Zsolt Fogarassy, Dániel Zámbó, Marc Aertsens and János Osán

Minerals 2024, 14(12), 1299; https://doi.org/10.3390/min14121299 (registering DOI) - 22 Dec 2024

Abstract

The Boda Claystone Formation (BCF) is considered to serve as a natural barrier to the potential high-level radioactive waste repository in Hungary. In order to evaluate the radionuclide retention capacity of the albitic claystone of the BCF, the adsorption and diffusion properties of [...] Read more.

The Boda Claystone Formation (BCF) is considered to serve as a natural barrier to the potential high-level radioactive waste repository in Hungary. In order to evaluate the radionuclide retention capacity of the albitic claystone of the BCF, the adsorption and diffusion properties of the rock for Ni²⁺ and Co²⁺ cations (activation products) were investigated separately and in competitive conditions when the two ions were simultaneously added. Batch sorption experiments were performed with powdered and conditioned albitic claystone samples in synthetic pore water to obtain adsorption isotherms. In addition, adsorption tests were performed on petrographic thin sections to check the transferability between dispersed and compact systems. Correlation analysis of microscopic X-ray fluorescence elemental maps recorded on thin sections suggested that nickel is primarily bound to clay minerals (mainly illite and chlorite), which was confirmed by (scanning) transmission electron microscopy measurements. Around illite particles, a newly formed nickel-rich few atomic layer thick phyllosilicate phase was identified. The discrepancy between the experimental and modeled adsorption isotherm at high concentrations could be explained with this nickel-rich new phase. Apart from C_i_n= 10⁻³ M and only Ni²⁺or Co²⁺ in the source, the apparent diffusion coefficients of Ni²⁺and Co²⁺ (C_i_n= 10⁻^3–10⁻² M) were found to be similar. Overall, the BCF shows promising capabilities to retain the studied radionuclides. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Clays and Engineered Mineral Materials)

20 pages, 4730 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Development of a Virtual Reality-Based Environment for Telerehabilitation

by Florin Covaciu, Calin Vaida, Bogdan Gherman, Adrian Pisla, Paul Tucan and Doina Pisla

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(24), 12022; https://doi.org/10.3390/app142412022 (registering DOI) - 22 Dec 2024

Abstract

The paper presents an innovative virtual reality (VR)-based environment for personalized telerehabilitation programs. This environment integrates a parallel robotic structure designed for the lower limb rehabilitation of patients with neuromotor disabilities and a virtual patient. The robotic structure is controlled via a user [...] Read more.

The paper presents an innovative virtual reality (VR)-based environment for personalized telerehabilitation programs. This environment integrates a parallel robotic structure designed for the lower limb rehabilitation of patients with neuromotor disabilities and a virtual patient. The robotic structure is controlled via a user interface (UI) that communicates with the VR environment via the TCP/IP protocol. The robotic structure can also be operated using two controllers that communicate with a VR headset via the Bluetooth protocol. Through these two controllers, the therapist demonstrates to the patient various exercises that the robotic system can perform. With the right-hand controller, the therapist guides exercises for the hip and knee, while the left-hand controller manages ankle exercises. The therapist remotely designs a rehabilitation plan for patients at home, defining exercises, interacting with the rehabilitation robot in real-time via the VR headset and the two controllers, and initiating therapy sessions. The user interface allows monitoring of patient progress through video feedback, electromyography (EMG) sensors, and session recording. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Virtual Reality and Emerging Technologies in Physical Activity, Sports and Healthcare)

16 pages, 5871 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Changes to Pork Bacterial Counts and Composition After Dielectric Barrier Discharge Plasma Treatment and Storage in Modified-Atmosphere Packaging

by Yi Zhou, Huixin Zuo, Zhaoqi Dai, Zonglin Guo, Benjamin W. B. Holman, Yanqin Ding, Jingying Shi, Xiaoxiao Ding, Mingming Huang and Yanwei Mao

Foods 2024, 13(24), 4162; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13244162 (registering DOI) - 22 Dec 2024

Abstract

The aim of this study was to compare the succession of natural microbiota in pork held under refrigerated storage for up to 10 days after dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma treatment. Two methods were used to assess the impact of DBD on microorganisms. [...] Read more.

The aim of this study was to compare the succession of natural microbiota in pork held under refrigerated storage for up to 10 days after dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma treatment. Two methods were used to assess the impact of DBD on microorganisms. Firstly, traditional selective media (SM) were employed to detect the bactericidal effects of DBD on Pseudomonas spp., Enterobacteriaceae, Lactic acid bacteria (LAB), and Brochothrix thermosphacta. Secondly, the thin agar layer (TAL) method was used to further evaluate the bactericidal effects of DBD. In addition, the Baranyi and Roberts model was applied to explore the kinetic parameters of Pseudomonas spp., Enterobacteriaceae, LAB, and B. thermosphacta during storage. Finally, the modified Lotka–Volterra model was used to describe the interactions between each microorganism. The study found that when using traditional selective media (SM), 85 kV DBD had a significant bactericidal effect on Pseudomonas spp., Enterobacteriaceae, LAB, and Brochothrix thermosphacta. However, when using the thin agar layer (TAL) method, the results suggested that DBD had no significant bactericidal effect, suggesting that DBD caused sublethal damage to the natural microorganisms on pork. Analysis with the Baranyi and Roberts model showed that DBD treatment significantly extended the lag phase of these four types of microorganisms and significantly reduced the μ_max of all microorganisms except LAB. The analysis results of the modified Lotka–Volterra model showed that LAB had a greater impact on Pseudomonas spp., Enterobacteriaceae, and B. thermosphacta (a₂₁ > a₁₂). In conclusion, DBD treatment was shown to have a significant sublethal bactericidal effect that impacted both the count and composition of natural microorganisms found on pork. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optimization of Non-thermal Technology in Food Processing)

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19 pages, 4236 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Implementation of Re-Simulation-Based Integrated Analysis System to Evaluate and Improve Autonomous Driving Algorithms

by Soobin Jeon, Junehong Park and Dongmahn Seo

Vehicles 2024, 6(4), 2209-2227; https://doi.org/10.3390/vehicles6040108 (registering DOI) - 22 Dec 2024

Abstract

Autonomous driving technology requires rigorous testing and validation of perception, decision-making, and control algorithms to ensure safety and reliability. Although existing simulators and testing tools play critical roles in algorithm evaluation, they struggle to satisfy the demands of complex, real-time systems. This study [...] Read more.

Autonomous driving technology requires rigorous testing and validation of perception, decision-making, and control algorithms to ensure safety and reliability. Although existing simulators and testing tools play critical roles in algorithm evaluation, they struggle to satisfy the demands of complex, real-time systems. This study proposes a re-simulation-based integrated analysis system designed to overcome these challenges by providing advanced visualization, algorithm-testing, re-simulation, and data-handling capabilities. The proposed system features a comprehensive visualization module for real-time analysis of diverse sensor data and ego vehicle information, offering intuitive insights to researchers. Additionally, it includes a flexible algorithm-testing framework that abstracts simulator-specific dependencies, enabling seamless integration and evaluation of algorithms in various scenarios. The system also introduces robust re-simulation capabilities, enhancing algorithm validation using iterative testing based on real-world or simulated sensor data. To address the computational demands of high-frequency sensor data, the system employs optimized data-handling mechanisms based on shared memory, thereby significantly reducing latency and improving scalability. The proposed system overcomes critical challenges faced by existing alternatives by providing a robust, efficient, and scalable solution for testing and validating autonomous-driving algorithms, ultimately accelerating the development of safe and reliable autonomous vehicles. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Transportation Safety and Operations: Practical Perspectives, 2nd Edition)

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13 pages, 1415 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Design, Control, and Evaluation of a Photovoltaic Snow Removal Strategy Based on a Bidirectional DC-DC Converter for Photovoltaic–Electric Vehicle Application

by Salma Elakkad, Mohamed Hesham, Hany Ayad Bastawrous and Peter Makeen

Energies 2024, 17(24), 6468; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17246468 (registering DOI) - 22 Dec 2024

Abstract

A novel self-heating technique is proposed to clear snow from photovoltaic panels as a solution to the issue of winter snow accumulation in photovoltaic (PV) power plants. This approach aims to address the shortcomings of existing methods. It reduces PV cell wear, resource [...] Read more.

A novel self-heating technique is proposed to clear snow from photovoltaic panels as a solution to the issue of winter snow accumulation in photovoltaic (PV) power plants. This approach aims to address the shortcomings of existing methods. It reduces PV cell wear, resource loss, and safety risks, without the need for additional devices. A self-heating current is applied to the solar panel to melt the snow covering its surface, which is then allowed to slide off the panel due to gravity. The proposed system consists of a bidirectional DC-DC converter, which removes the snow cover by heating the solar PV modules using electricity from the grid or electric vehicle (EV) batteries. It also charges the EV battery pack and/or supplies the DC bus when no EV is plugged into the charging station. For each mode of operation, a current-controlled system was implemented using a PI controller and a model predictive controller (MPC). The MPC approach achieved a faster rise time, shorter settling time, very low current ripples, and high stability for the proposed system. Specifically, the settling time decreased from 9 ms and 155 ms when using the PI controller at 20 µs and 35 µs with the MPC controller for both the buck and boost modes, respectively. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section A2: Solar Energy and Photovoltaic Systems)

25 pages, 1252 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimization of Energy Management Strategy for Series Hybrid Electric Vehicle Equipped with Dual-Mode Combustion Engine Under NVH Constraints

by Shupeng Zhang, Hongnan Wang, Chengkai Yang, Zeping Ouyang and Xiaoxin Wen

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(24), 12021; https://doi.org/10.3390/app142412021 (registering DOI) - 22 Dec 2024

Abstract

Energy management strategies (EMSs) are a core technology in hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) and have a significant impact on their fuel economy. Optimal solutions for EMSs in the literature usually focus on improving fuel efficiency by operating the engine within a high efficiency [...] Read more.

Energy management strategies (EMSs) are a core technology in hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) and have a significant impact on their fuel economy. Optimal solutions for EMSs in the literature usually focus on improving fuel efficiency by operating the engine within a high efficiency range, without considering the drivability, which is affected by noise–vibration–harshness (NVH) constraints at low vehicle speeds. In this paper, a dual-mode combustion engine was implemented in a plug-in series hybrid electric vehiclethat could operate efficiently either at low loads in homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) mode or at high loads in spark ignition (SI) mode. An equivalent consumption minimization strategy (ECMS) combined with a dual-loop particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm was designed to solve the optimal control problem. A MATLAB/Simulink simulation was performed using a well-calibrated model of the target HEV to validate the proposed method, and the results showed that it can achieve a reduction in fuel consumption of around 1.3% to 9.9%, depending on the driving cycle. In addition, the operating power of the battery can be significantly reduced, which benefits the health of the battery. Furthermore, the proposed ECMS-PSO is computationally efficient, which guarantees fast offline optimization and enables real-time applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Developments in Electric Vehicles)

20 pages, 1495 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperReview

Unveiling GATA3 Signaling Pathways in Health and Disease: Mechanisms, Implications, and Therapeutic Potential

by Rim Bacha, Nouran Alwisi, Rana Ismail, Shona Pedersen and Layla Al-Mansoori

Cells 2024, 13(24), 2127; https://doi.org/10.3390/cells13242127 (registering DOI) - 22 Dec 2024

Abstract

GATA binding protein 3 (GATA3), a member of the GATA family transcription factors, is a key player in various physiological and pathological conditions. It is known for its ability to bind to the DNA sequence “GATA”, which enables its key role in critical [...] Read more.

GATA binding protein 3 (GATA3), a member of the GATA family transcription factors, is a key player in various physiological and pathological conditions. It is known for its ability to bind to the DNA sequence “GATA”, which enables its key role in critical processes in multiple tissues and organs including the immune system, endocrine system, and nervous system. GATA3 also modulates cell differentiation, proliferation, and apoptosis via controlling gene expression. In physiological instances, GATA3 is crucial for maintaining immunological homeostasis by mediating the development of naïve T cells into T helper 2 (Th2). In addition, GATA3 has been demonstrated to play a variety of cellular roles in the growth and maintenance of mammary gland, neuronal, and renal tissues. Conversely, the presence of impaired GATA3 is associated with a variety of diseases, including neurodegenerative diseases, autoimmune diseases, and cancers. Additionally, the altered expression of GATA3 contributes to the worsening of disease progression in hematological malignancies, such as T-cell lymphomas. Therefore, this review explores the multifaceted roles and signaling pathways of GATA3 in health and disease, with a particular emphasis on its potential as a therapeutic and prognostic target for the effective management of diseases. Full article

16 pages, 3169 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Raman Spectroscopic Analysis of Molecular Structure and Mechanical Properties of Hypophosphatasia Primary Tooth

by Hayata Imamura, Tetsuya Adachi, Wenliang Zhu, Toshiro Yamamoto, Narisato Kanamura, Hiroaki Onoda, Aki Nakamura-Takahashi, Masataka Kasahara, Masaru Nakada, Hideo Sato and Giuseppe Pezzotti

Molecules 2024, 29(24), 6049; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29246049 (registering DOI) - 22 Dec 2024

Abstract

Mild hypophosphatasia (HPP) can be difficult to distinguish from other bone disorders in the absence of typical symptoms such as the premature loss of primary teeth. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze the crystallinity of hydroxyapatite (HAp) and the three-dimensional structure of collagen [...] Read more.

Mild hypophosphatasia (HPP) can be difficult to distinguish from other bone disorders in the absence of typical symptoms such as the premature loss of primary teeth. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze the crystallinity of hydroxyapatite (HAp) and the three-dimensional structure of collagen in HPP teeth at the molecular level and to search for new biomarkers of HPP. Raman spectroscopy was used to investigate the molecular structure, composition, and mechanical properties of primary teeth from healthy individuals and patients with HPP. The results showed that the crystallinity of HAp decreased and the carbonate apatite content increased in the region near the dentin–enamel junction (DEJ) of HPP primary teeth. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses confirmed a decrease in HAp crystallinity near the DEJ, and micro-computed tomography (CT) scanning revealed a decrease in mineral density in this region. These results suggest incomplete calcification in HPP primary dentin and may contribute to the development of diagnostic and therapeutic agents. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Synthesis of Nanomaterials and Their Applications in Biomedicine)

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21 pages, 2263 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Analysis of the Spatial–Temporal Evolution and Driving Effect of Land Use Change on Carbon Storage in the Urban Agglomeration in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River

by Shenglin Li, Peng Shi, Xiaohuang Liu, Jiufen Liu, Run Liu, Ping Zhu, Chao Wang and Yan Zheng

Water 2024, 16(24), 3711; https://doi.org/10.3390/w16243711 (registering DOI) - 22 Dec 2024

Abstract

Studying the temporal and spatial variation characteristics and driving factors of carbon reserves in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River urban agglomeration is crucial for achieving sustainable development and regional ecological conservation against the backdrop of the “double carbon” plan. Based on [...] Read more.

Studying the temporal and spatial variation characteristics and driving factors of carbon reserves in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River urban agglomeration is crucial for achieving sustainable development and regional ecological conservation against the backdrop of the “double carbon” plan. Based on three periods of land use data from 2000 to 2020, combined with the InVEST model(Version 3.14.2), the spatiotemporal changes in carbon storage in the urban agglomeration in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River were analyzed. The PLUS model (Version 1.3.5) was used to predict three scenarios of natural development, urban development, and eco-development in the urban agglomeration in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River in 2035 and estimate the carbon storage of the ecosystems under different scenarios, and it used optimal parameter GeoDetectors (Version 4.4.2) to reveal the driving factors affecting the spatiotemporal differentiation of carbon storage. The results show that farmland and construction land area increased and forestland area continued to decrease from 2000 to 2020. Carbon storage decreased by 1 × 10⁶ t, with forestland conversion to farmland and construction land being the main decreasing drivers. The carbon storage of natural and urban developments decreased by 0.26 × 10⁶ t and 0.32 × 10⁶ t, while it increased by 0.16 × 10⁶ under ecological development. The results of the factor detector showed that the NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) had the highest explanatory power on the spatiotemporal variation in carbon storage (q = 0.588), followed by the slope (q = 0.454) and elevation (q = 0.391), and the explanatory power of natural environmental factors on the spatiotemporal variation in of carbon storage was dominant. The interaction detector results showed that the spatiotemporal variation in carbon storage was affected by multiple factors, the interaction intensity between each driving factor was stronger than that of a single factor, and the synergy between the NDVI and slope was the strongest, at q = 0.646. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Urban Water Management)

22 pages, 464 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assessing Renewable Energy Development Potential in Polish Voivodeships: A Comparative Regional Analysis

by Aleksander Wasiuta

Sustainability 2024, 16(24), 11261; https://doi.org/10.3390/su162411261 (registering DOI) - 22 Dec 2024

Abstract

This work evaluates the renewable energy development potential of Polish voivodeships based on the TOPSIS method and spatial autocorrelation analysis. Data were obtained from the Polish Local Data Bank, covering 22 indicators in the field of economic, social, environmental, and energy related to [...] Read more.

This work evaluates the renewable energy development potential of Polish voivodeships based on the TOPSIS method and spatial autocorrelation analysis. Data were obtained from the Polish Local Data Bank, covering 22 indicators in the field of economic, social, environmental, and energy related to renewable energy initiatives. The TOPSIS method was applied to construct a synthetic indicator for each voivodeship, facilitating a hierarchical ranking based on their proximity to an ideal solution representing optimal conditions. The results indicate that the Mazowiecki voivodeship leads the list in terms of renewable energy development potential, followed by Małopolskie i Pomorskie, and that this is mainly due to good economic conditions and large investments in renewable energy projects. Spatial autocorrelation analysis yielded a Moran’s I value of –0.1137 with a Z score of 0.303 and a p value of 0.752, suggesting a weak negative spatial autocorrelation that is not statistically significant. This implies that the distribution of renewable energy potential across voivodeships is largely random and is not influenced by spatial proximity. The study concludes that non-spatial factors play a more significant role in renewable energy development potential, offering valuable insights for policymakers and stakeholders to allow them to focus on economic and social variables when promoting renewable energy initiatives in Poland. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Economic and Business Aspects of Sustainability)

23 pages, 9787 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Monitoring Ionospheric and Atmospheric Conditions During the 2023 Kahramanmaraş Earthquake Period

by Serkan Doğanalp and İrem Köz

Atmosphere 2024, 15(12), 1542; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos15121542 (registering DOI) - 22 Dec 2024

Abstract

Recent advancements have led to a growing prevalence of studies examining ionospheric and atmospheric anomalies as potential precursors to earthquakes. In this context, the study involved analyzing variations in ionospheric total electron content (TEC), investigating anomalies, assessing space weather conditions, and examining changes [...] Read more.

Recent advancements have led to a growing prevalence of studies examining ionospheric and atmospheric anomalies as potential precursors to earthquakes. In this context, the study involved analyzing variations in ionospheric total electron content (TEC), investigating anomalies, assessing space weather conditions, and examining changes in atmospheric parameters to evaluate potential precursors and post-seismic effects related to the Mw 7.7 and Mw 7.6 earthquakes that struck Kahramanmaraş consecutively in 2023. To compute the total electron content (TEC) values, data from 29 GNSS receivers covering a period of approximately 49 days were processed. In addition, since identical code signals were not available among all receiver stations, the study conducted an analysis of TEC estimations applying different GPS codes. To analyze space weather conditions, which are considered the main source of changes in the ionosphere, variations in sunspot number, solar activity index, magnetic activity indices (Kp and Dst), and geomagnetic field components were examined across the relevant period. To assess the potential presence of a distinct relationship between seismic activity at the Earth’s surface and ionospheric conditions, atmospheric parameters including temperature, relative humidity, and pressure were meticulously monitored and evaluated. As a result of the study, it was determined that TEC anomalies that could be evaluated as earthquake precursors independent of space weather conditions were observed starting from the 3rd day before the earthquake, and high positive TEC anomalies occurred immediately after the earthquakes. In atmospheric parameters, the change in behavior, particularly in temperature value, 10 days before the earthquake, is noteworthy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Observations and Analysis of Upper Atmosphere)

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19 pages, 3714 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sequoia Groves of Yosemite: Visitor Use and Impact Monitoring

by Sheri A. Shiflett, Jeffrey S. Jenkins, Rachel F. Mattos, Peter C. Ibsen and Nicole D. Athearn

Forests 2024, 15(12), 2256; https://doi.org/10.3390/f15122256 (registering DOI) - 22 Dec 2024

Abstract

Despite being long-lived and massive, giant sequoias (Sequoiadendron giganteum (Lindl.) J. Bucholz) are susceptible to erosion given their relatively shallow root structure. Human-caused soil compaction and vegetation loss through social trails are primary drivers of erosion in giant sequoia groves, particularly for [...] Read more.

Despite being long-lived and massive, giant sequoias (Sequoiadendron giganteum (Lindl.) J. Bucholz) are susceptible to erosion given their relatively shallow root structure. Human-caused soil compaction and vegetation loss through social trails are primary drivers of erosion in giant sequoia groves, particularly for trees that are near formal trails and access roads. We develop a method to observe and quantify the near-tree impacts from park visitors and to relate the overall amount of use with ground cover impact parameters to assess whether the desired conditions of each grove are being met for the park to maintain a spectrum of recreational opportunities. We collected data on visitation, ground cover, soil compaction, and social trailing using a combination of targeted surveys and observations at the three giant sequoia groves in Yosemite National Park. The Mariposa Grove receives the most visitation, and use levels among groves were consistent with relative size and facilities available. Selected parameters for ground cover data were analyzed by comparing values within undisturbed versus trampling-disturbed subplots at both 0–2 m and 2–8 m. Exposed soil cover and compaction were generally higher in anthropogenically disturbed subplots versus undisturbed subplots, and vegetation cover was reduced in some disturbed subplots. Each grove had one surveyed tree where average soil compaction was ≥2.2 kg/cm², which may limit root growth and impact seedling regeneration. Each of the three groves had some trees with social trail presence, yet less than 7% of mature trees within any grove were impacted by social trails, and most social trails were rated as having low impairment. Coupling soil compaction measurements and estimates of trampling-disturbed areas with mapping of social trail conditions within groves provides a general assessment of visitor-associated impacts to sequoia groves and can facilitate a relatively rapid way to track hotspot (i.e., increasingly impacted) trees over time. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Forests and Nature Tourism: Navigating Conservation, Recreation, and Change in the Anthropocene)

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11 pages, 1167 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of Ex Vivo Shear Wave Elastography of Axillary Sentinel Lymph Nodes in Patients with Early Breast Cancer

by Riku Togawa, Helena Dahm, Manuel Feisst, Peter Sinn, André Hennigs, Juliane Nees, André Pfob, Benedikt Schäfgen, Anne Stieber, Oliver Zivanovic, Jörg Heil, Michael Golatta and Fabian Riedel

Cancers 2024, 16(24), 4270; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers16244270 (registering DOI) - 22 Dec 2024

Abstract

Background: The pretherapeutic assessment of axillary lymph node status is crucial in staging early breast cancer patients, significantly influencing their further treatment and prognosis. According to current guidelines, patients with clinically unsuspicious axillary status regularly undergo a biopsy of sentinel lymph nodes [...] Read more.

Background: The pretherapeutic assessment of axillary lymph node status is crucial in staging early breast cancer patients, significantly influencing their further treatment and prognosis. According to current guidelines, patients with clinically unsuspicious axillary status regularly undergo a biopsy of sentinel lymph nodes (SLNs), whereby metastasis is detected in up to 20% of cases. In recent years, the use of shear wave elastography (SWE) has been studied as an additional ultrasound tool for the non-invasive assessment of tumors in the breast parenchyma and axillary lymph nodes. Previous studies (examining the axilla in patients) have shown that metastases have significantly higher SWE values than benign nodes. Methods: This study aims to evaluate whether SWE can differentiate between tumor-free and metastatic-affected SLN ex vivo, i.e., by examining the pathological specimen. SWE was performed ex vivo on SLN specimens and compared with final histopathological results. Results: A total of 168 SLNs from 105 patients were measured using ex vivo SWE and subjected to standard histopathological processing. In this group, 17 metastases in 17 patients (16.19%) were detected. Tumor-free SLNs had a mean velocity of 1.33 ± 0.23 m/s, while metastatic nodes showed a mean velocity of 1.35 ± 0.29 m/s (p = 0.724). There was no significant difference in ex vivo SWE between benign and malignant SLNs in this population. Conclusions: Contrary to previous studies, this study did not find SWE effective in differentiating lymph node metastases. Further research is needed to clarify SWE’s potential role in axillary staging. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Cancer Causes, Screening and Diagnosis)

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13 pages, 293 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Epidemiology of Rounding Error

by Jimmy T. Efird

Medicina 2024, 60(12), 2105; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60122105 (registering DOI) - 22 Dec 2024

Abstract

This work represents a significant contribution to understanding the importance of appropriately rounding numbers with minimal error. That is, to reduce inexact rounding and data truncation error and simultaneously eliminate unintentional misleading findings in epidemiological studies. The rounding of numbers represents a compromise [...] Read more.

This work represents a significant contribution to understanding the importance of appropriately rounding numbers with minimal error. That is, to reduce inexact rounding and data truncation error and simultaneously eliminate unintentional misleading findings in epidemiological studies. The rounding of numbers represents a compromise solution that attempts to find a balance between the loss of information from reporting too few significant digits versus retaining more digits than necessary. Substituting a rounded number for its original value may be acceptable and practical in many applied situations if an adequate degree of accuracy is retained. On the other hand, numeric error may result from improper rounding or data truncation which, in effect, compromises the credibility of study findings and may lead to a false sense of discovery. Performing complex computations on such values, especially when sequential or composite operations are involved, can lead to error propagation and inaccurate results. Having an overall awareness of the nature and impact of rounding error, including preventive actions, can contribute greatly to the integrity of research, yielding more reliable and accurate conclusions. Heuristic examples are provided to illustrate the consequences of rounding and data truncation error in epidemiology studies, specifically those pertaining to relative effect estimation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Epidemiological and Statistical Methods for Medical Research)

17 pages, 1872 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Development on Light and Thin Broadband Sound Absorption Structure Based on Unequal-Cross-Section Microperforated Plate Series Connection

by Xin Jv, Jinwu Wu, Qibo Mao, Qi Li and Tianhang Zhang

Materials 2024, 17(24), 6282; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17246282 (registering DOI) - 22 Dec 2024

Abstract

The sound absorption structure of a microperforated plate has many advantages and has great potential in the field of noise control. In order to solve the problem of broadband sound absorption of microperforated plates, a series acoustic structure of microperforated plates of unequal [...] Read more.

The sound absorption structure of a microperforated plate has many advantages and has great potential in the field of noise control. In order to solve the problem of broadband sound absorption of microperforated plates, a series acoustic structure of microperforated plates of unequal cross-section was designed based on the traditional microperforated plate series acoustic structure. Compared with the traditional series structure, the sudden change of cross-section increases the sound energy dissipation and greatly improves the sound absorption performance. Through the analysis of its parameters, when the overall thickness of the structure is 20 mm, its sound absorption coefficient is above 0.5 in the frequency range of 1000–3450 Hz; there are three formants, and the sound absorption coefficients corresponding to the three formants reach 1. This study provides new ideas and methods for the design of broadband acoustic structures. Full article

17 pages, 7534 KiB

Open AccessArticle

First Diagnostic Questionnaire for Assessing Patients’ Social Functioning: Comprehensive DDX3X Syndrome Patient Profile

by Urszula Stefaniak-Preis, Ada Kaczmarek, Mirosław Andrusiewicz, Magdalena Roszak, Natalia Trzeszczyńska, Włodzimierz Samborski, Ewa Mojs and Roksana Malak

J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13(24), 7842; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13247842 (registering DOI) - 22 Dec 2024

Abstract

Background/Objectives: DDX3X syndrome is often misdiagnosed as autism spectrum disorder (ASD, Rett Syndrome, and Dandy–Walker Syndrome). Precise phenotyping is needed with reference to neurodevelopmental diagnosis. Observation of behavior and communication in parents with DDX3X syndrome in the USA, France, and Poland; conversations with [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: DDX3X syndrome is often misdiagnosed as autism spectrum disorder (ASD, Rett Syndrome, and Dandy–Walker Syndrome). Precise phenotyping is needed with reference to neurodevelopmental diagnosis. Observation of behavior and communication in parents with DDX3X syndrome in the USA, France, and Poland; conversations with the parents of patients; and rudimentary information in evidence-based medical articles prompted us to identify differences in communication, play, and social interaction between children with ASD only, those with both ASD and DDX3X, and those with DDX3X only. Methods: As diagnostic tool for DDX3X patients, we created a questionnaire divided into four sections: medical, social, play, and communication. Results: The results showed inconsistent diagnoses in different countries where children could have been diagnosed with DDX3X. In a comparative analysis, individuals with DDX3X exhibited greater social skills than individuals with ASD. Furthermore, those with DDX3X demonstrated higher levels of social functioning compared to children with ASD. Therefore, parents of children recently diagnosed with ASD or similar conditions are encouraged to complete a survey to determine if their child is likely to have features of DDX3X syndrome. Conclusion: Identification of early behavioral markers that differentiate children with ASD and those with DDX3X could lead to the earliest opportunity for identification and intervention, and can significantly impact developmental trajectories, leading to better long-term outcomes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Mental Health)

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