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Recent Articles  

17 pages, 455 KiB  
Article
Power Feasible Region Modeling and Voltage Support Control for V2G Charging Station Under Grid Fault Conditions
by Jinxin Ouyang, Ang Li, Yanbo Diao and Fei Huang
Sustainability 2025, 17(8), 3713; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17083713 (registering DOI) - 19 Apr 2025
Abstract
The charging station (CS) is generally directly off-grid under a grid fault, which has become a key technical bottleneck that restricts the sustainable development of new energy transportation systems. During a grid fault, the CS under the vehicle-to-grid (V2G) mode experiences a reduction [...] Read more.
The charging station (CS) is generally directly off-grid under a grid fault, which has become a key technical bottleneck that restricts the sustainable development of new energy transportation systems. During a grid fault, the CS under the vehicle-to-grid (V2G) mode experiences a reduction in active power due to the current limitation of the voltage source converter (VSC), which may cause the DC voltage to exceed its limitations under unbalanced power. The effect of the active and reactive power of CS in low- and medium-voltage distribution networks on supporting the PCC voltage under the limitation of DC voltage and VSC current has not been analyzed, and a control method for PCC voltage support for CS has not been established. Therefore, a power boundary that avoids the DC overvoltage and AC overcurrent of the CS is defined. A power feasible region for the CS considering fault duration is established. The characteristic that the power feasible region shrinks with the increase in duration is found, and a calculation method for the critical clearing time of a fault to avoid DC overvoltage is proposed. The relationship between PCC voltage and power injected by the CS is analyzed. The property that the control point of maximum voltage support lies at the boundary of the power feasible region is revealed. A control method of PCC voltage support that considers the limitation of DC voltage and VSC current for the CS is proposed. Simulation verification shows that the support capability of CS for PCC voltage during a fault is significantly enhanced by the proposed method while securing the DC voltage. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Advanced Electric Vehicle Technology, 2nd Volume)
27 pages, 579 KiB  
Article
Game-Theoretic Cooperative Task Allocation for Multiple-Mobile-Robot Systems
by Lixiang Liu and Peng Li
Vehicles 2025, 7(2), 35; https://doi.org/10.3390/vehicles7020035 (registering DOI) - 19 Apr 2025
Abstract
This study investigates the task allocation problem for multiple mobile robots in complex real-world scenarios. To address this challenge, a distributed game-theoretic approach is proposed to enable collaborative decision-making. First, the task allocation problem for multiple mobile robots is formulated to optimize the [...] Read more.
This study investigates the task allocation problem for multiple mobile robots in complex real-world scenarios. To address this challenge, a distributed game-theoretic approach is proposed to enable collaborative decision-making. First, the task allocation problem for multiple mobile robots is formulated to optimize the resource utilization. The formulation also takes into account comprehensive constraints related to robot positioning and task timing. Second, a game model is established for the proposed problem, which is proved to be an exact potential game. Furthermore, we introduce a novel utility function for the tasks to maximize the resource utilization. Based on this formulation, we develop a game-theoretic coalition formation algorithm to seek the Nash equilibrium. Finally, the algorithm is evaluated via simulation experiments. Another six algorithms are used for comparative studies. When the problem scale is small, the proposed algorithm can achieve solution quality comparable to that of the benchmark algorithms. In contrast, under larger and more complex problem instances, the proposed algorithm can achieve up to a 50% performance improvement over the benchmarks. This further confirms the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed method. In addition, we evaluate the solution quality and response time of the algorithm, as well as its sensitivity to initial conditions. Finally, the proposed algorithm is applied to a post-disaster rescue scenario, where the task allocation results further demonstrate its superior performance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Intelligent Connected Vehicles)
34 pages, 10011 KiB  
Article
Nanometric and Hydrophobic Green Rust Minerals upon Exposure to Amino Acids and Nickel as Prerequisites for a Primitive Chemiosmosis
by Nil Gaudu, Chloé Truong, Orion Farr, Adriana Clouet, Olivier Grauby, Daniel Ferry, Philippe Parent, Carine Laffon, Georges Ona-Nguema, François Guyot, Wolfgang Nitschke and Simon Duval
Life 2025, 15(4), 671; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15040671 (registering DOI) - 19 Apr 2025
Abstract
Geological structures known as alkaline hydrothermal vents (AHVs) likely displayed dynamic energy characteristics analogous to cellular chemiosmosis and contained iron-oxyhydroxide green rusts in the early Earth. Under specific conditions, those minerals could have acted as non-enzymatic catalysts in the development of early bioenergetic [...] Read more.
Geological structures known as alkaline hydrothermal vents (AHVs) likely displayed dynamic energy characteristics analogous to cellular chemiosmosis and contained iron-oxyhydroxide green rusts in the early Earth. Under specific conditions, those minerals could have acted as non-enzymatic catalysts in the development of early bioenergetic chemiosmotic energy systems while being integrated into the membrane of AHV-produced organic vesicles. Here, we show that the simultaneous addition of two probable AHV components, namely nickel and amino acids, impacts green rust’s physico-chemical properties, especially those required for its incorporation in lipid vesicle’s membranes, such as decreasing the mineral size to the nanometer scale and increasing its hydrophobicity. These results suggest that such hydrophobic nano green rusts could fit into lipid vesicle membranes and could have functioned as a primitive, inorganic precursor to modern chemiosmotic metalloenzymes, facilitating both electron and proton transport in early life-like systems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue 2nd Edition—Featured Papers on the Origins of Life)
20 pages, 388 KiB  
Article
Parallel Machine Scheduling Problem with Machine Rental Cost and Shared Service Cost
by Rongteng Zhi, Yinfeng Xu, Feifeng Zheng and Fei Xu
Sustainability 2025, 17(8), 3714; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17083714 (registering DOI) - 19 Apr 2025
Abstract
With the rapid development of industrial internet, blockchain, and other new-generation information technology, the shared manufacturing model provides a new way to address the problems of low resource utilization of the traditional manufacturing industry and serious duplication of construction through the mechanism of [...] Read more.
With the rapid development of industrial internet, blockchain, and other new-generation information technology, the shared manufacturing model provides a new way to address the problems of low resource utilization of the traditional manufacturing industry and serious duplication of construction through the mechanism of collaborative resource sharing. Concurrently, to meet the requirements of sustainable development, manufacturing enterprises need to balance economic efficiency with production efficiency in their production practices. This study investigates an identical parallel machine offline scheduling problem with rental costs and shared service costs of shared machines. In machine renting, manufacturers with a certain number of identical parallel machines will incur fixed rental costs, unit variable rental costs, and shared service costs when renting the shared machines. The objective is to minimize the sum of the makespan and total sharing costs. To address this problem, an integer linear programming model is established, and several properties of the optimal solution are provided. A heuristic algorithm based on the number of rented machines is designed. Finally, numerical simulation experiments are conducted to compare the proposed heuristic algorithm with a genetic algorithm and the longest processing time (LPT) rule. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed heuristic algorithm in terms of calculation accuracy and efficiency. Additionally, the experimental findings reveal that the renting and scheduling results of the machines are influenced by various factors, such as the manufacturer’s production conditions, the characteristics of the jobs to be processed, production objectives, rental costs, and shared service costs. Full article
33 pages, 1868 KiB  
Article
Design of 3D Scanning Technology Using a Method with No External Reference Elements and Without Repositioning of the Device Relative to the Object
by Adrián Vodilka, Marek Kočiško, Martin Pollák, Jakub Kaščak and Jozef Török
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(8), 4533; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15084533 (registering DOI) - 19 Apr 2025
Abstract
The use of 3D scanning technologies for surface scanning of objects is limited by environmental conditions and technology requirements based on their characteristics. Among the emerging fields is technical diagnostics in areas of hard-to-reach places with varying surface characteristics of objects of different [...] Read more.
The use of 3D scanning technologies for surface scanning of objects is limited by environmental conditions and technology requirements based on their characteristics. Among the emerging fields is technical diagnostics in areas of hard-to-reach places with varying surface characteristics of objects of different materials, where the use of commercially available 3D scanning technologies is limited by space. Furthermore, in these areas it is not convenient to use external reference elements or to move the equipment during the digitization process. This paper presents a novel markerless 3D scanning system capable of digitizing objects in confined spaces without requiring external reference elements or repositioning the device relative to the object and aims to address this challenge by designing a 3D scanning technology using the Active Shape from Stereo technique utilizing laser vertical line projection. For this purpose, a testing and prototype design and a software solution using a unique method of calculating 3D surface coordinates have been proposed. In addition to hard-to-reach places, this solution can be used as a desktop 3D scanner and for other 3D digitizing applications for objects of different materials and surface characteristics. Furthermore, the device is well suited to inspecting 3D printed objects, enabling quick, markerless checks of surface geometry and dimensions during the process of 3D printing to ensure printing accuracy and quality. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Additive Manufacturing for Novel and Advanced Materials: Characteristics, Challenges, and Applications)
22 pages, 3773 KiB  
Article
Enhancing Hand Gesture Image Recognition by Integrating Various Feature Groups
by Ismail Taha Ahmed, Wisam Hazim Gwad, Baraa Tareq Hammad and Entisar Alkayal
Technologies 2025, 13(4), 164; https://doi.org/10.3390/technologies13040164 (registering DOI) - 19 Apr 2025
Abstract
Human gesture image recognition is the process of identifying, deciphering, and classifying human gestures in images or video frames using computer vision algorithms. These gestures can vary from the simplest hand motions, body positions, and facial emotions to complicated gestures. Two significant problems [...] Read more.
Human gesture image recognition is the process of identifying, deciphering, and classifying human gestures in images or video frames using computer vision algorithms. These gestures can vary from the simplest hand motions, body positions, and facial emotions to complicated gestures. Two significant problems affecting the performance of human gesture picture recognition methods are ambiguity and invariance. Ambiguity occurs when gestures have the same shape but different orientations, while invariance guarantees that gestures are correctly classified even when scale, lighting, or orientation varies. To overcome this issue, hand-crafted features can be combined with deep learning to greatly improve the performance of hand gesture image recognition models. This combination improves the model’s overall accuracy and dependability in identifying a variety of hand movements by enhancing its capacity to record both shape and texture properties. Thus, in this study, we propose a hand gesture recognition method that combines Reset50 model feature extraction with the Tamura texture descriptor and uses the adaptability of GAM to represent intricate interactions between the features. Experiments were carried out on publicly available datasets containing images of American Sign Language (ASL) gestures. As Tamura-ResNet50-OptimizedGAM achieved the highest accuracy rate in the ASL datasets, it is believed to be the best option for human gesture image recognition. According to the experimental results, the accuracy rate was 96%, which is higher than the total accuracy of the state-of-the-art techniques currently in use. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Information and Communication Technologies)
25 pages, 1122 KiB  
Review
Intelligent Scheduling Methods for Optimisation of Job Shop Scheduling Problems in the Manufacturing Sector: A Systematic Review
by Atefeh Momenikorbekandi and Tatiana Kalganova
Electronics 2025, 14(8), 1663; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14081663 (registering DOI) - 19 Apr 2025
Abstract
This article aims to review the industrial applications of AI-based intelligent system algorithms in the manufacturing sector to find the latest methods used for sustainability and optimisation. In contrast to previous review articles that broadly summarised existing methods, this paper specifically emphasises the [...] Read more.
This article aims to review the industrial applications of AI-based intelligent system algorithms in the manufacturing sector to find the latest methods used for sustainability and optimisation. In contrast to previous review articles that broadly summarised existing methods, this paper specifically emphasises the most recent techniques, providing a systematic and structured evaluation of their practical applications within the sector. The primary objective of this study is to review the applications of intelligent system algorithms, including metaheuristics, evolutionary algorithms, and learning-based methods within the manufacturing sector, particularly through the lens of optimisation of workflow in the production lines, specifically Job Shop Scheduling Problems (JSSPs). It critically evaluates various algorithms for solving JSSPs, with a particular focus on Flexible Job Shop Scheduling Problems (FJSPs), a more advanced form of JSSPs. The manufacturing process consists of several intricate operations that must be meticulously planned and scheduled to be executed effectively. In this regard, Production scheduling aims to find the best possible schedule to maximise one or more performance parameters. An integral part of production scheduling is JSSP in both traditional and smart manufacturing; however, this research focuses on this concept in general, which pertains to industrial system scheduling and concerns the aim of maximising operational efficiency by reducing production time and costs. A common feature among research studies on optimisation is the lack of consistent and more effective solution algorithms that minimise time and energy consumption, thus accelerating optimisation with minimal resources. Full article
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20 pages, 4746 KiB  
Article
Leakage Flow Characteristics of Novel Two-Stage Brush Seal with Pressure-Equalizing Hole
by Yu Li, Huanze Xu, Jinghan Zhang, Dan Sun and Zemin Yang
Lubricants 2025, 13(4), 190; https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants13040190 (registering DOI) - 19 Apr 2025
Abstract
Uneven inter-stage pressure drops of the common two-stage brush seal (CBS) lead to a problem that the second stage bristles bear excessive pressure load, and this problem leads to the premature failure of the brush seal. In this paper, a novel two-stage brush [...] Read more.
Uneven inter-stage pressure drops of the common two-stage brush seal (CBS) lead to a problem that the second stage bristles bear excessive pressure load, and this problem leads to the premature failure of the brush seal. In this paper, a novel two-stage brush seal (NBS) with the backing plate holes of the second stage was proposed, and a three-dimensional numerical model of the NBS was established. Then, the effects of the pressure-equalizing (PE) hole on the inter-stage pressure drop distribution of the NBS were numerically analyzed, and an optimal structure was obtained. Finally, the leakage flow characteristics of this optimal structure were studied. The results showed that the NBS with PE hole increased the passage area of the downstream, and so effectively improved the uneven pressure drops of the CBS, and the pressure drop balance ratio of the NBS was obviously smaller than that of the CBS. For the structural parameters studied in this paper, the pressure drop balance ratio of the NBS was improved by 45.6~67.9% compared to the CBS. Moreover, when PE holes were 0.4 mm in diameter, 5.95 mm in height, and the number of rows was 1, the NBS had the best pressure drop balance and its leakage was only 8.7% higher than that of the CBS. Full article
13 pages, 264 KiB  
Article
Parameter Estimation of Geographically and Temporally Weighted Elastic Net Ordinal Logistic Regression
by Margaretha Ohyver, Purhadi and Achmad Choiruddin
Mathematics 2025, 13(8), 1345; https://doi.org/10.3390/math13081345 (registering DOI) - 19 Apr 2025
Abstract
Geographically and Temporally Weighted Elastic Net Ordinal Logistic Regression is a parsimonious ordinal logistic regression with consideration of the existence of spatial and temporal effects. This model has been developed with the following three considerations: the spatial effect, the temporal effect, and predictor [...] Read more.
Geographically and Temporally Weighted Elastic Net Ordinal Logistic Regression is a parsimonious ordinal logistic regression with consideration of the existence of spatial and temporal effects. This model has been developed with the following three considerations: the spatial effect, the temporal effect, and predictor selection. The last point prompted the use of Elastic Net regularization in choosing predictors while handling multicollinearity, which often arises when there are many predictors involved. The Elastic Net penalty combines ridge and LASSO penalties, leading to the determination of the appropriate λEN and αEN. Therefore, the objective of this study is to determine the parameter estimator using Maximum Likelihood Estimation. The estimation process comprises defining the likelihood function, determining the natural logarithm of the likelihood function, and maximizing the function using Berndt–Hall–Hall–Hausman. These steps continue until the estimator converges on the values that maximize the likelihood function. This study contributes by developing an estimation framework that integrates spatial and temporal effects with Elastic Net regularization, allowing for improved model interpretation and stability. The findings provide an advanced methodological approach for ordinal logistic regression models that incorporate spatial and temporal dependencies. This framework is particularly useful for applications in fields such as economic forecasting, epidemiology, and environmental studies, where ordinal responses exhibit spatial and temporal patterns. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Spatial Statistics Methods and Modeling)
14 pages, 12473 KiB  
Article
Siderite Decomposition Kinetics—Influence of Time, Temperature, and Isomorphous Impurities
by Mariola Kądziołka-Gaweł, Zdzisław Adamczyk, Dariusz Łukowiec, Joanna Klimontko, Marcin Wojtyniak and Jacek Nowak
Minerals 2025, 15(4), 428; https://doi.org/10.3390/min15040428 (registering DOI) - 19 Apr 2025
Abstract
Siderite (FeCO3) is an iron-bearing carbonate mineral that is the most abundant sedimentary iron formation on Earth. The influence of time, temperature, and isomorphous impurities on the kinetics of siderite decomposition in air was studied using Mössbauer spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, X-ray [...] Read more.
Siderite (FeCO3) is an iron-bearing carbonate mineral that is the most abundant sedimentary iron formation on Earth. The influence of time, temperature, and isomorphous impurities on the kinetics of siderite decomposition in air was studied using Mössbauer spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, and the Transmission Electron Microscopy method. Two rock siderite samples were used for investigations, one containing a significant amount of magnesium. The siderite decomposition process begins at a temperature of 300 °C. In a sample containing practically no magnesium, complete decomposition occurs at a temperature of 450 °C, and in a sample with magnesium at a temperature of 500 °C. The annealing time does not affect the width of the temperature range where siderite decomposition occurs. Still, it affects the degree of siderite decomposition: the longer the annealing time, the greater the amount of siderite decomposition. The decomposition products of siderite annealed in air are iron oxides. In the sample containing practically no Mg, this oxide was mainly hematite, and in the sample containing magnesium, it was magnesioferrite. Iron oxides formed directly in siderite decomposition are poorly crystalline, and we can treat them as iron oxide nanoparticles. They maintain this form in a wide temperature range, especially in a magnesium-containing sample. The presence of this element significantly slows down the process of magnesioferrite crystallization. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Crystallography and Physical Chemistry of Minerals & Nanominerals)
16 pages, 843 KiB  
Article
Research on the Thermodynamic Simulation Model of Antimony–Lead Synergistic Side-Blown Oxidation Smelting Process Based on MetCal
by Zhenquan Zhong, Mingzhou Li, Yuchen Feng, Baozhong Ma, Xinzhou Chen and Zhongtang Zhang
Processes 2025, 13(4), 1244; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13041244 (registering DOI) - 19 Apr 2025
Abstract
On the basis of the theory of polyphase equilibrium and the utilization of the MetCal software platform (MetCal v7.81), we adopted the chemical equilibrium constant method and successfully constructed a multiphase equilibrium model and simulation system for the antimony–lead synergistic side-blown oxidation smelting [...] Read more.
On the basis of the theory of polyphase equilibrium and the utilization of the MetCal software platform (MetCal v7.81), we adopted the chemical equilibrium constant method and successfully constructed a multiphase equilibrium model and simulation system for the antimony–lead synergistic side-blown oxidation smelting process. In typical production conditions, which encompass factors such as the composition of raw material, the ratio of oxygen to material, and oxygen-enriched concentration, the equilibrium product composition and pivotal technical indices are modeled and computed. Calculation results indicated that, other than the trace elements in the smelting slag, the relative errors of the calculated values for the content of major elements in the antimony-rich crude lead and smelting slag were less than 10% of the measured value after average treatment in production. Therefore, our results showed that the developed model and system preferably embodied the practical production condition of the antimony–lead synergistic side-blown oxidation smelting process, which is capable of precisely forecasting the smelting outcomes and optimizing the process parameters, thereby offering effective guidance for the practical execution of the antimony–lead synergistic side-blown oxidation smelting process. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Chemical Processes and Systems)
18 pages, 936 KiB  
Article
From Local to International Approach: Prognostic Factors and Treatment Outcomes in Neuroblastoma—A 30-Year Single-Center Retrospective Analysis
by Joanna Stankiewicz, Monika Pogorzała, Piotr Księżniakiewicz and Jan Styczyński
Children 2025, 12(4), 525; https://doi.org/10.3390/children12040525 (registering DOI) - 19 Apr 2025
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Over the past three decades, significant progress has been made in understanding the biology of neuroblastoma. The integration of prognostic factors has facilitated risk stratification and the development of targeted treatment approaches. This study aims to analyze the outcomes of pediatric [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Over the past three decades, significant progress has been made in understanding the biology of neuroblastoma. The integration of prognostic factors has facilitated risk stratification and the development of targeted treatment approaches. This study aims to analyze the outcomes of pediatric patients with neuroblastoma treated at a single oncology center over a 30-year period. Methods: This retrospective study analyzed data from patients aged 0–18 years with neuroblastoma, treated at the Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology in Bydgoszcz, Poland, between 1993 and 2023. The study endpoints included the 5-year probability of overall survival (pOS), event-free survival (pEFS), and relapse-free survival (pRFS), analyzed separately for low/intermediate- and high-risk groups. Results: Seventy-five patients met the inclusion criteria. Thirty-two children were categorized as high-risk patients and forty-three as low/intermediate risk. During the study period, outcomes in the low/intermediate-risk group improved significantly (the 5-year pOS 85.7% vs. 100.0%, p = 0.019; the 5-year pRFS 85.7% vs. 100.0%, p = 0.662; the 5-year pEFS 83.3% vs. 100.0%, p = 0.038). In the high-risk group, outcomes improved but did not reach statistical significance (the 5-year pOS 0.0% vs. 41.1%, p = 0.342; the 5-year pRFS 0.0% vs. 32.5%, p = 0.180; and the 5-year pEFS 0.0% vs. 21.5%, p = 0.537). Sixteen patients experienced relapse, of whom only three survived; stem cell transplantation at relapse significantly improved survival (OS 0.0% vs. 50.0%, p = 0.001). In the multivariable analysis, stage at diagnosis was a prognostic factor for pOS (HR 6.0; 95%CI 0.7–49.6, p = 0.096), while pelvic localization was a risk factor for pRFS (HR 3.0; 95%CI 0.8–10.5; p = 0.084). Conclusions: This analysis highlights significant advancements in the diagnosis and treatment of neuroblastoma. Nevertheless, outcomes for high-risk patients and those who experience relapse remain poor, underscoring the need for further therapeutic improvements. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Pediatric Hematology & Oncology)
16 pages, 3434 KiB  
Article
Adaptive Terminal Sliding Mode Control for a Quadrotor System with Barrier Function Switching Law
by Jiangting Zhu, Xionghui Long and Quan Yuan
Mathematics 2025, 13(8), 1344; https://doi.org/10.3390/math13081344 (registering DOI) - 19 Apr 2025
Abstract
This study presents a novel finite-time robust control framework for quadrotor systems subjected to model uncertainties and unknown external disturbances. A fast terminal sliding mode (FTSM) manifold is first constructed to achieve finite-time convergence of tracking errors. To address the challenges posed by [...] Read more.
This study presents a novel finite-time robust control framework for quadrotor systems subjected to model uncertainties and unknown external disturbances. A fast terminal sliding mode (FTSM) manifold is first constructed to achieve finite-time convergence of tracking errors. To address the challenges posed by uncertain system dynamics, a radial basis function neural network (RBFNN) is integrated for real-time approximation of unknown nonlinearities. In addition, an adaptive gain regulation mechanism based on a barrier Lyapunov function (BLF) is developed to ensure boundedness of system trajectories while enhancing robustness without requiring prior knowledge of disturbance bounds. The proposed control scheme guarantees finite-time stability, strong robustness, and precise trajectory tracking. Numerical simulations substantiate the efficacy and superiority of the proposed method in comparison with existing control approaches. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Deep Learning and Adaptive Control, 3rd Edition)
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25 pages, 380 KiB  
Article
Limit Theorems for the Non-Convex Multispecies Curie–Weiss Model
by Francesco Camilli, Emanuele Mingione and Godwin Osabutey
Mathematics 2025, 13(8), 1343; https://doi.org/10.3390/math13081343 (registering DOI) - 19 Apr 2025
Abstract
We study the thermodynamic properties of the generalized non-convex multispecies Curie–Weiss model, where interactions among different types of particles (forming the species) are encoded in a generic matrix. For spins with a generic prior distribution, we compute the thermodynamic limit of the generating [...] Read more.
We study the thermodynamic properties of the generalized non-convex multispecies Curie–Weiss model, where interactions among different types of particles (forming the species) are encoded in a generic matrix. For spins with a generic prior distribution, we compute the thermodynamic limit of the generating functional for the moments of the Boltzmann–Gibbs measure using simple interpolation techniques. For Ising spins, we further analyze the fluctuations of the magnetization in the thermodynamic limit under the Boltzmann–Gibbs measure. It is shown that a central limit theorem (CLT) holds for a rescaled and centered vector of species magnetizations, which converges to either a centered or non-centered multivariate normal distribution, depending on the rate of convergence of the relative sizes of the species. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section E4: Mathematical Physics)
14 pages, 934 KiB  
Article
Effects of Nozzle Arrangement Strategies on Spray Uniformity in Soybean–Maize Intercropping
by Wei Zhong, Wanting Yang, Yalong Li, Guanqun Wang, Xiang Dong, Mingxiong Ou, Weidong Jia and Xiaowen Wang
Agronomy 2025, 15(4), 985; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15040985 (registering DOI) - 19 Apr 2025
Abstract
Soybean–maize intercropping involves the simultaneous planting of maize and soybean. Compound planting sprayers are equipped with a dual-spraying system, particularly for herbicide application, where isolation between crops is essential. To isolate the spraying, it is necessary to select appropriate nozzles that minimize the [...] Read more.
Soybean–maize intercropping involves the simultaneous planting of maize and soybean. Compound planting sprayers are equipped with a dual-spraying system, particularly for herbicide application, where isolation between crops is essential. To isolate the spraying, it is necessary to select appropriate nozzles that minimize the interference between spray boundaries while ensuring spray uniformity. This study focuses on soybean–maize intercropping systems and investigates the variation patterns of spray boundary under different nozzle arrangement types. Eccentric nozzles (i.e., spray pattern is asymmetric fan-shaped) and fan-shaped nozzles (i.e., spray pattern is symmetric fan-shaped) were evaluated at a working pressure of 0.3 MPa. The results showed that the eccentric nozzle achieved a coefficient of variation (CV) of 0.57 and a compactness of 0.43, while the fan-shaped nozzle had a CV of 0.50 and a compactness of 0.52. This indicates the eccentric nozzle maintains uniformity with a narrower boundary. In addition, this validation was conducted at 0.4 MPa, having similar observations. In soybean–maize intercropping, the maize row width ranges from 40 to 80 cm and where the maize plants exceed 2 m in height, two-eccentric nozzles are required, tested at spacing intervals of 50 cm, 70 cm, and 90 cm. At 0.3 MPa, the CV reached its minimum value (0.3) at a spacing of 70 cm. Additionally, the spray volume on the eccentric nozzle side decreased as the spacing increased. The soybean row width ranges from 160 to 240 cm, requiring eccentric nozzles on both sides and a fan-shaped nozzle in the middle. The spacing between the eccentric and fan-shaped nozzles is chosen to be 50, 70, and 90 cm. A combination of eccentric and fan-shaped nozzles was tested at the same spacing intervals. The results showed that the CV consistently decreased with increasing spacing, and the spray volume on the eccentric nozzle side also declined. Overall, the optimal nozzle configuration for maize zones is two eccentric nozzles at a spacing of 70 cm, while for soybean zones, combining an eccentric nozzle with a fan-shaped nozzle at a spacing of 90 cm effectively ensures both spray uniformity and boundary compactness when variation in windspeed and direction are ignored. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Precision and Digital Agriculture)
18 pages, 36258 KiB  
Article
Remote Sensing-Based Detection and Analysis of Slow-Moving Landslides in Aba Prefecture, Southwest China
by Juan Ren, Wunian Yang, Zhigang Ma, Weile Li, Shuai Zeng, Hao Fu, Yan Wen and Jiayang He
Remote Sens. 2025, 17(8), 1462; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17081462 (registering DOI) - 19 Apr 2025
Abstract
Aba Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture (Aba Prefecture), located in Southwest China, has complex geological conditions and frequent seismic activity, facing an increasing landslide risk that threatens the safety of local communities. This study aims to improve the regional geohazard database by identifying [...] Read more.
Aba Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture (Aba Prefecture), located in Southwest China, has complex geological conditions and frequent seismic activity, facing an increasing landslide risk that threatens the safety of local communities. This study aims to improve the regional geohazard database by identifying slow-moving landslides in the area. We combined Stacking Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (Stacking-InSAR) technology for deformation detection, optical satellite imagery for landslide boundary mapping, and field investigations for validation. A total of 474 slow-moving landslides were identified, covering an area of 149.84 km2, with landslides predominantly concentrated in the river valleys of the southern and southeastern regions. The distribution of these landslides is strongly influenced by bedrock lithology, fault distribution, topographic features, proximity to rivers, and folds. Additionally, 236 previously unknown landslides were detected and incorporated into the local geohazard database. This study provides important scientific support for landslide risk management, infrastructure planning, and mitigation strategies in Aba Prefecture, offering valuable insights for disaster response and prevention efforts. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Engineering Remote Sensing)
13 pages, 988 KiB  
Article
Cortical Representation of Food-Related Odors in Gustatory Areas Differs According to Their Taste Association: An fMRI Study
by Mariano Mastinu, Divesh Thaploo, Jonathan Warr and Thomas Hummel
Brain Sci. 2025, 15(4), 418; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci15040418 (registering DOI) - 19 Apr 2025
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Gustatory stimuli are primarily processed in the insula, while the primary olfactory cortex involves the piriform cortex. Relatively little is known about the central-nervous integration of stimuli from foods. The main aim of this study in healthy participants was to evaluate [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Gustatory stimuli are primarily processed in the insula, while the primary olfactory cortex involves the piriform cortex. Relatively little is known about the central-nervous integration of stimuli from foods. The main aim of this study in healthy participants was to evaluate the processing of olfactory stimuli which are associated with gustatory sensations. Methods: Using a 3T MRI scanner, 47 healthy, right-handed women (mean age: 26.2 ± 4.7 years) with normal senses of taste and smell underwent functional scans. During the analysis, we presented isointense odors (2 “sweet” and 2 “sour”) to subjects using air-dilution olfactometry. Odor delivery (8 s) was alternated with the presentation of odorless air (12 s) and was repeated 10 times. Between each session, participants were asked to associate a taste with the odor. Results: The gustatory areas (insula and frontal operculum) were activated by exposure to odors. In addition, increased activations were observed in the bilateral angular gyrus, orbitofrontal cortex, and right caudate and nucleus accumbens during the perception of sour-like odors compared to sweet-like odors. Conclusions: The distinct neural responses to different odor categories suggest that the brain processes odors with varying hedonic and sensory characteristics through distinct neural pathways. Future research could explore how these findings translate to real-world food preferences and dietary behaviors, particularly in relation to individual differences in taste perception. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Olfactory System and Brain Diseases: Investigating the Related Structures, Neurocircuits, and Functional Mechanisms)
26 pages, 1205 KiB  
Review
Review on Synthesis of Silica-Based Hybrid Sorbents and Their Application in Radionuclide Separation and Removal via Chromatographic Technique
by Xiangbiao Yin, Fan Wang, Qi Zheng, Shunyan Ning, Lifeng Chen and Yuezhou Wei
Toxics 2025, 13(4), 319; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics13040319 (registering DOI) - 19 Apr 2025
Abstract
The efficient separation and removal of key nuclides is important for the nuclear fuel cycle from the aspects of radioactivity reduction and potential resource recycling. The urgent objective is to design and develop functional materials for the separation and removal of important nuclides. [...] Read more.
The efficient separation and removal of key nuclides is important for the nuclear fuel cycle from the aspects of radioactivity reduction and potential resource recycling. The urgent objective is to design and develop functional materials for the separation and removal of important nuclides. Porous silicon-based adsorbents are considered highly advantageous materials for separating and removing radioactive nuclides in complex environments due to their excellent mechanical properties, high porosity, and functionalization ability. In this review, we compiled the applications of porous silica-based materials in recent years in the separation and removal of key nuclides, such as actinides, lanthanides, strontium, cesium, iodine, and platinum group metals; discussed their separation and removal performances; analyzed the constitutive relationship between key radionuclides and porous silica-based adsorbents; and systematically described the properties and mechanisms of different types of porous silica-based adsorbents. This article aims to provide some ideas for the design of an advanced separation process in the nuclear fuel cycle. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Metals and Radioactive Substances)
14 pages, 987 KiB  
Article
Heat Transfer of Various Pore-Structure Polylactic Acid Plastic Through Fire Dynamic Simulation
by Guoqiang Dong, Mei Zhao, Yajie Zhao, Xinxin Wei, Jiangping Zhao and Yachao Wang
Fire 2025, 8(4), 157; https://doi.org/10.3390/fire8040157 (registering DOI) - 19 Apr 2025
Abstract
Polylactic acid (PLA) is a biodegradable polymer served as thermal management material, and the heat transfer performance is closely related to its pore structure theoretically, but it is unclear how the structure affects its heat transfer. Therefore, a novel approach is proposed to [...] Read more.
Polylactic acid (PLA) is a biodegradable polymer served as thermal management material, and the heat transfer performance is closely related to its pore structure theoretically, but it is unclear how the structure affects its heat transfer. Therefore, a novel approach is proposed to address this issue by numerical simulations at low complexity and cost; three series of porous PLA are investigated with various structures in pore shape, size, and interval by fire dynamic simulation (FDS) and theoretical modeling, respectively. Meanwhile, the relationship between the hole structure and heat release rate (HRR) is developed by defining a new characteristic shape factor (Sc). It demonstrates that adjusting the pore structure of PLA significantly alters its heat transfer, evidenced by significant variations in HRR and smoke density. Additively, the approach for evaluating heat transfer is elucidated, encompassing the hole closure, vortex heat dissipation effect, and narrow variable speed effect. It provides some theoretical basis for designing porous thermal management materials. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Mathematical Modelling and Numerical Simulation of Combustion and Fire)
32 pages, 675 KiB  
Article
Synthesis and Application of Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents (NADESs) for Upcycling Horticulture Residues
by Udodinma Jude Okeke, Matteo Micucci, Dasha Mihaylova and Achille Cappiello
Horticulturae 2025, 11(4), 439; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11040439 (registering DOI) - 19 Apr 2025
Abstract
Upcycling horticulture residues offers a sustainable solution to reduce environmental impact, maximize resource utilization, mitigate climate change, and contribute to the circular economy. We synthesized and characterized 14 natural deep eutectic solvents (NADESs) and applied them to upcycle horticulture residues, offering an innovative [...] Read more.
Upcycling horticulture residues offers a sustainable solution to reduce environmental impact, maximize resource utilization, mitigate climate change, and contribute to the circular economy. We synthesized and characterized 14 natural deep eutectic solvents (NADESs) and applied them to upcycle horticulture residues, offering an innovative valorization approach. Using an initial many-factors-at-a-time (MFAT) screening followed by a rotatable central composite response surface methodology (RCCRSM) for optimization, quadratic models fitted the response data for all the synthesized NADESs given: TPC (R2 = 0.984, p < 0.0001), TFC (R2 = 0.9999, p < 0.0001), AA-CUPRAC (R2 = 0.918, p < 0.0001), FRAP (R2 = 1.000, p < 0001), and DPPH (R2 = 0.9992, p < 0.0001). An ultrasound temperature of 45 °C, extraction time of 5 min, solvent volume of 25 mL, and solvent concentration of 90% (v/v) were considered the optimal conditions for achieving maximum desirability (0.9936) for TPC yield. For TFC and CUPRAC, the optimal conditions were 30 °C, 5 min, 25 mL, and 90% (v/v), with maximum desirability values of 0.9003 and 1.00, respectively. The maximum desirability for FRAP (0.9605) was achieved under conditions of 45 °C, 25 min, 25 mL, and 50%, while DPPH had a maximum desirability of 0.9313, with 50 °C, 15 min, 15 mL, and 70% (v/v) as the optimized conditions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biotechnological Approaches and Technology Processes Used in the Agro-Industry to Create Value-Added Products)
34 pages, 3961 KiB  
Article
Green Hydrogen and the Energy Transition: Hopes, Challenges, and Realistic Opportunities
by Alessandro Franco
Hydrogen 2025, 6(2), 28; https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrogen6020028 (registering DOI) - 19 Apr 2025
Abstract
This paper provides a system-level and dimensional analysis of green hydrogen, assessing its realistic deployment potential within broader energy transitions. While green hydrogen—produced via electrolysis using renewable electricity—is often promoted as a versatile decarbonization solution for industry, mobility, and civil applications, its practical [...] Read more.
This paper provides a system-level and dimensional analysis of green hydrogen, assessing its realistic deployment potential within broader energy transitions. While green hydrogen—produced via electrolysis using renewable electricity—is often promoted as a versatile decarbonization solution for industry, mobility, and civil applications, its practical implementation is constrained by high energy consumption, conversion inefficiencies, and complex supply chain requirements. This study highlights typical energy demands across key sectors and evaluates the scale of the renewable infrastructure needed to support them, offering quantitative insight into the feasibility of large-scale hydrogen integration. It also reflects current technological maturity, noting that many promising solutions remain far from industrial readiness. Finally, the paper underscores the importance of targeted policies and bankable investment models to foster the development of hydrogen ecosystems, emphasizing that its role should be framed within a selective, evidence-based strategy that focuses on high-impact applications. The analysis identifies key dimensional challenges, including the magnitude of renewable energy capacities required for sector-wide hydrogen integration and the scale of infrastructure investments needed to bridge current gaps. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Hydrogen Technologies: Production, Storage and Utilization)
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24 pages, 4864 KiB  
Article
Length Instruction Fine-Tuning with Chain-of-Thought (LIFT-COT): Enhancing Length Control and Reasoning in Edge-Deployed Large Language Models
by Pinzhe Chen and Zhen Li
Electronics 2025, 14(8), 1662; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14081662 (registering DOI) - 19 Apr 2025
Abstract
This paper investigates the effectiveness of Chain-of-Thought (COT) reasoning in addressing length bias when deploying Large Language Models (LLMs) on the device side within wireless network environments. By conducting systematic experiments on two representative datasets, we perform a comparative evaluation of LLM performance [...] Read more.
This paper investigates the effectiveness of Chain-of-Thought (COT) reasoning in addressing length bias when deploying Large Language Models (LLMs) on the device side within wireless network environments. By conducting systematic experiments on two representative datasets, we perform a comparative evaluation of LLM performance under standard prompting versus COT-augmented prompting, using two benchmark tests. The study emphasizes how the COT strategy regulates response length and improves compliance with predefined maximum length (max_len) constraints. Experimental results demonstrate that COT reasoning significantly mitigates length bias, enhances output length control, and improves overall performance. These findings contribute to the theoretical foundation of LLM deployment in edge computing scenarios and provide actionable insights for future research on resource-constrained language model applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Artificial Intelligence)
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32 pages, 17827 KiB  
Article
Trends in Coral Reef Habitats over Two Decades: Lessons Learned from Nha Trang Bay Marine Protected Area, Vietnam
by Nguyen Trinh Duc Hieu, Nguyen Hao Quang, Tran Duc Dien, Vo Thi Ha, Nguyen Dang Huyen Tran, Tong Phuoc Hoang Son, Tri Nguyen-Quang, Tran Thi Thuy Hang and Ha Nam Thang
Water 2025, 17(8), 1224; https://doi.org/10.3390/w17081224 (registering DOI) - 19 Apr 2025
Abstract
Coral reefs are well known for their diversity and value, providing habitats for a third of marine species within just 0.2% of the ocean. However, these natural habitats face significant threats and degradation, leading to unresolved issues related to coral loss inventory, coral [...] Read more.
Coral reefs are well known for their diversity and value, providing habitats for a third of marine species within just 0.2% of the ocean. However, these natural habitats face significant threats and degradation, leading to unresolved issues related to coral loss inventory, coral protection, and the implementation of long-term conservation policies. In this study, we examined two decades of changes in coral spatial distribution within the Nha Trang Bay Marine Protected Area (MPA) using remote sensing and machine learning (ML) approaches. We identified various factors contributing to coral reef loss and analyzed the effectiveness of management policies over the past 20 years. By employing the Light Gradient Boosting Machine (LGBM) and Deep Forest (DF) models on Landsat (2002, κ = 0.83, F1 = 0.85) and Planet (2016, κ = 0.89, F1 = 0.82; 2024, κ = 0.92, F1 = 0.86) images, we achieved high confidence in our inventory of coral changes. Our findings revealed that 191.38 hectares of coral disappeared from Nha Trang Bay MPA between 2002 and 2024. The 8-year period from 2016 to 2024 saw a loss of 66.32 hectares, which is in linear approximation to the 125.06 hectares lost during the 14-year period from 2002 to 2016. It is concluded that the key factors contributing to coral loss include land-use dynamics, global warming, and the impact of starfish. To address these challenges, we propose next a modern community-based management paradigm to enhance the conservation of existing coral reefs and protect potential habitats within Nha Trang Bay MPA. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Water Quality Monitoring)
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26 pages, 13999 KiB  
Article
Development Characteristics of Natural Fractures in Metamorphic Basement Reservoirs and Their Impacts on Reservoir Performance: A Case Study from the Bozhong Depression, Bohai Sea Area, Eastern China
by Guanjie Zhang, Jingshou Liu, Lei Zhang, Elsheikh Ahmed, Qi Cheng, Ning Shi and Yang Luo
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(4), 816; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13040816 (registering DOI) - 19 Apr 2025
Abstract
Archaean metamorphic basement reservoirs, characterized by the development of natural fractures, constitute the primary target for oil and gas exploration in the Bozhong Depression, Bohai Bay Basin, Eastern China. Based on analyses of geophysical image logs, cores, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and laboratory [...] Read more.
Archaean metamorphic basement reservoirs, characterized by the development of natural fractures, constitute the primary target for oil and gas exploration in the Bozhong Depression, Bohai Bay Basin, Eastern China. Based on analyses of geophysical image logs, cores, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and laboratory measurements, tectonic fractures are identified as the dominant type of natural fracture. Their development is primarily controlled by lithology, weathering intensity, and faulting. Fractures preferentially develop in metamorphic rocks with low plastic mineral content and are positively correlated with weathering intensity. Fracture orientations are predominantly parallel or subparallel to fault strikes, while localized stress perturbations induced by faulting significantly increase fracture density. Open fractures, constituting more than 60% of the total reservoir porosity, serve as both primary storage spaces and dominant fluid flow conduits, fundamentally governing reservoir quality. Consequently, spatial heterogeneity in fracture distribution drives distinct vertical zonation within the reservoir. The lithological units are ranked by fracture development potential (in descending order): leptynite, migmatitic granite, gneiss, cataclasite, diorite-porphyrite, and diabase. Diabase represents the lower threshold for effective reservoir formation, whereas overlying lithologies may function as reservoirs under favorable conditions. The large-scale compressional orogeny during the Indosinian period marked the primary phase of tectonic fracture formation. Subsequent uplift and inversion during the Yanshanian period further modified and overlaid the Indosinian structures. These structures are characterized by strong strike-slip strain, resulting in a series of conjugate shear fractures. During the Himalayan period, preexisting fractures were primarily reactivated, significantly influencing fracture effectiveness. The development model of the fracture network system in the metamorphic basement reservoirs of the study area is determined by a coupling mechanism of dominant lithology and multiphase fracturing. The spatial network reservoir system, under the control of multistage structure and weathering, is key to the formation of large-scale effective reservoirs in the metamorphic basement. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Offshore Oil and Gas Exploration and Development)
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16 pages, 386 KiB  
Article
Tactical Indicators and Situational Variables Affecting Goal-Scoring Opportunities in the UEFA Youth League 2023–2024
by Vasileios Armatas, Spyridon Plakias, Sotirios Drikos and Michalis Mitrotasios
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(8), 4532; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15084532 (registering DOI) - 19 Apr 2025
Abstract
This study addresses a critical knowledge gap by providing an in-depth analysis of the characteristics of goal-scoring opportunities in the UEFA Youth League, offering valuable insights into the attacking performance of elite youth teams. The primary objective of this study was to analyze [...] Read more.
This study addresses a critical knowledge gap by providing an in-depth analysis of the characteristics of goal-scoring opportunities in the UEFA Youth League, offering valuable insights into the attacking performance of elite youth teams. The primary objective of this study was to analyze the attacking characteristics of elite youth teams competing in the UEFA Youth League. Observational analysis was conducted on 18 knock-out matches from the 2023/24 season, examining tactical and situational variables. Open play (56.7%) significantly outperformed set play (43.3%) in generating final attempts. Organized attacks proved to be more effective than counter-attacks in creating scoring opportunities. While winning teams were more likely to employ counter-attacking strategies, final attempts were more frequent when the team initiated the attack without immediate pressure and when a penetrative action was involved. Notably, an initial penetrative action also increased the likelihood of observing counter-attacks. These findings have important implications for coaching practices and youth development programs, emphasizing the need to develop players with strong technical skills, tactical awareness, and the ability to execute patient build-up play under pressure. This study contributes to a deeper understanding of attacking play in elite youth football and provides valuable insights for coaches and youth development programs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Current Approaches to Sport Performance Analysis)
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