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Recent Articles  

17 pages, 3115 KiB  
Article
The Double-Layer Clustering Based on K-Line Pattern Recognition Based on Similarity Matching
by Xinglong Li, Qingyang Liu, Yanrong Hu and Hongjiu Liu
Information 2024, 15(12), 821; https://doi.org/10.3390/info15120821 (registering DOI) - 23 Dec 2024
Abstract
Candlestick charts provide a visual representation of price trends and market sentiment, enabling investors to identify key trends, support, and resistance levels, thus improving the success rate of stock trading. The research presented in this paper aims to overcome the limitations of traditional [...] Read more.
Candlestick charts provide a visual representation of price trends and market sentiment, enabling investors to identify key trends, support, and resistance levels, thus improving the success rate of stock trading. The research presented in this paper aims to overcome the limitations of traditional candlestick pattern analysis, which is constrained by fixed pattern definitions, quantity limitations, and subjectivity in pattern recognition, thus improving its effectiveness in dynamic market environments. To address this, a two-layer clustering method based on a candlestick sequence simlarity matching model is proposed for identifying valid candlestick patterns and constructing a pattern library. First, the candlestick sequence similarity matching model is used to address the pattern matching issue; then, a two-layer clustering method based on the K-means algorithm is designed to identify valid candlestick patterns. Finally, a valid candlestick pattern library is built, and the predictive ability and profitability of some patterns in the library are evaluated. In this study, ten stocks from different industries and of various sizes listed on the Shanghai Stock Exchange were selected, using nearly 1000 days of their data as the test set. The predictive ability of some patterns in the library was evaluated using out-of-sample data from the same period. This selection method ensures the diversity of the dataset. The experimental results show that the proposed method can effectively distinguish between bullish and bearish patterns, breaking through the limitations of traditional candlestick pattern classification methods that rely on predefined patterns. By clearly distinguishing these two patterns, it provides clear buy and sell signals for investors, significantly improving the reliability and profitability of trading strategies. Full article
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12 pages, 1674 KiB  
Article
Comparative Genome Analysis of Canine Frederiksenia canicola Isolates
by Marianna Domán, Krisztina Pintér, Boglárka Dóra Pollák, Ágnes Pintér, Enikő Wehmann, Miklós Tenk and Tibor Magyar
Antibiotics 2024, 13(12), 1235; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics13121235 (registering DOI) - 22 Dec 2024
Abstract
Background/Objectives: The One Health approach is crucial for managing and controlling the spread of antimicrobial resistance. Frederiksenia canicola is a recently identified bacterial species that seems to be a component of the oral microbiota of dogs; however, its pathogenic nature is questionable. [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: The One Health approach is crucial for managing and controlling the spread of antimicrobial resistance. Frederiksenia canicola is a recently identified bacterial species that seems to be a component of the oral microbiota of dogs; however, its pathogenic nature is questionable. Methods: In this study, the antibacterial susceptibility of F. canicola isolates was determined using the disk diffusion and broth microdilution methods. Genome-wide comparative analyses were performed to identify the genetic factors driving virulence and antimicrobial drug resistance (e.g., virulence factors, antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) and prophage-related sequences). Results: Most of the F. canicola isolates lacked virulence-associated genes. F. canicola is likely resistant to clindamycin, lincomycin and neomycin, but susceptible to penicillin, erythromycin and enrofloxacin. Antimicrobial resistance genes were not found in the F. canicola genomes, but prophage-related sequences were identified, suggesting its potential in the transfer of genes associated with drug resistance between bacteria in the oral microbiome. Conclusions: F. canicola is presumably a commensal organism with low virulence potential, as evidenced by the absence of virulence-associated genes. As F. canicola can colonize a wide range of hosts, including humans, further investigation with a greater number of isolates is needed to better understand the role of F. canicola in disease development and the spread of drug resistance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Genetic and Biochemical Studies of Antibiotic Activity and Resistance)
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15 pages, 2185 KiB  
Article
Efficient Catalytic Oxidation of 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural to 2,5-Furandicarboxylic Acid Using a Natural Mineral Vermiculite-Loaded Gold–Palladium Bimetallic Catalyst
by Hongke Li, Yiwang Li, Qinghua Xia, Yiran Liu, Wen Guan and Yao Chen
Catalysts 2024, 14(12), 949; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal14120949 (registering DOI) - 22 Dec 2024
Abstract
Upgrading the bio-derived platform chemical 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) into the high value-added bioplastic monomer 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA) is a promising pathway for biomass conversion. In this work, the natural and abundant available mineral vermiculite was employed as a carrier for loading a Au-Pd bimetal [...] Read more.
Upgrading the bio-derived platform chemical 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) into the high value-added bioplastic monomer 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA) is a promising pathway for biomass conversion. In this work, the natural and abundant available mineral vermiculite was employed as a carrier for loading a Au-Pd bimetal catalyst. Due to the high dispersion of bimetallic nanoparticles, this synthesized vermiculite-supported Au-Pd bimetal catalyst revealed excellent catalytic performance for the aerobic oxidation of HMF to FDCA. By adjusting the ratio of Au and Pd metals, the catalytic performance of the catalyst can be optimized. Finally, 100% HMF conversion and 99.9% FDCA yield could be obtained under the conditions of Au/Pd = 2/1, 2 h, 2 MPa O2, and 100 °C. The catalyst revealed good stability, and the FDCA yield can be maintained at 90.1% after five recycle usages. The physicochemical properties of the synthesized catalysts were characterized by various characterization methods. It could be concluded that the high dispersion and alloying effect of bimetallic nanoparticles promoted the activation of reactants and intermediates, resulting in the effective production of FDCA. This study could provide ideas and references for the development and utilization of natural minerals and also offer a new way to realize the efficient conversion of HMF to FDCA under green conditions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mineral-Based Composite Catalytic Materials)
17 pages, 1396 KiB  
Article
Adult Outcomes of Childhood Wheezing Phenotypes Are Associated with Early-Life Factors
by Sophie Carra, Hongmei Zhang, Luciana Kase Tanno, Syed Hasan Arshad and Ramesh J. Kurukulaaratchy
J. Pers. Med. 2024, 14(12), 1171; https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm14121171 (registering DOI) - 22 Dec 2024
Abstract
Introduction: While the phenotypic diversity of childhood wheezing is well described, the subsequent life course of such phenotypes and their adult outcomes remain poorly understood. We hypothesized that different childhood wheezing phenotypes have varying longitudinal outcomes at age 26. We sought to identify [...] Read more.
Introduction: While the phenotypic diversity of childhood wheezing is well described, the subsequent life course of such phenotypes and their adult outcomes remain poorly understood. We hypothesized that different childhood wheezing phenotypes have varying longitudinal outcomes at age 26. We sought to identify factors associated with wheezing persistence, clinical remission, and new onset in adulthood. Methods: Participants were seen at birth and at 1, 2, 4, 10, 18, and 26 years in the Isle of Wight Birth Cohort (n = 1456). Information was collected prospectively on wheeze prevalence and phenotypic characteristics at each assessment. Wheeze phenotypes at 10 years were defined as participants wheezing (CW10) or not wheezing at 10 (CNW10). Multivariable regression analyses were undertaken to identify factors associated with wheezing persistence/remission in CW10 and wheeze development in CNW10 at age 26 years. Results: Childhood wheezing phenotypes showed different subsequent outcomes and associated risk factors. Adult wheeze developed in 17.8% of CNW10. Factors independently associated with adult wheeze development in CNW10 included eczema at age 4 years, family history of rhinitis, and parental smoking at birth. Conversely, 56.1% of CW10 had remission of wheeze by 26 years. Factors predicting adult wheezing remission in CW10 included absence of both atopy at age 4 years and family history of rhinitis. Conclusion: Early-life factors influence adult outcomes for childhood wheezing phenotypes, both with respect to later development of adult wheezing in asymptomatic participants and of wheeze remission in childhood wheezers. This suggests potential areas that could be targeted by early-life interventions to alleviate adult disease burden. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Epidemiology)
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22 pages, 804 KiB  
Article
Instructional Design Models for Pervasive Learning Environment: Bridging Formal and Informal Learning in Collaborative Social Learning
by I Kadek Suartama, I Nyoman Yasa and Eges Triwahyuni
Educ. Sci. 2024, 14(12), 1405; https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci14121405 (registering DOI) - 22 Dec 2024
Abstract
In Indonesia, there is a significant gap between the skills, creativity, innovation abilities, and job awareness of college graduates as well as the demands of the modern workforce. This gap originates from a curriculum and learning design that has not kept pace with [...] Read more.
In Indonesia, there is a significant gap between the skills, creativity, innovation abilities, and job awareness of college graduates as well as the demands of the modern workforce. This gap originates from a curriculum and learning design that has not kept pace with the rapidly evolving needs of society. In an era characterized by digitalization and the rapid development of technology, content, infrastructure, human, and environmental resources, it is essential to create an open and pervasive learning environment (PLE). Therefore, this research aimed to describe the design process and determine the feasibility and validity of a PLE model that integrated formal and informal cooperative social learning. Research and Development (R&D) for Education model was adopted in this study following the phases of analysis, design, development, and evaluation (ADDIE). Furthermore, the research procedure included two main stages, namely the development of the PLE model and validation of the product. The product validation process further included 13 experts in material design, 15 experts in learning media, and 95 students from state and private universities across Indonesia. Subsequently, descriptive statistical analysis was used in analyzing the obtained data from the validation process. The results showed that the developed PLE model design has utilized the power of technology, social interaction, and everyday environment, both formally and informally. The developed learning model design was suitable for implementation in educational settings. This learning design model offers a comprehensive, flexible, and inclusive learning ecosystem that is tailored to the needs of the twenty-first century. Full article
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25 pages, 9000 KiB  
Article
Five-Year Evaluation of Sentinel-2 Cloud-Free Mosaic Generation Under Varied Cloud Cover Conditions in Hawai’i
by Francisco Rodríguez-Puerta, Ryan L. Perroy, Carlos Barrera, Jonathan P. Price and Borja García-Pascual
Remote Sens. 2024, 16(24), 4791; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16244791 (registering DOI) - 22 Dec 2024
Abstract
The generation of cloud-free satellite mosaics is essential for a range of remote sensing applications, including land use mapping, ecosystem monitoring, and resource management. This study focuses on remote sensing across the climatic diversity of Hawai’i Island, which encompasses ten Köppen climate zones [...] Read more.
The generation of cloud-free satellite mosaics is essential for a range of remote sensing applications, including land use mapping, ecosystem monitoring, and resource management. This study focuses on remote sensing across the climatic diversity of Hawai’i Island, which encompasses ten Köppen climate zones from tropical to Arctic: periglacial. This diversity presents unique challenges for cloud-free image generation. We conducted a comparative analysis of three cloud-masking methods: two Google Earth Engine algorithms (CloudScore+ and s2cloudless) and a new proprietary deep learning-based algorithm (L3) applied to Sentinel-2 imagery. These methods were evaluated against the best monthly composite selected from high-frequency Planet imagery, which acquires daily images. All Sentinel-2 bands were enhanced to a 10 m resolution, and an advanced weather mask was applied to generate monthly mosaics from 2019 to 2023. We stratified the analysis by cloud cover frequency (low, moderate, high, and very high), applying one-way and two-way ANOVAs to assess cloud-free pixel success rates. Results indicate that CloudScore+ achieved the highest success rate at 89.4% cloud-free pixels, followed by L3 and s2cloudless at 79.3% and 80.8%, respectively. Cloud removal effectiveness decreased as cloud cover increased, with clear pixel success rates ranging from 94.6% under low cloud cover to 79.3% under very high cloud cover. Additionally, seasonality effects showed higher cloud removal rates in the wet season (88.6%), while no significant year-to-year differences were observed from 2019 to 2023. This study advances current methodologies for generating reliable cloud-free mosaics in tropical and subtropical regions, with potential applications for remote sensing in other cloud-dense environments. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Deep Learning Approaches in Remote Sensing)
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22 pages, 17681 KiB  
Article
A Hybrid Open/Closed-Loop μ Control Method for Achieving Consistent Transient Performance in Turbofan Engines
by Yifu Long, Xi Wang and Jiashuai Liu
Actuators 2024, 13(12), 531; https://doi.org/10.3390/act13120531 (registering DOI) - 22 Dec 2024
Abstract
The inconsistency in acceleration and deceleration performance between high and low altitudes is a significant challenge in aircraft engine control today. In the past, neither open-loop fuel–air ratio control nor closed-loop N-dot control could resolve this issue perfectly; the difference in acceleration and [...] Read more.
The inconsistency in acceleration and deceleration performance between high and low altitudes is a significant challenge in aircraft engine control today. In the past, neither open-loop fuel–air ratio control nor closed-loop N-dot control could resolve this issue perfectly; the difference in acceleration and deceleration performance between high and low altitudes is even more than three times. The operational characteristics of aircraft engines vary significantly between high and low altitudes, posing challenges for transient state control in high-performance aircraft engines. To address these transient performance inconsistencies due to altitude uncertainties, a μ-synthesis adaptive tracking transition control design method with hybrid open-loop and closed-loop direct thrust control is proposed. The main innovation lies in proposing a new segmented hybrid control scheme. Under a high-power state, it employs a dual closed-loop μ-synthesis adaptive tracking framework, using fuel flow to control thrust and nozzle area to control the turbine pressure ratio. In a low-power state, a single-variable closed-loop and open-loop control architecture is applied. Simulation results show that the hybrid open/closed-loop control method can suppress the inconsistency of acceleration and deceleration performance caused by altitude uncertainties in turbofan engines, ensuring consistent robustness in acceleration and deceleration performance across different altitudes. From the ground to an altitude of 11 km, the new method has an acceleration time range of 3.44 s–3.84 s and a deceleration time range of 4.83 s–5.98 s; compared with the previous fuel–air ratio acceleration time of 4.17 s–9.12 s and deceleration time of 6.12 s–14.48 s, its high and low-altitude acceleration and deceleration consistency performance is greatly improved. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Aerospace Actuators)
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10 pages, 540 KiB  
Case Report
IgM Flare in Anti-MAG Neuropathy Post Rituximab Treatment: A Clinical Case and a Systematic Review of the Literature
by Giovanni Siconolfi, Francesca Vitali, Maria Ausilia Sciarrone, Michelangelo Ardito, Valeria Guglielmino, Angela Romano, Giuseppe Granata, Gabriella Silvestri and Marco Luigetti
Brain Sci. 2024, 14(12), 1294; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14121294 (registering DOI) - 22 Dec 2024
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Anti-MAG polyneuropathy is a demyelinating peripheral neuropathy associated with IgM monoclonal gammopathies, particularly MGUS (monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance) and Waldenström macroglobulinemia. It is characterized by a subacute onset of distal sensory symptoms, with distal motor dysfunction typically appearing only in the [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Anti-MAG polyneuropathy is a demyelinating peripheral neuropathy associated with IgM monoclonal gammopathies, particularly MGUS (monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance) and Waldenström macroglobulinemia. It is characterized by a subacute onset of distal sensory symptoms, with distal motor dysfunction typically appearing only in the later stages of the disease. The condition is caused by the presence of autoantibodies directed against myelin-associated glycoprotein, a structural protein of myelin. This leads to abnormalities in electrophysiological studies, such as markedly delayed distal latencies without conduction blocks or temporal dispersion of potentials. While rituximab (RTX) is the primary treatment, its efficacy is limited, with improvement seen in only 30–50% of patients. Recently, acute worsening of symptoms after RTX treatment has been increasingly reported. Methods: This systematic review compiles case reports and series from inception to June 2024 published on Scopus, PubMed or Cochrane, documenting acute exacerbations after RTX treatment in patients with anti-MAG polyneuropathy. Additionally, we present a case report from our institution that highlights this phenomenon. Results: We identified 13 clinical cases of acute deterioration in patients with anti-MAG polyneuropathy. Among these, eight patients (62%) achieved full recovery following additional treatment, while five patients (38%) did not return to their previous level of function. Plasmapheresis led to complete recovery in all four patients who received this intervention. Interestingly, many patients also experienced recovery after discontinuation of rituximab (RTX) treatment without the need for further therapeutic intervention. Conclusions: Acute clinical deterioration following RTX treatment in anti-MAG polyneuropathy is a possible occurrence. However, to date, no studies have assessed the true prevalence of this phenomenon. Further research is warranted to identify potential predictors of worsening following RTX treatment in this patient population. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Neuropharmacology and Neuropathology)
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21 pages, 5031 KiB  
Article
Interaction Between Nonionic Surfactants and Alkyl Amidoamine Cationic Collector in the Reverse Flotation of Iron Ore
by José Tadeu Gouvêa Junior, Flávia Paulucci Cianga Silvas, Christian Lariguet Taques Bittencourt, Vantuir Jorge de Morais, Ali Asimi Neisiani and Laurindo de Salles Leal Filho
Minerals 2024, 14(12), 1298; https://doi.org/10.3390/min14121298 (registering DOI) - 22 Dec 2024
Abstract
This paper evaluates the performance of four ethoxylated nonionic surfactants (nonyl phenol vs. C13 alcohols) to act as ancillary collectors with Alkyl Amidoamine (AAA) in the reverse flotation of quartz at pH8 to concentrate iron ores. Compared to 100% AAA, the blend [...] Read more.
This paper evaluates the performance of four ethoxylated nonionic surfactants (nonyl phenol vs. C13 alcohols) to act as ancillary collectors with Alkyl Amidoamine (AAA) in the reverse flotation of quartz at pH8 to concentrate iron ores. Compared to 100% AAA, the blend composed of 80% AAA (Flotinor®5530) plus 20% of isotridecyl alcohol ethoxylated with five groups of ethylene oxide (DP-210 RO) improved quartz recovery (from 54% to 63%, p < 0.05) by increasing contact angle (from 55° to 56°, p < 0.05) and decreasing induction time (26 ms to 23 ms, p < 0.05). Compared to 100% AAA (200 g/t), the blend (160 g/t of AAA + 40 g/t of DP-210 RO) improved the flotation performance of iron ore, yielding richer hematite concentrate (65.3% Fe × 61.4% Fe) and less contaminated with quartz (4% SiO2 × 10.2% SiO2), coupled with an increase in Fe recovery from 79.8% × 81.6% in the sunken product as well as SiO2 recovery from 91.7% to 96.9% in the froth. Results from zeta potential, the hydrodynamic diameter of reagent droplets, and the surface tension of the solution provide insights into the synergism between AAA and DP-210 RO. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue An Overview of Applications and Types of Flotation Reagents: Performance, Efficiency and Optimization)
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29 pages, 3200 KiB  
Article
Gait-Based AI Models for Detecting Sarcopenia and Cognitive Decline Using Sensor Fusion
by Rocío Aznar-Gimeno, Jose Luis Perez-Lasierra, Pablo Pérez-Lázaro, Irene Bosque-López, Marina Azpíroz-Puente, Pilar Salvo-Ibáñez, Martin Morita-Hernandez, Ana Caren Hernández-Ruiz, Antonio Gómez-Bernal, María de la Vega Rodrigalvarez-Chamarro, José-Víctor Alfaro-Santafé, Rafael del Hoyo-Alonso and Javier Alfaro-Santafé
Diagnostics 2024, 14(24), 2886; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics14242886 (registering DOI) - 22 Dec 2024
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Sarcopenia and cognitive decline (CD) are prevalent in aging populations, impacting functionality and quality of life. The early detection of these diseases is challenging, often relying on in-person screening, which is difficult to implement regularly. This study aims to develop artificial intelligence [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Sarcopenia and cognitive decline (CD) are prevalent in aging populations, impacting functionality and quality of life. The early detection of these diseases is challenging, often relying on in-person screening, which is difficult to implement regularly. This study aims to develop artificial intelligence algorithms based on gait analysis, integrating sensor and computer vision (CV) data, to detect sarcopenia and CD. Methods: A cross-sectional case-control study was conducted involving 42 individuals aged 60 years or older. Participants were classified as having sarcopenia if they met the criteria established by the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People and as having CD if their score in the Mini-Mental State Examination was ≤24 points. Gait patterns were assessed at usual walking speeds using sensors attached to the feet and lumbar region, and CV data were captured using a camera. Several key variables related to gait dynamics were extracted. Finally, machine learning models were developed using these variables to predict sarcopenia and CD. Results: Models based on sensor data, CV data, and a combination of both technologies achieved high predictive accuracy, particularly for CD. The best model for CD achieved an F1-score of 0.914, with a 95% sensitivity and 92% specificity. The combined technologies model for sarcopenia also demonstrated high performance, yielding an F1-score of 0.748 with a 100% sensitivity and 83% specificity. Conclusions: The study demonstrates that gait analysis through sensor and CV fusion can effectively screen for sarcopenia and CD. The multimodal approach enhances model accuracy, potentially supporting early disease detection and intervention in home settings. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Artificial Intelligence and Pattern Recognition Methods for the Automatic Detection and Evaluation of Neurological Disorders, 2nd Edition)
21 pages, 12533 KiB  
Review
Recent Advances in Porphyrin-Based Covalent Organic Frameworks for Synergistic Photodynamic and Photothermal Therapy
by Cheng Qi, Jiayi Chen, Yijie Qu, Xuanxuan Luo, Weiqi Wang and Xiaohua Zheng
Pharmaceutics 2024, 16(12), 1625; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics16121625 (registering DOI) - 22 Dec 2024
Abstract
Porphyrin’s excellent biocompatibility and modifiability make it a widely studied photoactive material. However, its large π-bond conjugated structure leads to aggregation and precipitation in physiological solutions, limiting the biomedical applications of porphyrin-based photoactive materials. It has been demonstrated through research that fabricating porphyrin [...] Read more.
Porphyrin’s excellent biocompatibility and modifiability make it a widely studied photoactive material. However, its large π-bond conjugated structure leads to aggregation and precipitation in physiological solutions, limiting the biomedical applications of porphyrin-based photoactive materials. It has been demonstrated through research that fabricating porphyrin molecules into nanoscale covalent organic frameworks (COFs) structures can circumvent issues such as poor dispersibility resulting from hydrophobicity, thereby significantly augmenting the photoactivity of porphyrin materials. Porphyrin-based COF materials can exert combined photodynamic and photothermal effects, circumventing the limitations of photodynamic therapy (PDT) due to hypoxia and issues in photothermal therapy (PTT) from heat shock proteins or the adverse impact of excessive heat on the protein activity of normal tissue. Furthermore, the porous structure of porphyrin COFs facilitates the circulation of oxygen molecules and reactive oxygen species and promotes sufficient contact with the lesion site for therapeutic functions. This review covers recent progress regarding porphyrin-based COFs in treating malignant tumors and venous thrombosis and for antibacterial and anti-inflammatory uses via combined PDT and PTT. By summarizing relevant design strategies, ranging from molecular design to functional application, this review provides a reference basis for the enhanced phototherapy application of porphyrin-based COFs as photoactive materials. This review aims to offer valuable insights for more effective biomedical applications of porphyrin-based COFs through the synthesis of existing experimental data, thereby paving the way for their future preclinical utilization. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Nanotechnology for Combination Therapy and Diagnosis)
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17 pages, 933 KiB  
Systematic Review
Transoral Robotic Surgery for Patients with Obstructive Sleep Apnoea: A Systematic Literature Review of Current Practices
by Stavroula Mouratidou and Konstantinos Chaidas
Life 2024, 14(12), 1700; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14121700 (registering DOI) - 22 Dec 2024
Abstract
Transoral robotic surgery (TORS) for tongue base reduction (TBR) and/or epiglottic surgery is an effective treatment option for selected patients with moderate to severe obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA). This systematic review aims to provide an up-to-date overview of current practices and challenges associated [...] Read more.
Transoral robotic surgery (TORS) for tongue base reduction (TBR) and/or epiglottic surgery is an effective treatment option for selected patients with moderate to severe obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA). This systematic review aims to provide an up-to-date overview of current practices and challenges associated with TORS for OSA. PubMed and Embase databases were searched up to December 2022 following PRISMA guidelines. Primary outcome measures were surgical technique, intraoperative measures, postoperative management and complications. A total of 32 articles, including 2546 patients, met the inclusion criteria. TORS was most commonly performed as part of a multilevel surgical approach. Nasotracheal intubation was the preferred method for general anaesthesia. The surgical technique for TORS tongue base and epiglottis did not differ significantly among institutions, although some variations exist. Postoperative management varied, with most authors aiming for immediate postoperative extubation, routine postoperative ward admission and early oral intake initiation. Common postoperative complications were dysphagia and bleeding, with no reported mortality. TORS is established as a safe and feasible surgical option for selected OSA patients, addressing tongue base and/or epiglottic obstruction. However, further studies are required to determine patients’ selection criteria, preferred volume of excised tongue tissue and to assess the necessity for postoperative intensive care unit monitoring. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Obstructive Sleep Apnea: Current Knowledge and Future Perspectives)
24 pages, 439 KiB  
Article
AI-Driven Optimization of Urban Logistics in Smart Cities: Integrating Autonomous Vehicles and IoT for Efficient Delivery Systems
by Baha M. Mohsen
Sustainability 2024, 16(24), 11265; https://doi.org/10.3390/su162411265 (registering DOI) - 22 Dec 2024
Abstract
Urban logistics play a pivotal role in smart city development, aiming to improve the efficiency and sustainability of goods delivery in urban environments. As cities face growing challenges related to congestion, traffic management, and environmental impact, there is an increasing need for advanced [...] Read more.
Urban logistics play a pivotal role in smart city development, aiming to improve the efficiency and sustainability of goods delivery in urban environments. As cities face growing challenges related to congestion, traffic management, and environmental impact, there is an increasing need for advanced technologies to optimize urban delivery systems. This paper proposes an innovative framework that integrates artificial intelligence (AI), autonomous vehicles (AVs), and Internet of Things (IoT) technologies to address these challenges. The framework leverages real-time data from IoT-enabled infrastructure to optimize route planning, enhance traffic signal control, and enable predictive demand management for delivery services. By incorporating AI-driven analytics, the proposed approach aims to improve traffic flow, reduce congestion, and minimize the carbon footprint of urban logistics, contributing to the development of more sustainable and efficient smart cities. This work highlights the potential for combining these technologies to transform urban logistics, offering a novel approach to enhancing delivery operations in densely populated areas. Full article
(This article belongs to the Collection Sustainable Freight Transportation System)
28 pages, 3258 KiB  
Review
Research Progress in the Extraction, Structural Characteristics, Bioactivity, and Commercial Applications of Oat β-Glucan: A Review
by Xiaolu Li, Yicheng Wu, Ruilin Duan, Haoran Yu, Siyao Liu and Yulong Bao
Foods 2024, 13(24), 4160; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13244160 (registering DOI) - 22 Dec 2024
Abstract
Oats (Avena sativa L.) are an important cereal crop with diverse applications in both food and forage. Oat β-glucan has gained attention for its beneficial biological activities, such as reducing cardiovascular risk, preventing diabetes, and enhancing intestinal health. Despite its potential, more [...] Read more.
Oats (Avena sativa L.) are an important cereal crop with diverse applications in both food and forage. Oat β-glucan has gained attention for its beneficial biological activities, such as reducing cardiovascular risk, preventing diabetes, and enhancing intestinal health. Despite its potential, more comprehensive research is required to explore its preparation, modification, bioactivities, and applications. This review highlights recent advancements in the determination and preparation of oat β-glucan, explores its biological activities and mechanisms, and examines the impact of food processing techniques on its properties. This review is intended to provide a theoretical foundation and reference for the development and application of oat β-glucan in the functional food industry. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovations and Advances in Coarse Cereals: Nutritional Aspects, Functional Properties, and Processing Technology)
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17 pages, 3093 KiB  
Article
Reliability of Inland Water Transportation Complex Network Based on Percolation Theory: An Empirical Analysis in the Yangtze River
by Dong Han, Zhongyi Sui, Changshi Xiao and Yuanqiao Wen
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2024, 12(12), 2361; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse12122361 (registering DOI) - 22 Dec 2024
Abstract
Inland water transportation is regarded as a crucial component of global trade, yet its reliability has been increasingly challenged by uncertainties such as extreme weather, port congestion, and geopolitical tensions. Although substantial research has focused on the structural characteristics of inland water transportation [...] Read more.
Inland water transportation is regarded as a crucial component of global trade, yet its reliability has been increasingly challenged by uncertainties such as extreme weather, port congestion, and geopolitical tensions. Although substantial research has focused on the structural characteristics of inland water transportation networks, the dynamic responses of these networks to disruptions remain insufficiently explored. This gap in understanding is critical for enhancing the resilience of global transportation systems as trade volumes grow and risks intensify. In this study, percolation theory was applied to evaluate the reliability of the Yangtze River transportation network. Ship voyage data from 2019 were used to construct a complex network model, and simulations of node removal were performed to identify key vulnerabilities within the network. The results showed that the failure of specific nodes significantly impacts the network’s connectivity, suggesting which nodes should be prioritized for protection. This research offers a dynamic framework for the assessment of inland water transportation network reliability and provides new insights that could guide policy decisions to improve the resilience of critical waterway systems. By identifying potential points of failure, this study contributes to the development of a more robust global trade infrastructure. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Safe Maneuvering, Efficient Navigation and Intelligent Management for Ships)
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28 pages, 9082 KiB  
Article
Digital Characteristics of Spatial Layout in Urban Park Scene Space: Spatial Classification, Quantitative Indicators, and Design Applications Based on Completed Park Cases
by Boqing Fan, Jia Gu, Shucheng Ai, Xi Chen, Siying Du and Yuning Cheng
Land 2024, 13(12), 2251; https://doi.org/10.3390/land13122251 (registering DOI) - 22 Dec 2024
Abstract
Urban parks are important components of the urban green space system, providing residents with a variety of leisure options. The design’s focal point is the spatial layout of the different use scenarios within these parks. Previous studies have largely concentrated on the scene [...] Read more.
Urban parks are important components of the urban green space system, providing residents with a variety of leisure options. The design’s focal point is the spatial layout of the different use scenarios within these parks. Previous studies have largely concentrated on the scene and macro layout of urban public spaces but have not thoroughly investigated the digital characteristics and corresponding parametric methods for the layout of different internal use scenes in urban green spaces. This research selected 18 urban parks from various global regions as case samples and categorized eight typical park scene space types based on common activity scene requirements in park design using AutoCAD to identify vector boundaries in each sample. To examine the digital characteristics of these scene space types, a quantitative index system was established, including spatial density and scale indicators, spatial connection relationship indicators, and spatial unit morphology indicators. The analysis of these indicators across the samples shows that the number of scene spaces is positively correlated with the total park area, while natural experience scenes constitute the largest proportion of urban parks. Different scene types exhibit distinct spatial layouts; for example, circulation spaces demonstrate high connectivity due to their role in directing visitor flow. Some spaces exhibit a more fixed scale and size, while others vary considerably. Finally, this research develops a parametric design framework using the Grasshopper platform. By taking a park in Nanjing as a case study, this paper illustrates how to utilize digital layout features to generate scene space layouts, offering insights into intelligent generative design. This approach provides a structured method to enhance urban park design through the application of digital and parametric tools, contributing to the broader field of urban park design. Full article
35 pages, 8312 KiB  
Article
Comparison of the Effects of UV-C Light in the Form of Flash or Continuous Exposure: A Transcriptomic Analysis on Arabidopsis thaliana L.
by Seyed Mehdi Jazayeri, Jawad Aarrouf, Laurent Urban and Félicie Lopez-Lauri
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(24), 13718; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms252413718 (registering DOI) - 22 Dec 2024
Abstract
Ultraviolet C (UV-C) flash treatment represents a promising method for priming plants. This study compared the effects of 1 s (flash) and 60 s (60 s) UV-C exposures on the transcriptome of Arabidopsis thaliana L. plants. A dose of 200 J m−2 [...] Read more.
Ultraviolet C (UV-C) flash treatment represents a promising method for priming plants. This study compared the effects of 1 s (flash) and 60 s (60 s) UV-C exposures on the transcriptome of Arabidopsis thaliana L. plants. A dose of 200 J m−2 delivered in one second was observed to effectively stimulate plant defenses without causing any adverse effects on plant health. A total of 3054 and 1865 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in the flash and 60 s treatments, respectively, in comparison to the control plants. Of these, 1131 were common to both treatments. The flash treatment affected a greater number of transcription factors (415 genes) than the 60 s treatment (254 genes), indicating more pronounced alterations in gene expression. The flash treatment resulted in a significant overexpression of heat shock proteins (HSPs), heat shock factors (HSFs), and their associated genes, which impacted oxidative stress, proteostasis, genome stability, cell survival, and thermotolerance. The majority of mitochondrial genes were found to be upregulated, while photosynthetic genes exhibited a downregulation. These expression patterns coordinate electron transport and crosstalk between the nucleus, chloroplasts, and mitochondria, eliciting an adaptive protective response to UV-C flash. Additionally, the flash treatment resulted in alterations to several genes involved in cell cycle regulation, division, and DNA replication. These included ATP BMMs, BRCA2 s, IQDs, kinesin complex, MCM complex, CYCs, and CDKs, which ultimately led to cell cycle arrest as a temporary preparation for subsequent conditions. The present study demonstrates that a 1 s exposure to UV-C induces distinctive plant responses through coordinated gene expression. The findings suggest that the flash treatment is an innovative method that triggers a unique cellular response, prioritizing repair mechanisms and potentially enhancing plant immunity, resilience, and priming. It can be used as a plant resistance inducer and stimulator. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Molecular Plant Sciences)
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18 pages, 9670 KiB  
Article
Genome-Wide Characterization and Analysis of the bHLH Gene Family in Perilla frutescens
by Jiankang Chen, Jiayi Xu, Ping Wang, Yihan Wang, Yumeng Wang, Junmei Lian, Yan Yan, Lin Cheng, Yingping Wang and Peng Di
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(24), 13717; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms252413717 (registering DOI) - 22 Dec 2024
Abstract
Perilla frutescens (L.) Britt. is a traditional medicinal and culinary plant with a long history of cultivation and significant potential for broader utilization. The basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) gene family is essential for regulating plant growth, development, stress responses, and secondary metabolism. [...] Read more.
Perilla frutescens (L.) Britt. is a traditional medicinal and culinary plant with a long history of cultivation and significant potential for broader utilization. The basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) gene family is essential for regulating plant growth, development, stress responses, and secondary metabolism. However, the bHLH gene family in P. frutescens has not yet been characterized. In this study, a total of 205 bHLH genes were identified in P. frutescens through genome mining and analysis. Phylogenetic analysis classified these PfbHLH genes into 23 distinct subfamilies. Promoter analysis revealed an enrichment of cis-acting elements linked to plant hormone signaling and stress responses, suggesting their potential regulatory roles in development, growth, and stress adaptation. Expression profiling based on publicly available RNA-seq data demonstrated tissue-specific expression patterns of PfbHLH genes in roots, stems, and leaves. Four PfbHLH genes (PfbHLH66, PfbHLH45, PfbHLH13, and PfbHLH5) showed significant responses to methyl jasmonate (MeJA) induction. Yeast one-hybrid assays confirmed that these PfbHLH proteins could bind to the cis-acting G-box (CACGTG) element. This study offers new perspectives on the evolution, regulatory mechanisms, and functional roles of the bHLH gene family in P. frutescens. The findings deepen our understanding of the functional diversity within this gene family and establish a foundation for genetic enhancement and the biosynthesis of medicinal compounds in the species. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Responses to Biotic and Abiotic Stresses)
25 pages, 3265 KiB  
Review
Anesthetic Approaches and Their Impact on Cancer Recurrence and Metastasis: A Comprehensive Review
by Hoon Choi and Wonjung Hwang
Cancers 2024, 16(24), 4269; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers16244269 (registering DOI) - 22 Dec 2024
Abstract
Cancer recurrence and metastasis remain critical challenges following surgical resection, influenced by complex perioperative mechanisms. This review explores how surgical stress triggers systemic changes, such as neuroendocrine responses, immune suppression, and inflammation, which promote the dissemination of residual cancer cells and circulating tumor [...] Read more.
Cancer recurrence and metastasis remain critical challenges following surgical resection, influenced by complex perioperative mechanisms. This review explores how surgical stress triggers systemic changes, such as neuroendocrine responses, immune suppression, and inflammation, which promote the dissemination of residual cancer cells and circulating tumor cells. Key mechanisms, such as epithelial–mesenchymal transition and angiogenesis, further enhance metastasis, while hypoxia-inducible factors and inflammatory responses create a microenvironment conducive to tumor progression. Anesthetic agents and techniques modulate these mechanisms in distinct ways. Inhaled anesthetics, such as sevoflurane, may suppress immune function by increasing catecholamines and cytokines, thereby promoting cancer progression. In contrast, propofol-based total intravenous anesthesia mitigates stress responses and preserves natural killer cell activity, supporting immune function. Opioids suppress immune surveillance and promote angiogenesis through the activation of the mu-opioid receptor. Opioid-sparing strategies using NSAIDs show potential in preserving immune function and reducing recurrence risk. Regional anesthesia offers benefits by reducing systemic stress and immune suppression, though the clinical outcomes remain inconsistent. Additionally, dexmedetomidine and ketamine exhibit dual effects, both enhancing and inhibiting tumor progression depending on the dosage and context. This review emphasizes the importance of individualized anesthetic strategies to optimize long-term cancer outcomes. While retrospective studies suggest potential benefits of propofol-based total intravenous anesthesia and regional anesthesia, further large-scale trials are essential to establish the definitive role of anesthetic management in cancer recurrence and survival. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Perioperative Management and Cancer Outcome)
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19 pages, 1276 KiB  
Article
Increasing Socioeconomic Exposure to Compound Dry and Hot Events Under a Warming Climate in the Yangtze River Basin
by Jiexiang Zhang, Xuejun Zhang, Juan Lyu, Yanping Qu and Guoyong Leng
Sustainability 2024, 16(24), 11264; https://doi.org/10.3390/su162411264 (registering DOI) - 22 Dec 2024
Abstract
Investigating changes in compound dry and hot events (CDHEs) and evaluating the associated socioeconomic exposure under climate change are critical for developing effective climate change mitigation and adaptation strategies. However, the socioeconomic exposure and the contributions of various driving factors to socioeconomic exposure [...] Read more.
Investigating changes in compound dry and hot events (CDHEs) and evaluating the associated socioeconomic exposure under climate change are critical for developing effective climate change mitigation and adaptation strategies. However, the socioeconomic exposure and the contributions of various driving factors to socioeconomic exposure under different warming levels remain poorly understood. Using the latest climate experiments from Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6), this study assessed future changes in the frequency and socioeconomic exposure of CDHEs and explored the contributing drivers in the Yangtze River Basin (YRB) under 1.5 °C, 2.0 °C, and 3.0 °C global warming scenarios. Results indicate that the occurrences of CDHEs are projected to increase by 2.9, 3.9, and 4.8 times in a 1.5 °C, 2.0 °C, and 3.0 °C warmer world, respectively, compared to the present period (1985–2014). Population exposure to CDHEs increases significantly, with the greatest magnitude occurring at the 2 °C warming scenario. GDP exposure is expected to intensify continuously as the global average temperature rises, with the area experiencing significant increases continuously expanding. Climate change is the dominant driver of total projected changes in population exposure to CDHEs, accounting for approximately 105.6% at 1.5 °C, 110.3% at 2.0 °C, and 141.0% at 3.0 °C. At 1.5 °C, 2.0 °C, and 3.0 °C warming levels, changes in GDP exposure are primarily driven by the synergistic interaction between climate and GDP, accounting for 50.7%, 62.0%, and 64.8%, respectively. These findings provide valuable insights for climate change mitigation and adaptation strategies Full article
15 pages, 1292 KiB  
Review
The Efficacy and Safety of Ferric Carboxymaltose in Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction and Iron Deficiency: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials
by Inderbir Padda, Sneha Annie Sebastian, Daniel Fabian, Yashendra Sethi and Gurpreet Johal
Diseases 2024, 12(12), 339; https://doi.org/10.3390/diseases12120339 (registering DOI) - 22 Dec 2024
Abstract
Background: Iron deficiency (ID) often coexists with heart failure (HF), and its prevalence increases with the severity of HF. Intravenous ferric carboxymaltose (FCM) has been associated with improvements in clinical outcomes, functional capacity, and quality of life (QoL) in patients with HF and [...] Read more.
Background: Iron deficiency (ID) often coexists with heart failure (HF), and its prevalence increases with the severity of HF. Intravenous ferric carboxymaltose (FCM) has been associated with improvements in clinical outcomes, functional capacity, and quality of life (QoL) in patients with HF and ID. However, while earlier studies showed favorable results, more recent studies have failed to demonstrate significant improvements in outcomes for patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) and ID. This meta-analysis seeks to provide updated insights into the effectiveness and safety of FCM compared to placebo/standard of care (SoC) among patients with HFrEF and ID/iron deficiency anemia (IDA). Methods: We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature from inception to December 2023, utilizing databases such as MEDLINE (via PubMed), Google Scholar, the Cochrane Library, ClinicalTrials.gov, and the ScienceDirect portal. A statistical analysis was carried out using RevMan 5.4 with a random-effects model. Dichotomous outcomes were reported as odds ratios (OR), while continuous outcomes were presented as the weighted mean difference (WMD) with corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI), and heterogeneity was assessed using the I2 test. Results: The final analysis included data from six randomized controlled trials (RCTs), comprising 5132 patients. Our findings indicate a significant reduction in total HF hospitalizations among patients with HFrEF and ID/IDA treated with FCM compared to those receiving the placebo or SoC, with an OR of 0.59 (95% CI: 0.40 to 0.88, p < 0.010). However, no statistically significant difference was observed in the total number of deaths between the FCM and placebo/SoC groups (OR: 0.85; 95% CI: 0.70 to 1.03, p = 0.09), non-HF hospitalizations (OR: 0.71; 95% CI: 0.41 to 1.25, p = 0.24), or the composite outcome of cardiovascular hospitalizations and cardiovascular deaths (OR: 0.65; 95% CI: 0.40 to 1.04, p = 0.07). Regarding functional capacity, as assessed by the change in 6-min walk test (6MWT) distance, no significant improvement was found, with a weighted mean difference (WMD) of 14.03 (95% CI: −10.94 to 38.99, p = 0.27). QoL, measured by the Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire (KCCQ) score, also did not show significant enhancement, with a WMD of 3.85 (95% CI: −0.55 to 8.24, p = 0.09). Furthermore, the safety analysis revealed no significant difference in the incidence of serious adverse events between the FCM and placebo/SoC groups, with an OR of 0.73 (95% CI: 0.49 to 1.10, p = 0.13). Conclusions: In patients with HFrEF and IDA, treatment with intravenous FCM significantly lowers the risk of total HF hospitalizations but does not appear to affect functional capacity, QoL, or mortality. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Section 'Cardiology' in 2024–2025)
21 pages, 1130 KiB  
Article
The Effect of Honey Powder Addition on Chosen Quality Properties of Model Chicken Products
by Radosław Bogusz, Anna Onopiuk, Marta Chmiel, Anna Piotrowska, Eliza Kostyra, Edyta Lipińska, Joanna Bryś, Katarzyna Samborska and Dorota Pietrzak
Foods 2024, 13(24), 4163; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13244163 (registering DOI) - 22 Dec 2024
Abstract
The objective of our paper was to evaluate the effect of honey powder addition on the quality of model chicken products over 14 days of refrigerated storage. Three model chicken product variants were produced: C—control, HP1%, HP2%—with 1 or 2% of honey powder [...] Read more.
The objective of our paper was to evaluate the effect of honey powder addition on the quality of model chicken products over 14 days of refrigerated storage. Three model chicken product variants were produced: C—control, HP1%, HP2%—with 1 or 2% of honey powder addition. The cooking loss, basic chemical composition, water activity, texture, color, lipid oxidation (TBARS and PDSC), microbiological and sensory quality, and volatile compounds profile were determined. The adverse changes in lipids were slower in products with honey powder added compared to control product, revealing lower TBARS index values and longer oxidation induction times. After 14 days of storage, HP2% products showed significantly lower (up to 50%) TBARS values than control products. Furthermore, honey powder addition reduced the growth of psychrotrophic and lactic acid bacteria for up to 14 days of storage in comparison to the control products. However, deterioration of the volatile compounds profile (presence of alcohols and sulfur compounds) and occurrence of storage odor and flavor had an impact on the poorer sensory desirability of the control and HP1% products. Additional research is necessary aiming to improve the sensory quality of products with honey powder addition. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Approaches to Improving the Quality and Safety of Meat and Meat Products)
18 pages, 474 KiB  
Review
Craniocervical Posture and Malocclusion: A Comprehensive Literature Review of Interdisciplinary Insights and Implications
by Andreea Kui, Alexandru Bereanu, Ana-Maria Condor, Dalia Pop, Smaranda Buduru, Anca Labunet, Sebastian Șoicu, Rareș Buduru and Andrea Chisnoiu
Medicina 2024, 60(12), 2106; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60122106 (registering DOI) - 22 Dec 2024
Abstract
Background and Objectives: The impact of craniocervical posture on malocclusion has long intrigued researchers in dentistry, orthodontics, and physical therapy. This research aims to elucidate the relationship between craniocervical posture and both dental and skeletal malocclusions and to explore the potential for [...] Read more.
Background and Objectives: The impact of craniocervical posture on malocclusion has long intrigued researchers in dentistry, orthodontics, and physical therapy. This research aims to elucidate the relationship between craniocervical posture and both dental and skeletal malocclusions and to explore the potential for integrated multidisciplinary therapeutic approaches. Materials and Methods: We analyzed peer-reviewed articles published between 2013 and 2023 from PubMed/Medline, Web of Science, EMBASE, and Scopus. The search strategy included terms related to craniocervical posture and malocclusion, focusing on studies that evaluated the relationship between these conditions before and after various orthodontic or surgical treatments. Results: A total of 20 studies met the inclusion criteria, providing nuanced insights into the interplay between malocclusion types and craniocervical alignment. Findings suggest that altered craniocervical posture is more prevalent in individuals with skeletal malocclusions. In particular, orthodontic treatment and orthognathic surgery appear to influence craniocervical posture, suggesting a bidirectional relationship between craniofacial structure and neck alignment. Conclusions: Our literature review confirms a significant association between craniocervical posture and malocclusion, emphasizing the need for an integrative approach to the diagnosis and treatment of craniofacial anomalies. Future research should aim to quantify these relationships further through longitudinal studies, thereby increasing the understanding necessary to develop comprehensive treatment protocols. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancements in Dental Medicine, Oral Anesthesiology and Surgery)
18 pages, 5994 KiB  
Article
Study of the Effect of Temperature on the Production of Carrageenan-Based Buccal Films and Optimization of the Process Parameters
by Katalin Kristó, Anahita Sangestani, Alharith A. A. Hassan, Hala Rayya, Krisztián Pamlényi, András Kelemen and Ildikó Csóka
Pharmaceuticals 2024, 17(12), 1737; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph17121737 (registering DOI) - 22 Dec 2024
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Films in the mouth offer a promising alternative drug delivery system for oral administration, with several advantages over traditional oral formulations. Furthermore, their non-invasive nature and easy administration make them conducive to increasing patient compliance. The use of active agents in these [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Films in the mouth offer a promising alternative drug delivery system for oral administration, with several advantages over traditional oral formulations. Furthermore, their non-invasive nature and easy administration make them conducive to increasing patient compliance. The use of active agents in these films can further improve their drug delivery properties, making them an even more useful drug delivery system. Methods: In this research, carrageenan was used as a polymer, while glycerine was added as a plasticizer, furthermore, lidocaine hydrochloride and diclofenac sodium were used as the active agents. The prepared films were characterized by analytical techniques. Results: The results showed that glycerine reduced the mucoadhesivity and breaking hardness of the films and increasing the temperature made the films brittle. These results are also confirmed by the statistical analysis. Based on the FTIR results, glycerine can be used in films without structural changes. Conclusions: Based on the findings, films prepared from a solution with a concentration of 1.5% carrageenan and 1.5% glycerine at 70 °C are suitable as a drug delivery system for use on the buccal mucosa when combined with active agents. Carrageenan was successfully used as a carrier for two different types of active agents. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pharmaceutical Formulation Characterization Design)
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12 pages, 353 KiB  
Article
Carbon Footprint of a Windshield Reinforcement Component for a Sport Utility Vehicle
by Michele Maria Tedesco, Federico Bruno, Silvia Lazzari, Marco Lattore, Mauro Palumbo, Paola Rizzi and Marcello Baricco
Sustainability 2024, 16(24), 11263; https://doi.org/10.3390/su162411263 (registering DOI) - 22 Dec 2024
Abstract
In this study, the carbon footprint of a steel-based windshield reinforcement component assembled in a sport utility vehicle was calculated in three different stages: steelmaking, stamping, and middle-of-use. Possible solutions to decrease carbon emissions were evidenced, such as the purchasing of steel made [...] Read more.
In this study, the carbon footprint of a steel-based windshield reinforcement component assembled in a sport utility vehicle was calculated in three different stages: steelmaking, stamping, and middle-of-use. Possible solutions to decrease carbon emissions were evidenced, such as the purchasing of steel made through low-impact technologies and the exploitation of the green energy grid to power up stamping machines. The life cycle assessment methodology was used to calculate the carbon footprint. Four different steels provided by different suppliers were compared in order to highlight the greenest material for both the steelmaking and stamping processes and the best supplier from an environmental point of view. In addition, the carbon footprint related to the component weight in vehicles with different traction set-ups, i.e., internal combustion engine, mild hybrid electric, and battery electric, was reported. To reduce the carbon footprint, electric arc furnace-based steelmaking and cold stamping were the best options. In addition, component weight reduction (for instance, changing materials) allowed a decrease in fuel and/or energy consumption, with carbon footprint benefits. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Innovations in Industrial Transformation: Integrating Industry 5.0 and Ecological Economics)
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