MDPI - Publisher of Open Access Journals

23 pages, 3761 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Long-Term Changes in Groundwater Levels in the Białowieża Forest, Poland, Under Climate Change

by Andrzej Boczoń, Michał Wróbel and Anna Kowalska

Water 2025, 17(13), 2027; https://doi.org/10.3390/w17132027 (registering DOI) - 5 Jul 2025

Groundwater is the primary water source for ecosystems, and so changes in groundwater levels, if directional and constant, can cause changes in vegetation and habitat characters. In Białowieża National Park, a significant decline in the water table was observed at the beginning of [...] Read more.

Groundwater is the primary water source for ecosystems, and so changes in groundwater levels, if directional and constant, can cause changes in vegetation and habitat characters. In Białowieża National Park, a significant decline in the water table was observed at the beginning of the 20th century. The question therefore arose as to whether the changes that occurred at that time were permanent. A second question was whether the negative trend would continue so clearly in the following years. The study is based on measurements from 1985 to 2005 and 2022 to 2023 taken in the same monitoring wells. Complete data were collected from 21 monitoring wells. An analysis of groundwater levels between 1985 and 2005 showed an average decline of 0.08 m/10 years in swamp habitats, 0.11 m/10 years in moist habitats, and 0.21 m/10 years in fresh habitats. The measurements in 2022 and 2023 showed that the trend of falling water levels had slowed down in almost the entire study area, with water levels in recent years being similar to those at the beginning of the century. This was also confirmed by comparing years with similar precipitation: 2022 with 1986, and 2002, 2004, and 2023 with 1999. This was due to the higher precipitation after 2005. In the period of 2006–2023, precipitation in the hydrological years was on average 60 mm higher than in the period of 1985–2005. Despite the clear trend toward rising air temperatures, the higher precipitation compensated for the higher evapotranspiration. However, one area showed a systematic decrease in water levels. This occurred at the watershed of the two largest rivers in the Białowieża Forest. The findings indicate that watershed areas are most vulnerable to lowering the groundwater level due to climatic warming. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Impacts of Climate Change on Water Resources and Water Risks, 2nd Edition)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 2058 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Hydrogeochemical Characteristics and Evolutionary Mechanisms of the Nanping Geothermal Field, Southeastern Hainan Island, China

by Xiaolin Wang, Xiaoxue Yan, Wei Zhang, Bo Ma, Changzhu Liu, Yongpeng Yang, Ruoxi Yuan, Jie Chen and Wencun Su

Sustainability 2025, 17(13), 6189; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17136189 (registering DOI) - 5 Jul 2025

Abstract

The southeastern Hainan Island boasts abundant hydrothermal resources, most of which are exposed as thermal springs. Analyzing the hydrochemical characteristics, hydrochemical evolutionary mechanisms, and material transition of these resources is significant for their exploitation and utilization. This study investigated the Nanping geothermal field [...] Read more.

The southeastern Hainan Island boasts abundant hydrothermal resources, most of which are exposed as thermal springs. Analyzing the hydrochemical characteristics, hydrochemical evolutionary mechanisms, and material transition of these resources is significant for their exploitation and utilization. This study investigated the Nanping geothermal field in southeastern Hainan Island, using five groups of geothermal water samples collected in 2022, as well as seven groups of geothermal water samples, one group of shallow groundwater samples, and one group of surface water samples taken in 2023. Specifically, this study examined water–rock interactions in the geothermal field using the Gibbs model, ion ratios, chloro-alkaline indices (CAIs), and the sodium adsorption ratio (SAR). Moreover, the mineral transfer process in groundwater was analyzed using inverse hydrogeochemical simulation. The results indicate that in the study area the geothermal water temperatures range from 64 °C to 80 °C, pH values from 8.32 to 8.64, and TDS concentrations from 431 mg/L to 623 mg/L. The primary hydrochemical types of geothermal water in the study area include Cl-Na and Cl·HCO₃-Na, suggesting low-temperature, slightly alkaline geothermal water. The hydrochemical components of geothermal water in the study area are primarily affected by water–rock interactions. Besides the dissolution of silicate minerals and halite, cation exchange reactions contribute greatly to the formation of Na⁺ and K⁺ in geothermal water. Geothermal water receives recharge from the atmospheric precipitation of the Diaoluo Shan area in the northwest of the study area, with the recharge elevation ranging from 967 to 1115 m. The inverse hydrogeochemical simulation results reveal that during the water–rock interactions, silicate minerals, clay minerals, gypsum, and halite dissolve, while quartz and carbonate minerals precipitate. Additionally, these processes are accompanied by cation exchange reactions dominated by the replacement of Na⁺ in surrounding rocks by Ca²⁺ in geothermal water. This study can provide a geological basis for the exploitation, utilization, and management of the Nanping geothermal field. Full article

16 pages, 275 KiB

Open AccessReview

Broadening the Meanings of Youth Climate Activism: A Review of the Literature from Asia

by Therese Boje Mortensen and Timisha Dadhich

Youth 2025, 5(3), 67; https://doi.org/10.3390/youth5030067 (registering DOI) - 5 Jul 2025

Abstract

It is by now a common trope that youth climate activism has become a ‘global phenomenon’. Yet, it also has significant regional variations. This literature review analyses eighteen academic articles on the topic of youth climate activism in Asia. We found that the [...] Read more.

It is by now a common trope that youth climate activism has become a ‘global phenomenon’. Yet, it also has significant regional variations. This literature review analyses eighteen academic articles on the topic of youth climate activism in Asia. We found that the literature from Asia overall had ambitions to contextualise and nuance international scholarship on youth climate activism. This was achieved by emphasising social and cultural constructions of youth in different Asian contexts; by exploring inequality-related barriers for young people to enter into climate activism; by emphasising solidarity across classes and ages as a particular aspect of much Asian youth climate activism; and by showcasing the political restrictions in many Asian states, which inhibit (scholarship on) activism. We conclude that Asian avatars of youth climate activism have evolved in response to their distinct social, cultural, and political contexts, and that they challenge not easily transferable concepts such as ‘school strike’ and ‘future generations’. At the end, we offer suggestions for future research, including the need for going beyond desk studies when documenting discrete movements and for conceptualisations of youth climate activism that are inclusive of diverse contexts. Full article

29 pages, 2208 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Spatiotemporal Distribution of Cultural Heritage in Relation to Population and Agricultural Productivity: Evidence from the Ming-Qing Yangtze River Basin

by Yuxi Liu, Yu Bai, Wushuang Li, Qibing Chen and Xinyu Du

Land 2025, 14(7), 1416; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14071416 (registering DOI) - 5 Jul 2025

Abstract

As a carrier of civilization, cultural heritage reflects the dynamic relationship between humans and their environment within specific historical contexts. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties (1368–1912 CE), the Yangtze River Basin was one of the most prominent regions for economic and cultural [...] Read more.

As a carrier of civilization, cultural heritage reflects the dynamic relationship between humans and their environment within specific historical contexts. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties (1368–1912 CE), the Yangtze River Basin was one of the most prominent regions for economic and cultural activities in ancient China. The cultural heritage of this period was characterized by its dense distribution and continuous evolution. Considering the applicability bias of modern data in historical interpretation, this study selected four characteristic variables: population density, agricultural productivity, technological level, and temperature anomaly. A hierarchical Bayesian model was constructed and change points were detected to quantitatively analyze the driving mechanisms behind the spatiotemporal distribution of cultural heritage. The results show the following: (1) The distribution of cultural heritage exhibited a multipolar trend by the mid-period in both Dynasties, with high-density areas contracting in the later period. (2) Agricultural productivity consistently had a significant positive impact, while population density also had a significant positive impact, except during the mid-Ming period. (3) The cultural calibration terms, which account for observational differences resulting from the interaction between cultural systems and environmental variables, exhibited slight variations. (4) The change point for population density was 364.83 people/km², and for agricultural productivity it was 2.86 × 10⁹ kJ/km². This study confirms that the differentiation in the spatiotemporal distribution of cultural heritage is driven by the synergistic effects of population and resources. This provides a new perspective for researching human–land relations in a cross-cultural context. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Human–Environmental Relations: Ecotourism and Sustainability)

16 pages, 644 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Association Between Psychobehavioral Factors and the Increased Eating Rate of Ultra-Processed Versus Non-Ultra-Processed Meals in Individuals with Obesity: A Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Trial

by Ludmila de Melo Barros, Vanessa Amorim Peixoto, Guilherme César Oliveira de Carvalho, Micnéias Róberth Pereira, Rodrigo Tenório Lins Carnaúba and Nassib Bezerra Bueno

Nutrients 2025, 17(13), 2236; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17132236 (registering DOI) - 5 Jul 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: A faster eating rate is associated with increased energy intake and risk of obesity. High consumption of ultra-processed foods (UPFs) is associated with a faster eating rate. Psychobehavioral aspects, such as body image self-perception, eating disorders, and anxiety, may modulate this eating [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: A faster eating rate is associated with increased energy intake and risk of obesity. High consumption of ultra-processed foods (UPFs) is associated with a faster eating rate. Psychobehavioral aspects, such as body image self-perception, eating disorders, and anxiety, may modulate this eating behavior. Therefore, this study examined the moderating role of psychobehavioral factors in the association between meal type (UPF vs non-UPF) and eating rate among individuals with obesity. Methods: It is a secondary analysis of a randomized, parallel clinical trial conducted with 39 adults who have obesity. Participants were assigned to consume either a UPF-only composed meal or a UPF-free meal, both of which were isoenergetic (~550 kcal). Psychobehavioral variables (food addiction—mYFAS 2.0, body image perception and satisfaction—Silhouette Rating Scale, eating disorders—EAT-26, and anxiety—GAD-7) were assessed. Eating rate was measured in kcal/min. Results: Body image perception and satisfaction significantly interacted with the type of meal. In the UPF group, lower body image dissatisfaction was associated with a higher eating rate (β = 4.79 kcal/min; 95% CI: 1.40; 8.19; p = 0.007), while a higher body image perception score was associated with a lower eating rate (β = −4.61 kcal/min; 95% CI: −8.57; −0.65; p = 0.024). No significant associations were observed for food addiction scores, eating disorders or anxiety. Conclusions: Body image modulates the eating rate in the context of UPF consumption. These findings suggest that interventions against obesity should consider individual psychobehavioral characteristics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanisms of Ultra-Processed Foods and Health Outcomes)

21 pages, 3409 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Mapping the AMR Infection Landscape in Bihar: Implications for Strengthening Policy and Clinical Practice

by Vinay Modgil, Sundeep Sahay, Neelam Taneja, Burhanuddin Qayyumi, Ravikant Singh, Arunima Mukherjee, Bibekananda Bhoi and Gitika Arora

Antibiotics 2025, 14(7), 684; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics14070684 (registering DOI) - 5 Jul 2025

Abstract

Background: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) poses a significant threat to public health, especially in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), where surveillance infrastructure is underdeveloped. Bihar, India’s third most populous state and one of its least-resourced states, has remained largely absent from national AMR monitoring [...] Read more.

Background: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) poses a significant threat to public health, especially in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), where surveillance infrastructure is underdeveloped. Bihar, India’s third most populous state and one of its least-resourced states, has remained largely absent from national AMR monitoring initiatives. Methods: This study aimed to characterize the AMR infection landscape across five public tertiary care hospitals in Bihar over three years (2022–2024) and to assess the feasibility of integrating digital workflows for real-time microbiological reporting. Standardized antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) was performed on >48,000 urine, pus, and blood samples using CLSI guidelines. Facility-level data were digitized into an open-source AMR reporting system, enabling automated antibiogram generation. Results: The findings revealed substantial resistance: high resistance to beta-lactams, carbapenems, and fluoroquinolones across pathogens. For instance, E. coli sensitivity to nitrofurantoin varied from 86.5% at NMCH (Patna) to 44.7% at JLNMCH (Bhagalpur), while cephalosporin sensitivity in Klebsiella spp. dropped below 2% in several hospitals. MRSA prevalence exceeded 65% in two facilities, far above the national average of 47.8%. Digital integration led to a four-fold increase in culture testing in all facilities and improved data completeness and turnaround times. Spatial analysis and microbiology laboratory assessment revealed significant geographic disparities in diagnostic access, with facilities in remote districts facing delays of over four hours for basic testing. Conclusions: Our study is the first study from India to create such a broad, facility-associated AMR picture over time at a state level. Policy implications include the need for a state-level AMR surveillance dashboard, alignment of procurement with facility-specific resistance patterns, and routine stewardship audits. Clinically, this study demonstrates the utility of localized antibiograms for guiding empirical therapy in resource-limited settings. This study provides a scalable framework for embedding AMR surveillance into routine health system workflows in LMICs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antibiotic Stewardship Implementation Strategies)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

20 pages, 779 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Impact of Farmers’ Digital Participation on Cultivated Land Ecological Protection

by Qinghua Xin, Baijun Wu and Yaru Shi

Sustainability 2025, 17(13), 6191; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17136191 (registering DOI) - 5 Jul 2025

Abstract

The increasingly severe ecological and environmental problems in rural areas pose a serious threat to agricultural sustainability and human well-being. Protecting the ecological environment of cultivated land is fundamental to ensuring food security and achieving sustainable development goals. The effective integration of digital [...] Read more.

The increasingly severe ecological and environmental problems in rural areas pose a serious threat to agricultural sustainability and human well-being. Protecting the ecological environment of cultivated land is fundamental to ensuring food security and achieving sustainable development goals. The effective integration of digital technology into farmers’ production and daily life is a key driver for transforming farming practices and advancing the ecological protection of cultivated land. This study draws on data from the 2020 China Rural Revitalization Survey (CRRS) to systematically examine the impact of farmers’ digital participation on the ecological protection of cultivated land. The main findings are as follows: (1) Digital participation significantly promotes ecological conservation of cultivated land, with each unit increase associated with a 7.8% reduction in fertilizer use intensity; (2) the results are robust across various empirical strategies, including instrumental variable estimation, the ERM approach, residual analysis, and alternative indicator specifications; (3) mechanism analysis indicates that digital participation reduces fertilizer use through three main channels: expansion of social networks (accounting for 7.10%), enhancement of subjective cognition (29.66%), and adoption of agricultural technologies (10.18%); and (4) heterogeneity analysis shows that the protective effects on cultivated land are more pronounced among households with off-farm employment experience, in villages where leaders have higher educational attainment, and in regions with more advanced digital environments. Based on these findings, the following policy recommendations are proposed: enhancing digital infrastructure in rural areas, strengthening the training of agricultural practitioners, and developing localized digital environments tailored to local conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Agriculture)

20 pages, 5689 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Pyrogeography of the Gran Chaco’s Dry Forest: A Comparison of Clustering Algorithms and the Scale of Analysis

by María Cecilia Naval-Fernández, Mario Elia, Vincenzo Giannico, Laura Marisa Bellis, Sandra Josefina Bravo and Juan Pablo Argañaraz

Forests 2025, 16(7), 1114; https://doi.org/10.3390/f16071114 (registering DOI) - 5 Jul 2025

Abstract

(1) Background: Changes in the spatial, temporal, and magnitude-related patterns of fires caused by humans are expected to exacerbate with climate change, significantly impacting ecosystems and societies worldwide. However, our understanding of fire regimes in many regions remains limited, largely due to the [...] Read more.

(1) Background: Changes in the spatial, temporal, and magnitude-related patterns of fires caused by humans are expected to exacerbate with climate change, significantly impacting ecosystems and societies worldwide. However, our understanding of fire regimes in many regions remains limited, largely due to the inherent complexity of fire as an ecological process. Pyrogeography, combined with unsupervised learning methods and the availability of long-term satellite data, offers a robust framework for approaching this problem. The purpose of the study is to identify the pyroregions of the Argentine Gran Chaco, the world’s largest continuous tropical dry forest region. (2) Methods: Using globally available fire occurrence datasets, we computed five fire metrics, related to the extent, frequency, intensity, size, and seasonality of fires at three spatial scales (5, 10, and 25 km). In addition, we tested two widely used cluster algorithms, the K-means algorithm and the Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM). (3) Results and Discussion: The identification of pyroregions was dependent on the clustering algorithm and scale of analysis. The GMM algorithm at a 25 km scale ultimately demonstrated more coherent ecological and spatial distributions. GMM identified six pyroregions, which were labeled based on three metrics in the following order: annual burned area (categorized in low, regular or high), interannual variability of fire (rare, occasional, frequent), and fire intensity (low, moderate, intense). The values were as follows: LRM (22% of study area), ROI (19%), ROM (14%), LOM (10%), ROL (9%), and HFL (4%). (4) Conclusions: Our study provides the most comprehensive delineation of the Argentine Gran Chaco’s Dry Forest pyroregions to date, and highlights both the importance of determining the optimal scale of analysis and the critical role of clustering algorithms in efforts to accurately characterize the diverse attributes of fire regimes. Furthermore, it emphasizes the importance of integrating fire ecology principles and fire management perspectives into pyrogeographic studies to ensure a more comprehensive and meaningful characterization of fire regimes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Natural Hazards and Risk Management)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

26 pages, 1794 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Machine Learning Platform for Isoform-Specific Identification and Profiling of Human Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors

by Lisa Piazza, Miriana Di Stefano, Clarissa Poles, Giulia Bononi, Giulio Poli, Gioele Renzi, Salvatore Galati, Antonio Giordano, Marco Macchia, Fabrizio Carta, Claudiu T. Supuran and Tiziano Tuccinardi

Pharmaceuticals 2025, 18(7), 1007; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph18071007 (registering DOI) - 5 Jul 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Human carbonic anhydrases (hCAs) are metalloenzymes involved in essential physiological processes, and their selective inhibition holds therapeutic potential across a wide range of disorders. However, the high degree of structural similarity among isoforms poses a significant challenge for the design of selective [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Human carbonic anhydrases (hCAs) are metalloenzymes involved in essential physiological processes, and their selective inhibition holds therapeutic potential across a wide range of disorders. However, the high degree of structural similarity among isoforms poses a significant challenge for the design of selective inhibitors. In this work, we present a machine learning (ML)-based platform for the isoform-specific prediction and profiling of small molecules targeting hCA I, II, IX, and XII. Methods: By integrating four molecular representations with four ML algorithms, we built 64 classification models, each extensively optimized and validated. The best-performing models for each isoform were applied in a virtual screening campaign for ~2 million compounds. Results: Following a multi-step refinement process, 12 candidates were identified, purchased, and experimentally tested. Several compounds showed potent inhibitory activity in the nanomolar to submicromolar range, with selectivity profiles across the isoforms. To gain mechanistic insights, SHAP-based feature importance analysis and molecular docking supported by molecular dynamics simulations were employed, highlighting the structural determinants of the predicted activity. Conclusions: This study demonstrates the effectiveness of integrating ML, cheminformatics, and experimental validation to accelerate the discovery of selective carbonic anhydrase inhibitors and provides a generalizable framework for activity profiling across enzyme isoforms. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Medicinal Chemistry)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

19 pages, 1587 KiB

Open AccessReview

Pre-Treatment Equipment for Processing Grape Marc into Valorised By-Products: A Review

by Stepan Akterian, Kostadin Fikiin, Georgi Georgiev and Angel Terziev

Sustainability 2025, 17(13), 6188; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17136188 (registering DOI) - 5 Jul 2025

Abstract

While traditional disposal of solid waste from the global wine industry causes significant environmental burden and hazards, a range of value-added by-products can be produced from the grape marc. This review focuses therefore on crucial sustainability-enhancing technologies for pomace dewatering and separation, which [...] Read more.

While traditional disposal of solid waste from the global wine industry causes significant environmental burden and hazards, a range of value-added by-products can be produced from the grape marc. This review focuses therefore on crucial sustainability-enhancing technologies for pomace dewatering and separation, which constitute a mandatory stage in obtaining storage-stable by-products and final value-added commodities. A number of dryers and separators were considered for pre-treatment of wet grape marc and analysed in terms of their design characteristics, functionality, feasibility, throughput and efficiency. A multi-criteria decision analysis was carried out to compare, rank and select the equipment which is most suitable for the purpose. It was found out that the rotary drum dryer and the drum screen separator with internal blade rotor are the best candidates to fulfil the technology requirements, while the flowsheet that includes an initial separation followed by drying of the resulting fractions is a rather attractive option. Valorising grape waste worldwide contributes substantially to achieving the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals for responsible consumption and production, mitigating climate change, caring for health and well-being, preserving land life and combating hunger. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Food)

18 pages, 4044 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impacts of Climate Change in China: Northward Migration of Isohyets and Reduction in Cropland

by Xinyu Li, Siming Liu, Xinjie Shi, Chunyu Wang, Ling Li, Siyuan Liu and Donghao Li

Land 2025, 14(7), 1417; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14071417 (registering DOI) - 5 Jul 2025

Abstract

Changes in the environment and in land use interconnect and interact. To ascertain the impact of meteorological factors, namely temperature, precipitation, and sunshine, on land use changes, an analysis was conducted using meteorological data and the China land use dataset spanning from 1990 [...] Read more.

Changes in the environment and in land use interconnect and interact. To ascertain the impact of meteorological factors, namely temperature, precipitation, and sunshine, on land use changes, an analysis was conducted using meteorological data and the China land use dataset spanning from 1990 to 2020. Pearson correlation analysis, grey correlation degree, and vector regression model were employed to assess the influence of meteorological factors on land use alterations and to pinpoint the primary driving forces. The findings reveal the following: (1) The spatial distribution of isohyets and isotherms is shifting towards the north, with the most significant northward movement observed in the 1600 mm isohyets and 15 °C isotherm contours. (2) Overall, the areas of croplands, shrubs, grasslands, and wetlands are decreasing, notably, with a reduction of approximately 100,000 km² in cropland, while forests, water, and impervious surfaces are expanding annually. (3) Temperature and precipitation exhibit notable impacts on various land use types, with temperature exerting the most substantial influence on changes in cropland area, contributing to 8% of the observed variations. This study can provide a scientific basis for the rational optimization and allocation of land resources under changing environmental conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Land–Climate Interactions)

10 pages, 2080 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Stress Distribution in Interlocking and Blocking Screw Fixation for Distal Tibial Intramedullary Nailing: A Finite Element Analysis

by Gu-Hee Jung, Se-Lin Jeong and Jungtae Ahn

J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14(13), 4769; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14134769 (registering DOI) - 5 Jul 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: This study evaluates the structural strength of various fixation models for distal tibial fractures using finite element analysis, comparing the biomechanical performance of different interlocking and blocking screw configurations in intramedullary nail fixation. Methods: Finite element models were developed for three [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: This study evaluates the structural strength of various fixation models for distal tibial fractures using finite element analysis, comparing the biomechanical performance of different interlocking and blocking screw configurations in intramedullary nail fixation. Methods: Finite element models were developed for three different screw configurations: two interlocking screws (T2S), three interlocking screws (T3S), and two interlocking screws combined with two blocking screws (T2SBS2). Material properties were assigned using SAWBONES^® models, reflecting established biomechanical characteristics. The models were subjected to static axial loading (800 Nm), internal rotation (3500 Nm), and external rotation stresses. The stress distribution and structural integrity of each fixation model were analyzed. Results: The T3S model demonstrated the lowest maximum von Mises stress values across all loading conditions. Under axial loading, the maximum VMS at the medial first screw contact was the lowest in the T3S model (65.96 MPa) compared to T2S (135.68 MPa) and T2SBS2 (150.30 MPa). Similarly, internal rotation loading resulted in the lowest stress at the medial first screw site in T3S (64.86 MPa), compared to significantly higher stresses in T2S (136.29 MPa) and T2SBS2 (158.11 MPa). The T2SBS2 configuration showed effective stress reduction at the distal interlocking screws, highlighting its potential for improved load sharing. Conclusions: The findings underscore the importance of the secure fixation of the initial interlocking screw in distal tibial fractures. The fixation model utilizing three interlocking screws provided the most favorable overall stress distribution, whereas the inclusion of blocking screws effectively reduced stress concentrations at distal screw sites. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Orthopedics)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 10114 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Grain Size and Incidence Angle on Erosive Wear of Polyurea Coating

by Justyna Sokolska and Piotr Sokolski

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(13), 7568; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15137568 (registering DOI) - 5 Jul 2025

Abstract

This study investigated the erosive wear of a polyurea coating with a hardness of 95 ShA and a thickness of 3 mm applied to a 3 mm thick plate made of S235 steel. The process of erosive wear was carried out using a [...] Read more.

This study investigated the erosive wear of a polyurea coating with a hardness of 95 ShA and a thickness of 3 mm applied to a 3 mm thick plate made of S235 steel. The process of erosive wear was carried out using a stream of compressed air containing abrasive grains of aluminum oxide (Al₂O₃). The erosive wear was studied using different incidence angles (45°, 60° and 90°) and erosive grain sizes. Thus, the effects of the incidence angle and erosive grain size on the erosive wear of the polyurea coating were analyzed. Erosive wear was determined as linear wear: the depth of the wear trace was measured using an optical profilometer. This study showed a non-linear correlation between erosive wear, incidence angle and erosive particle size. In addition, a qualitative study of the surface of the coating after a wear test was carried out using a scanning electron microscope, which made it possible to describe the mechanisms of erosive wear of the polyurea coating. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in 'Surface Sciences and Technology' Section, 3rd Edition)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

22 pages, 1152 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Human Safety in Light of the Economic, Social and Environmental Aspects of Sustainable Development—Determination of the Awareness of the Young Generation in Poland

by Ewa Chomać-Pierzecka, Bartosz Błaszczak, Szymon Godawa and Izabella Kęsy

Sustainability 2025, 17(13), 6190; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17136190 (registering DOI) - 5 Jul 2025

Abstract

The UN’s “Global Agenda for Change” focused on global challenges, with the aim of improving quality of life. The focus on People, Planet, Prosperity, Peace, Partnership, and Integrated Action (EU) orients its efforts towards socially needed change. Although the above perspectives, which ultimately [...] Read more.

The UN’s “Global Agenda for Change” focused on global challenges, with the aim of improving quality of life. The focus on People, Planet, Prosperity, Peace, Partnership, and Integrated Action (EU) orients its efforts towards socially needed change. Although the above perspectives, which ultimately shape the goals of sustainable development, refer in effect to the security of the functioning of societies and economies, this issue has not been sufficiently explored in the literature. Taking the above into account, this paper explains the aspect of people’s sustainable security and well-being, and also indicates the importance of determining the social competences needed for a broadly understood sustainable future, which is the main goal of this article. Considering the importance of sustainable awareness among the younger generation, who are responsible for the future modeling of the pace and direction of sustainable changes, the analysis of the literature in the practical findings was supported by qualitative and quantitative methods, as well as statistical analysis techniques using PQstat software, to ensure in-depth research. The results confirm that the studied population generally has good knowledge of the idea of sustainable development. Importantly, this population combines development in a sustainable direction with actions to strengthen people’s safety and well-being. It should be noted that the studied population is most strongly aware of the environmental pillar of sustainable development, suggesting potential to improve knowledge in this area—which is crucial for effective development towards a safe future and important for future decision-makers (the young generation). The findings can serve as a source of information for teams designing study programs and information campaigns on sustainable development in order to further strengthen social education in the studied area. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Health, Well-Being and Sustainability)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

19 pages, 3471 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Do Pain and Autonomic Regulation Share a Common Central Compensatory Pathway? A Meta-Analysis of HRV Metrics in Pain Trials

by Marianna Daibes, Bassel Almarie, Maria Fernanda Andrade, Giovanna de Paula Vidigal, Nadine Aranis, Anna Gianlorenco, Carlos Bandeira de Mello Monteiro, Prateek Grover, David Sparrow and Felipe Fregni

NeuroSci 2025, 6(3), 62; https://doi.org/10.3390/neurosci6030062 (registering DOI) - 5 Jul 2025

Abstract

Background: Chronic pain is closely associated with dysregulation of the autonomic nervous system, often reflected by reduced heart rate variability (HRV). While observational studies have demonstrated this association, the extent to which pain interventions modulate HRV and the impact of individual factors on [...] Read more.

Background: Chronic pain is closely associated with dysregulation of the autonomic nervous system, often reflected by reduced heart rate variability (HRV). While observational studies have demonstrated this association, the extent to which pain interventions modulate HRV and the impact of individual factors on HRV changes remain unclear. Objective: To evaluate the impact of pain interventions on HRV parameters through meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs), and to examine whether intervention type and individual factors such as body mass index (BMI) moderate HRV responses. Methods: We conducted a systematic review of 23 RCTs and a meta-analysis of 21 RCTs (1262 subjects) involving patients with acute and chronic pain. HRV outcomes were extracted pre- and post-intervention. Both between-group (active vs. sham/control) and one-group (pre-post within active group) analyses were performed for time-domain indices—standard deviation of normal-to-normal intervals (SDNN), root mean square of successive differences (RMSSD), and percentage of successive normal-to-normal intervals > 50 ms (pNN50)—and frequency-domain indices—high-frequency (HF) and low-frequency (LF) components. Meta-regressions tested moderators including BMI, age, and pain phenotype. The protocol was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42023448264). Results: Twenty-three RCTs involving 1262 participants with a wide range of pain conditions were included. Meta-analysis of time-domain HRV parameters showed a trend toward improvement: SDNN (g = 0.435, p = 0.059) approached significance, while RMSSD (g = 0.361, p = 0.099) and pNN50 (g = 0.222, p = 0.548) showed smaller, non-significant effects. Frequency-domain analysis revealed a significant moderate reduction in the LF/HF ratio (g = −0.378, p = 0.003), suggesting a shift toward parasympathetic dominance. HF and LF showed small, non-significant changes. One-group meta-analysis confirmed significant improvements in vagally mediated HRV, with large effects for RMSSD (g = 1.084, p < 0.001) and HF (g = 0.622, p < 0.001), and a moderate effect for SDNN (g = 0.455, p = 0.004). Meta-regression identified BMI as a significant moderator: higher BMI was associated with attenuated improvements in HF and RMSSD and a slight shift toward sympathetic predominance. Conclusions: Pain interventions can significantly modulate autonomic function, as reflected in HRV improvements, particularly in vagally mediated indices. These effects are influenced by patient characteristics such as BMI. HRV may serve as a valuable biomarker for both treatment efficacy and autonomic recovery in pain management. In this context, HRV highlights its role as a biomarker for pain dysregulation and compensatory failure, reflecting shared top-down modulation between nociception and autonomic regulation. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

22 pages, 2107 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Reference Modulation-Based H_∞ Control for the Hybrid Energy Storage System in DC Microgrids

by Khac Huan Su, Young Seop Son and Youngwoo Lee

Mathematics 2025, 13(13), 2202; https://doi.org/10.3390/math13132202 (registering DOI) - 5 Jul 2025

Abstract

In DC microgrids, optimizing the hybrid energy storage system (HESS) current control to meet the power requirements of the load is generally a difficult and challenging task. This is because the HESS always operates under various load conditions, which are influenced by measurement [...] Read more.

In DC microgrids, optimizing the hybrid energy storage system (HESS) current control to meet the power requirements of the load is generally a difficult and challenging task. This is because the HESS always operates under various load conditions, which are influenced by measurement disturbances and parameter uncertainties. Therefore, in this paper, we propose the H_∞state feedback control based on the reference modulation to improve the current tracking errors of the battery (Bat) and supercapacitor (SC) in the HESS for power tracking performance. Without altering the system control signal, the reference modulation technique combines the feedforward channel and output feedback signal directly to modulate the required currents of the Bat and SC derived from the required load power. The H_∞state feedback control based on the required Bat and SC currents modulated by the reference modulation technique is proposed to improve the current tracking errors under the influence of measurement disturbances and parameter uncertainties without a disturbance observer. The ability of the reference modulation technique to attenuate the disturbance without the use of a disturbance observer is one advantage for improving transient performance. The improvement of the HESS’s power tracking performance in DC microgrids is confirmed by study results presented under the influence of measurement disturbances for nominal parameters and parameter uncertainties. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section C2: Dynamical Systems)

19 pages, 4273 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Improved Dynamic Correction for Seismic Data Processing: Mitigating the Stretch Effect in NMO Correction

by Pedro Cortes-Guerrero, Carlos Ortiz-Alemán, Jaime Urrutia-Fucugauchi, Sebastian Lopez-Juarez, Mauricio Gabriel Orozco-del Castillo and Mauricio Nava-Flores

Geosciences 2025, 15(7), 258; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences15070258 (registering DOI) - 5 Jul 2025

Abstract

Seismic data processing is essential in hydrocarbon exploration, with normal moveout (NMO) correction being a pivotal step in enhancing seismic signal quality. However, conventional NMO correction often suffers from the stretch effect, which distorts seismic reflections and degrades data quality, especially in long-offset [...] Read more.

Seismic data processing is essential in hydrocarbon exploration, with normal moveout (NMO) correction being a pivotal step in enhancing seismic signal quality. However, conventional NMO correction often suffers from the stretch effect, which distorts seismic reflections and degrades data quality, especially in long-offset data. This study addresses the issue by analyzing synthetic models and proposing a nonhyperbolic stretch-free NMO correction technique. The proposed method significantly improves seismic data quality by preserving up to 90% of the original amplitude, maintaining frequency content stability at 30 Hz, and achieving a high reduction of stretch-related distortions. Compared to conventional NMO, our technique results in clearer seismic gathers, enhanced temporal resolution, and more accurate velocity models. These improvements have substantial implications for high-resolution subsurface imaging and precise reservoir characterization.This work offers a robust and computationally efficient solution to a longstanding limitation in seismic processing, advancing the reliability of exploration in geologically complex environments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Geophysics)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

23 pages, 8747 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Robust Tracking Control of Underactuated UAVs Based on Zero-Sum Differential Games

by Yaning Guo, Qi Sun and Quan Pan

Drones 2025, 9(7), 477; https://doi.org/10.3390/drones9070477 (registering DOI) - 5 Jul 2025

Abstract

This paper investigates the robust tracking control of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) against external time-varying disturbances. First, by introducing a virtual position controller, we innovatively decouple the UAV dynamics into independent position and attitude error subsystems, transforming the robust tracking problem into two [...] Read more.

This paper investigates the robust tracking control of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) against external time-varying disturbances. First, by introducing a virtual position controller, we innovatively decouple the UAV dynamics into independent position and attitude error subsystems, transforming the robust tracking problem into two zero-sum differential games. This approach contrasts with conventional methods by treating disturbances as strategic “players”, enabling a systematic framework to address both external disturbances and model uncertainties. Second, we develop an integral reinforcement learning (IRL) framework that approximates the optimal solution to the Hamilton–Jacobi–Isaacs (HJI) equations without relying on precise system models. This model-free strategy overcomes the limitation of traditional robust control methods that require known disturbance bounds or accurate dynamics, offering superior adaptability to complex environments. Third, the proposed recursive Ridge regression with a forgetting factor (R

^{3}

F

^{2}

) algorithm updates actor-critic-disturbance neural network (NN) weights in real time, ensuring both computational efficiency and convergence stability. Theoretical analyses rigorously prove the closed-loop system stability and algorithm convergence, which fills a gap in existing data-driven control studies lacking rigorous stability guarantees. Finally, numerical results validate that the method outperforms state-of-the-art model-based and model-free approaches in tracking accuracy and disturbance rejection, demonstrating its practical utility for engineering applications. Full article

24 pages, 3873 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Coupling Machine Learning and Physically Based Hydrological Models for Reservoir-Based Streamflow Forecasting

by Benjun Jia and Wei Fang

Remote Sens. 2025, 17(13), 2314; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17132314 (registering DOI) - 5 Jul 2025

Abstract

High-accuracy streamflow forecasting with long lead times can help promote the efficient utilization of water resources. However, the construction of cascade reservoirs has allowed the evolution of natural continuous rivers into multi-block rivers. The existing streamflow forecasting methods fail to consider the impact [...] Read more.

High-accuracy streamflow forecasting with long lead times can help promote the efficient utilization of water resources. However, the construction of cascade reservoirs has allowed the evolution of natural continuous rivers into multi-block rivers. The existing streamflow forecasting methods fail to consider the impact of reservoir operation. Thus, a novel short-term streamflow forecasting method for multi-block watersheds was proposed by integrating machine learning and hydrological models. Firstly, based on IMERG precipitation, the forecast precipitation product’s error is corrected by the long short-term memory neural network (LSTM). Secondly, coupling convolutional LSTM (ConvLSTM) and LSTM, operation rules for cascade reservoirs are extracted. Thirdly, a short-term deterministic streamflow forecasting model was built for multi-block watersheds. Finally, according to the sources of forecasting errors, probabilistic streamflow forecasting models based on the Gaussian mixture model (GMM) were proposed, and their performances were compared. Taking the Yalong River as an example, the main results are as follows: (1) Deep learning models (ConvLSTM and LSTM) show good performance in forecast precipitation correction and reservoir operation rule extraction, contributing to streamflow forecasting accuracy. (2) The proposed streamflow deterministic forecasting method has good forecasting performance with NSE above 0.83 for the following 1–5 days. (3) The GMM model, using upstream evolutionary forecasted streamflow, interval forecasted streamflow, and downstream forecasted streamflow as the input–output combination, has good probabilistic forecasting performance and can adequately characterize the “non-normality” and “heteroskedasticity” of forecasting uncertainty. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Machine Learning and Automation in Remote Sensing Applied in Hydrological Processes)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

21 pages, 527 KiB

Open AccessArticle

From Diversity to Engagement: The Mediating Role of Job Satisfaction in the Link Between Diversity Climate and Organizational Withdrawal

by Yuvaraj Dhanasekar and Kaliyaperumal Sugirthamani Anandh

Buildings 2025, 15(13), 2368; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15132368 (registering DOI) - 5 Jul 2025

Abstract

Marked by a highly diverse workforce, the Indian construction industry faces ongoing challenges in fostering employee engagement and minimizing organizational withdrawal. This study examines the role of diversity climate in influencing psychological and physical withdrawal behaviors among construction professionals, assessing job satisfaction as [...] Read more.

Marked by a highly diverse workforce, the Indian construction industry faces ongoing challenges in fostering employee engagement and minimizing organizational withdrawal. This study examines the role of diversity climate in influencing psychological and physical withdrawal behaviors among construction professionals, assessing job satisfaction as a mediating variable. Grounded in Social Exchange Theory, the research employed a quantitative survey approach, gathering responses from 318 professionals across the sector. Partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) was used to test the hypothesized relationships. Results indicate that reduced psychological (β = –0.462, f² = 0.465, p < 0.01) and physical withdrawal (β = –0.311, f² = 0.194, p < 0.05) are associated with more positive perceptions of the diversity climate. Furthermore, this relationship is partially mediated by job satisfaction, with diversity climate positively influencing job satisfaction (β = 0.618, p < 0.001), which in turn reduces withdrawal tendencies (indirect effect on psychological withdrawal β = −0.094, p < 0.01 and physical withdrawal β = −0.068, p < 0.01). These results show that encouraging a supportive diversity climate not only helps but is also absolutely necessary for enhancing job satisfaction, lowering withdrawal behavior, and retaining trained talent. The findings offer concrete evidence that construction firms and policymakers should prioritize inclusive human resource strategies that directly improve project outcomes, reduce attrition, and enhance workforce engagement in the Indian construction sector. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Safety and Health at Work in Building Construction)

27 pages, 536 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Income Effects and Mechanisms of Farmers’ Participation in Agricultural Industry Organizations: A Case Study of the Kiwi Fruit Industry

by Yuyang Li, Jiahui Li, Xinjie Li and Qian Lu

Agriculture 2025, 15(13), 1454; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture15131454 (registering DOI) - 5 Jul 2025

Abstract

Eliminating all forms of poverty is a core component of the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals. At the household level, poverty and income inequality significantly threaten farmers’ sustainable development and food security. Based on a sample of 1234 kiwi farmers from the Shaanxi [...] Read more.

Eliminating all forms of poverty is a core component of the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals. At the household level, poverty and income inequality significantly threaten farmers’ sustainable development and food security. Based on a sample of 1234 kiwi farmers from the Shaanxi and Sichuan provinces in China, this paper empirically examines the impact of participation in agricultural industry organizations (AIOs) on household income and income inequality, as well as the underlying mechanisms. The results indicate the following: (1) Participation in AIOs increased farmers’ average household income by approximately 1,9570 yuan while simultaneously reducing the income inequality index by an average of 4.1%. (2) Participation increases household income and mitigates income inequality through three mechanisms: promoting agricultural production, enhancing sales premiums, and improving human capital. (3) After addressing endogeneity concerns, farmers participating in leading agribusiness enterprises experienced an additional average income increase of 21,700 yuan compared to those participating in agricultural cooperatives. Therefore, it is recommended to optimize the farmer–enterprise linkage mechanisms within agricultural industry organizations, enhance technical training programs, and strengthen production–marketing integration and market connection systems, aiming to achieve both increased farmer income and improved income distribution. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Agricultural Economics, Policies and Rural Management)

21 pages, 9463 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Exploring the Potential of Cellulose Nanocrystals Originated from Ramie (Boehmeria nivea L. Gaud) in Formation of Microspheres for Enhanced Solubility of Furosemide

by Anis Yohana Chaerunisaa, Yoga Windhu Wardhana, Mayang Kusuma Dewi, Margaretha Efa Putri and Fitriani Jati Rahmania

Polymers 2025, 17(13), 1879; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17131879 (registering DOI) - 5 Jul 2025

Abstract

Cellulose nanocrystals possess unique properties such as high surface area and excellent biocompatibility. They can disrupt strong hydrogen bonds and other intermolecular forces that hinder the solubility of certain molecules thus enhancing the solubility of poorly soluble materials. The main challenge in formulating [...] Read more.

Cellulose nanocrystals possess unique properties such as high surface area and excellent biocompatibility. They can disrupt strong hydrogen bonds and other intermolecular forces that hinder the solubility of certain molecules thus enhancing the solubility of poorly soluble materials. The main challenge in formulating poorly soluble drugs lies in their limited therapeutic efficacy due to inadequate solubility and bioavailability. Therefore, an innovative approach such as using cellulose nanocrystals to enhance the solubility is highly needed. The aim of this research is to study the potential of ramie (Boehmeria nivea L. Gaud) as a source of cellulose nanocrystals in the development of microspheres for the solubility enhancement of poorly soluble drugs. Nanocrystalline cellulose was isolated from the ramie (Boehmeria nivea L. Gaud) by optimizing hydrolysis conditions with varying acid concentrations and reaction times. Characterizations were performed by measuring particle size, pH, and sulfate content, followed by morphological study by SEM, functional group analysis, and thermal analysis. The use of sulfuric acid in the hydrolysis process of flax cellulose at 45 °C, as the type of acid that gives the best results, at 50% acid concentration for 60 min produces cellulose nanocrystallines with a particle size of 120 nm, sulfate concentration density of 133.09 mmol/kg, crystallinity of 96.2%, and a yield of 63.24 ± 8.72%. Furosemide was used as the poorly soluble drug model and its solubility enhancement in the form of furosemide/RNCC microspheres was evaluated through saturated solubility testing and in vitro dissolution. This study demonstrated that RNCC could improve the solubility of furosemide, which contributes to developing sustainable drug formulations and eco−friendly delivery systems for poorly soluble drugs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Polymer Applications)

12 pages, 7213 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Planar Wide-Angle Imaging System with a Single-Layer SiC Metalens

by Yiyang Liu, Qiangbo Zhang, Changwei Zhang, Mengguang Wang and Zhenrong Zheng

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(13), 1046; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15131046 (registering DOI) - 5 Jul 2025

Abstract

Optical systems with wide field-of-view (FOV) imaging capabilities are crucial for applications ranging from biomedical diagnostics to remote sensing, yet conventional wide-angle optics face integration challenges in compact platforms. Here, we present the design and experimental demonstration of a single-layer silicon carbide (SiC) [...] Read more.

Optical systems with wide field-of-view (FOV) imaging capabilities are crucial for applications ranging from biomedical diagnostics to remote sensing, yet conventional wide-angle optics face integration challenges in compact platforms. Here, we present the design and experimental demonstration of a single-layer silicon carbide (SiC) metalens achieving a 90° total FOV, whose planar structure and small footprint address the challenges. This design is driven by a gradient-based numerical optimization strategy, Gradient-Optimized Phase Profile Shaping (GOPP), which optimizes the phase profile to accommodate the angle-dependent requirements. Combined with a front aperture, the GOPP-generated phase profile enables off-axis aberration control within a planar structure. Operating at 803 nm with a focal length of 1 mm (NA = 0.25), the fabricated metalens demonstrated focusing capabilities across the wide FOV, enabling effective wide-angle imaging. This work demonstrates the feasibility of using numerical optimization to realize single-layer metalens with challenging wide FOV capabilities, offering a promising route towards highly compact imagers for applications such as endoscopy and dermoscopy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Nano-Optics and Nano-Optoelectronics: Challenges and Future Trends)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 319 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Fate and Freedom in Ancient Stoicism and Augustine’s Critique

by Rosario Neuman Lorenzini, Sergi Grau Guijarro and Miguel Ángel Belmonte

Religions 2025, 16(7), 874; https://doi.org/10.3390/rel16070874 (registering DOI) - 5 Jul 2025

Abstract

This article is divided into three parts. First, a brief exposition of the ontological foundations of ancient determinism is provided to explain the worldview held by such a philosophical position. The second part sets out the argument used by Chrysippus to make causal [...] Read more.

This article is divided into three parts. First, a brief exposition of the ontological foundations of ancient determinism is provided to explain the worldview held by such a philosophical position. The second part sets out the argument used by Chrysippus to make causal determinism compatible with moral responsibility, and points out the tensions that such a position entails. In the third part, the notion of freedom of ancient Stoicism is contrasted with the philosophy of Augustine in order to determine the novelty that Christianity represented in this matter. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fate in Ancient Greek Philosophy and Religion)

25 pages, 3080 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Coordinated Optimization Scheduling Method for Frequency and Voltage in Islanded Microgrids Considering Active Support of Energy Storage

by Xubin Liu, Jianling Tang, Qingpeng Zhou, Jiayao Peng and Nanxing Huang

Processes 2025, 13(7), 2146; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13072146 (registering DOI) - 5 Jul 2025

Abstract

In islanded microgrids with high-proportion renewable energy, the disconnection from the main grid leads to the characteristics of low inertia, weak damping, and high impedance ratio, which exacerbate the safety risks of frequency and voltage. To balance the requirements of system operation economy [...] Read more.

In islanded microgrids with high-proportion renewable energy, the disconnection from the main grid leads to the characteristics of low inertia, weak damping, and high impedance ratio, which exacerbate the safety risks of frequency and voltage. To balance the requirements of system operation economy and frequency–voltage safety, a coordinated optimization scheduling method for frequency and voltage in islanded microgrids considering the active support of battery energy storage (BES) is proposed. First, to prevent the state of charge (SOC) of BES from exceeding the frequency regulation range due to rapid frequency adjustment, a BES frequency regulation strategy with an adaptive virtual droop control coefficient is adopted. The frequency regulation capability of BES is evaluated based on the capacity constraints of grid-connected converters, and a joint frequency and voltage regulation strategy for BES is proposed. Second, an average system frequency model and an alternating current power flow model for islanded microgrids are established. The influence of steady-state voltage fluctuations on active power frequency regulation is analyzed, and dynamic frequency safety constraints and node voltage safety constraints are constructed and incorporated into the optimization scheduling model. An optimization scheduling method for islanded microgrids that balances system operation costs and frequency–voltage safety is proposed. Finally, the IEEE 33-node system in islanded mode is used as a simulation case. Through comparative analysis of different optimization strategies, the effectiveness of the proposed method is verified. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Intelligent, Flexible, and Effective Operation of Smart Grids with Novel Energy Technologies and Equipment)

17 pages, 2440 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Associations Between Dietary Amino Acid Intake and Elevated High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein in Children: Insights from a Cross-Sectional Machine Learning Study

by Lianlong Yu, Xiaodong Zheng, Jilan Li, Changqing Liu, Yiya Liu, Meina Tian, Qianrang Zhu, Zhenchuang Tang and Maoyu Wu

Nutrients 2025, 17(13), 2235; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17132235 (registering DOI) - 5 Jul 2025

Abstract

Background High-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) is a protein that indicates inflammation and the risk of cardiovascular diseases. The intake of dietary amino acids can influence immune and inflammatory reactions. However, studies on the relationship between dietary amino acids and hs-CRP, especially in children, [...] Read more.

Background High-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) is a protein that indicates inflammation and the risk of cardiovascular diseases. The intake of dietary amino acids can influence immune and inflammatory reactions. However, studies on the relationship between dietary amino acids and hs-CRP, especially in children, remain scarce. Methods This cross-sectional study analyzed data from the Nutrition and China Children and Lactating Women Nutrition and Health Survey (2016–2019), focusing on 3514 children (724 with elevated hs-CRP ≥ 3 mg/L and 2790 with normal levels). Dietary information was gathered via a food frequency questionnaire, and hs-CRP levels were obtained from blood samples. Boruta algorithm and propensity scores were used to select and match dietary factors and sample sizes. Machine learning (ML) algorithms and logistic regression models assessed the link between amino acid intake and elevated hs-CRP risk, adjusting for age, sex, BMI, and lifestyle factors. Results The odds ratios (ORs) for elevated hs-CRP were significant for several amino acids, including Ile, Leu, Lys, Ser, Cys, Tyr, His, Pro, SAA, and AAA, with values ranging from 1.10 to 2.07. The LightGBM algorithm was the most effective in predicting elevated hs-CRP risk, achieving an AUC of 0.927. Tyrosine, methionine, cysteine, and proline were identified as important features by SHAP analysis and logistic regression. The intake of Ser, Cys, Tyr, and Pro showed a linear increase in the risk of elevated hs-CRP, especially in individuals with low protein intake and normal weight (p < 0.1). Conclusions Intake of amino acids like Ser, Cys, Tyr, and Pro significantly impacts hs-CRP levels in children, indicating that regulating these could help prevent inflammation-related diseases. This study supports future dietary and health management strategies. This is first large-scale ML study linking amino acids to pediatric inflammation in China. The main limitations are the cross-section design and the use of self-reported dietary data. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Proteins and Amino Acids in Relation to Human Health)

Recent Articles

Open Access Journals

Highly Accessed Articles

Latest Books

News

Blog Posts

Topics

Selected Special Issues

Selected Collections

Journals by Subject

Further Information

Guidelines

MDPI Initiatives

Follow MDPI