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16 pages, 3332 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Energy Efficiency and the Transition to Renewables—Building Communities of the Future

by Efstathios E. Michaelides

Energies 2025, 18(7), 1778; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18071778 (registering DOI) - 2 Apr 2025

The effects of energy efficiency on the decarbonization engineering infrastructure were examined by simulating the hourly energy demand of a small Texan city with 10,000 buildings. The available renewable energy sources in the region, wind and solar, supply the required energy, and the [...] Read more.

The effects of energy efficiency on the decarbonization engineering infrastructure were examined by simulating the hourly energy demand of a small Texan city with 10,000 buildings. The available renewable energy sources in the region, wind and solar, supply the required energy, and the deficit or surplus is offset by energy storage. The demand–supply match during every hour of the year determines the required renewable power, the energy storage requirement, and dissipation in the energy storage/regeneration processes. The computations showed that the implementation of energy efficiency measures will decrease the total required renewable power by a factor of 2.9, the needed energy storage by a factor of 2.0, and the annual energy dissipation by a factor of 2.4. Of particular interest is the determination of the energy transition elasticity coefficients, which offer quantitative interpretation and a better understanding of the effects of energy efficiency measures on the decarbonization efforts of communities. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section A: Sustainable Energy)

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18 pages, 5521 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Scriptaid Improves Cashmere Goat Embryo Reprogramming by Affecting Donor Cell Pluripotency Molecule NANOG Expression

by Xiaoshu Zhe, Hairui Ma, Wenqi Zhang, Rui Ding, Fei Hao, Yuan Gao, Gumara Uri, Gellegen Jiri, Garangtu Jiri and Dongjun Liu

Animals 2025, 15(7), 1022; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15071022 (registering DOI) - 2 Apr 2025

Abstract

Currently, the efficiency of somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) technology is relatively low, primarily owing to reprogramming abnormalities in donor cells or reconstructed embryos. Using histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDACi) to artificially alter the epigenetic modifications of donor cells and improve the reprogramming ability [...] Read more.

Currently, the efficiency of somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) technology is relatively low, primarily owing to reprogramming abnormalities in donor cells or reconstructed embryos. Using histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDACi) to artificially alter the epigenetic modifications of donor cells and improve the reprogramming ability of reconstructed embryos is effective in improving nuclear transfer efficiency. In this study, we used Albas cashmere goat cells as donor cells, treated them with Scriptaid, and constructed embryos using SCNT. The results suggest that donor cell treatment with Scriptaid significantly increased the cellular histone acetylation modification level, perturbed the expression of the pluripotency molecule NANOG, altered the reprogramming ability of embryos, and increased the developmental rate of SCNT-reconstructed embryos. Scriptaid inhibited donor cell proliferation, induced apoptosis, and blocked the G0/G1 phase of the cell cycle. These results provide a new research direction for improving SCNT efficiency and a new perspective in the fields of regenerative medicine, agriculture, and animal husbandry. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Animal Reproduction)

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9 pages, 2547 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Correlation Between the Apparent Rate Constant and the Dye Concentration—Effect of the Bottom Reflection Ability on the Photocatalytic Reaction Rate

by Emil Lilov, Svetlozar Nedev, Vanya Lilova, Christian Girginov and Stephan Kozhukharov

Catalysts 2025, 15(4), 347; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal15040347 (registering DOI) - 2 Apr 2025

Abstract

The dependence of the reaction rate on the solution layer thickness discovered in a previous work could be a powerful tool for investigating photocatalytic reactions. A reduction of the apparent rate constant with the growth of the dye concentration was found using this [...] Read more.

The dependence of the reaction rate on the solution layer thickness discovered in a previous work could be a powerful tool for investigating photocatalytic reactions. A reduction of the apparent rate constant with the growth of the dye concentration was found using this dependence. This decrement follows a hyperbolic law. This dependence is explained based on the observed increment of the solution conductivity. In addition, it is confirmed experimentally that the reaction rate decreases with the solution depth growth. The possibility of independent determination of the reaction rate constant and the adsorption equilibrium constant has been discussed. Additionally, it is demonstrated that the vessel’s reflective bottom could increase the chemical reaction rate. The reason why other authors have not yet reported this effect is also discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Photocatalysis)

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21 pages, 3068 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of Historical Dry and Wet Periods over Lake Kyoga Basin in Uganda

by Hassen Babaousmail and Moses A. Ojara

Water 2025, 17(7), 1044; https://doi.org/10.3390/w17071044 (registering DOI) - 2 Apr 2025

Abstract

Rainfall datasets from the Uganda National Meteorological Authority (UNMA) for 1981–2017 and two reanalysis datasets (Climate Hazards Group Infrared Precipitation with Stations data (CHIRPS) and Tropical Applications of Meteorology using Satellite data (TAMSAT) were used to compute drought and flood tendencies from 1981 [...] Read more.

Rainfall datasets from the Uganda National Meteorological Authority (UNMA) for 1981–2017 and two reanalysis datasets (Climate Hazards Group Infrared Precipitation with Stations data (CHIRPS) and Tropical Applications of Meteorology using Satellite data (TAMSAT) were used to compute drought and flood tendencies from 1981 to 2017. The cumulative departure index (CDI) and rainfall anomaly index (RAI) were computed to show drought and flood tendencies in the region. Meanwhile, dry days (DD) and wet days (WD) were computed based on the definition as a day of the season with rainfall amounts less than 1.0 mm and greater than 1.0 mm, respectively. The CDI graphics indicated below-average rainfall during 1981–1987 and relatively wetter conditions during 1989–1995 for all stations in the region. Generally, seasonal rainfall declined over the first 27 years but an increasing trend in both MAM (March–April–May) and SOND (September–October–November–December) was observed in most stations during 2006–2017. The highly variable seasonal rainfall in the region is expected to impact the livelihoods of the communities. This study recommends that the use of tailor-made weather and climate information for planning economic development programs such as agriculture will play a critical role in improving the livelihood of the communities in the region. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Climate Change and Hydrological Processes)

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22 pages, 4027 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Physiology, Heavy Metal Resistance, and Genome Analysis of Two Cupriavidus gilardii Strains Isolated from the Naica Mine (Mexico)

by Antonio González-Sánchez, Luis Lozano-Aguirre, Guadalupe Jiménez-Flores, Mariana López-Sámano, Alejandro García-de Los Santos, Miguel A. Cevallos and Sylvie Le Borgne

Microorganisms 2025, 13(4), 809; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms13040809 (registering DOI) - 2 Apr 2025

Abstract

Here, we report the characterization of two Cupriavidus strains, NOV2-1 and OV2-1, isolated from an iron-oxide deposit in an underground tunnel of the Naica mine in Mexico. This unique biotope, characterized by its high temperature (≈50 °C) and the presence of heavy metals, [...] Read more.

Here, we report the characterization of two Cupriavidus strains, NOV2-1 and OV2-1, isolated from an iron-oxide deposit in an underground tunnel of the Naica mine in Mexico. This unique biotope, characterized by its high temperature (≈50 °C) and the presence of heavy metals, is no longer available for sampling at this time. The genomes of NOV2-1 and OV2-1 comprised two replicons: a chromosome of 3.58 and 3.53 Mb, respectively, and a chromid of 2.1 Mb in both strains. No plasmids were found. The average nucleotide identity and the core genome phylogeny showed that NOV2-1 and OV2-1 belonged to the Cupriavidus gilardii species. NOV2-1 and OV2-1 grew up to 48 °C, with an optimal temperature of 42 °C. Discrete differences were observed between C. gilardii CCUG38401^T, NOV2-1, and OV2-1 in the biochemical tests. NOV2-1 and OV2-1 presented resistance to zinc, lead, copper, cadmium, nickel, and cobalt. Several complete and incomplete gene clusters related to the resistance to these heavy metals (ars, czc, cop 1, sil-cop 2, cup, mmf, and mer) were detected in the genome of these strains. Although further studies are needed to determine the origin and role of the detected gene clusters, it is suggested that the czc system may have been mobilized by horizontal gene transfer. This study expands the extreme biotopes where Cupriavidus strains can be retrieved. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microbial Life and Ecology in Extreme Environments)

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15 pages, 909 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Evolving Role of Grit: Shifts in Depression Risk Among High- and Low-Grit Individuals During COVID-19

by Nicholas Lassi

Healthcare 2025, 13(7), 793; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare13070793 (registering DOI) - 2 Apr 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: This study examined the relationship between grit—a measure of perseverance and diligence—and depressive symptoms in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. While low levels of grit have typically been associated with increased vulnerability to mental health challenges, the pandemic introduced elements [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: This study examined the relationship between grit—a measure of perseverance and diligence—and depressive symptoms in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. While low levels of grit have typically been associated with increased vulnerability to mental health challenges, the pandemic introduced elements that may have altered this relationship. Methods: Using data from 5039 participants in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 97, one-way MANCOVAs were conducted to compare depressive symptoms across low-, moderate-, and high-grit individuals before and during the pandemic. Results: The findings show that in pre-pandemic periods, low-grit individuals displayed a significantly higher risk of depressive symptoms than their moderate- and high-grit counterparts. However, during the pandemic, this differential risk diminished, with higher-grit groups showing depressive symptoms comparable to those of lower-grit groups. Conclusions: These results suggest that public health crises entailing limited public mobility and social distancing may alter the traditional protective role of grit, prompting further investigation into how resilience factors interact with external stressors during times of widespread adversity. Full article

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15 pages, 253 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Engaging Students in a Professional Ethics Course: Perspectives from Saudi Undergraduates

by Abdulaziz BinTaleb

Trends High. Educ. 2025, 4(2), 18; https://doi.org/10.3390/higheredu4020018 (registering DOI) - 2 Apr 2025

Abstract

The Professional Ethics course at King Saud University is part of the mandatory Islamic culture curriculum in Saudi higher education. While more attention has focused on the curriculum development of Islamic culture courses, less emphasis has been placed on teaching methods. This article [...] Read more.

The Professional Ethics course at King Saud University is part of the mandatory Islamic culture curriculum in Saudi higher education. While more attention has focused on the curriculum development of Islamic culture courses, less emphasis has been placed on teaching methods. This article initiates a discussion on integrating practical learning approaches to improve student engagement and understanding in these courses. The research explores undergraduate students’ perspectives of project-based learning (PBL) implemented in the Professional Ethics course. Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected through a survey disseminated among students of this course (N = 113). The findings show that students found this learning experience engaging and enjoyable. They reported improvements in teamwork and leadership but faced challenges in time management, task division, and communication. Students suggested clearer guidelines, smaller groups, and flexible deadlines. The findings highlight the potential of practical learning approaches to enhance the teaching and learning in Islamic culture courses. Full article

25 pages, 7066 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Unraveling the Skin Microbiome in Hidradenitis Suppurativa: Implications for Treatment and Disease Progression

by Corina Ioana Cucu, Călin Giurcăneanu, Mara Madalina Mihai, Teodora Andronic, Ioan Ancuta, Mircea Ioan Popa, Ioana Sabina Macovei and Liliana Gabriela Popa

J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14(7), 2424; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14072424 (registering DOI) - 2 Apr 2025

Abstract

Background: Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is a chronic, disabling, and disfiguring inflammatory disease with a complex, incompletely elucidated pathogenesis. The role of skin dysbiosis in the development and progression of HS has not yet been clarified. Methods: We performed an observational, prospective culture-based study [...] Read more.

Background: Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is a chronic, disabling, and disfiguring inflammatory disease with a complex, incompletely elucidated pathogenesis. The role of skin dysbiosis in the development and progression of HS has not yet been clarified. Methods: We performed an observational, prospective culture-based study that included 40 HS patients and analyzed the bacterial load and diversity in HS skin lesions, their correlation with disease severity, and several host and environmental factors. Additionally, we investigated the prevalence of antibiotic resistance and determined the resistance profile of bacterial strains isolated from chronic HS lesions. Results: An impressive number and diversity of bacterial strains were isolated from both superficial and deep HS lesions. 201 aerobic and anaerobic bacterial strains were isolated, polymicrobial growth being detected in the majority of samples. The most frequently isolated bacteria were Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus lugdunensis, Peptoniphilus spp., and Enterococcus faecalis in superficial lesions and Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Corynebacterium tuberculostearicum in deep lesions. A significantly higher bacterial density and diversity was found in male patients, regardless of the affected area and in patients with severe HS. The proportion of bacterial strains resistant to antibiotics was lower in our study (8.95%) compared to the previously reported data. Conclusions: Our findings indicate dysbiosis as a key player in the initiation and maintenance of the inflammatory process in HS. Further large-scale, prospective studies are required to comprehensively characterize the microbiological landscape of HS and shed light on its contribution in the pathogenesis of the disease. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Acne, Rosacea and Hidradenitis Suppurativa)

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25 pages, 4204 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Deep Ensembling of Multiband Images for Earth Remote Sensing and Foramnifera Data

by Loris Nanni, Sheryl Brahnam, Matteo Ruta, Daniele Fabris, Martina Boscolo Bacheto and Tommaso Milanello

Sensors 2025, 25(7), 2231; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25072231 (registering DOI) - 2 Apr 2025

Abstract

The classification of multiband images captured by advanced sensors, such as satellite-mounted imaging systems, is a critical task in remote sensing and environmental monitoring. These sensors provide high-dimensional data that encapsulate a wealth of spectral and spatial information, enabling detailed analyses of the [...] Read more.

The classification of multiband images captured by advanced sensors, such as satellite-mounted imaging systems, is a critical task in remote sensing and environmental monitoring. These sensors provide high-dimensional data that encapsulate a wealth of spectral and spatial information, enabling detailed analyses of the Earth’s surface features. However, the complexity of these data poses significant challenges for accurate and efficient classification. Our study describes and highlights methods for creating ensembles of neural networks for handling multiband images. Two applications are illustrated in this work: (1) satellite image classification tested on the EuroSAT and LCZ42 datasets and (2) a species-level identification of planktic foraminifera. Multichannel images are fed into an ensemble of Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) (ResNet50, MobileNetV2, and DenseNet201), where each network is trained using three channels obtained from the multichannel images, and two custom networks (one based on ResNet50 and the other one based on attention) where the input is a multiband image. The ensemble learning framework harnesses these variations to improve classification accuracy, surpassing other advanced methods. The proposed system, implemented in MATLAB 2024b and PyTorch 2.6, is shown to achieve higher classification accuracy than those of human experts for species-level identification of planktic foraminifera (>92% vs. 83%) and state-of-the-art performance on the tested planktic foraminifera, the EuroSAT and LCZ42 datasets. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in AI-Based Processing of Image and Video Data Acquired by Various Sensors)

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9 pages, 516 KiB

Open AccessBrief Report

Gain-Framed Text Messages and Nicotine Replacement Therapy for Smoking Cessation Among Lung Cancer Screening Patients: A Brief Report of a Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial

by Kinsey Pebley, Benjamin A. Toll, Matthew J. Carpenter, Gerard Silvestri and Alana M. Rojewski

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2025, 22(4), 543; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph22040543 (registering DOI) - 2 Apr 2025

Abstract

People who undergo lung cancer screening (LCS) and continue to smoke are at risk for negative clinical outcomes and lowered survival and need effective smoking cessation interventions. This pilot study tested an 8-week intervention for smoking cessation after LCS. The participants (N [...] Read more.

People who undergo lung cancer screening (LCS) and continue to smoke are at risk for negative clinical outcomes and lowered survival and need effective smoking cessation interventions. This pilot study tested an 8-week intervention for smoking cessation after LCS. The participants (N = 40) were randomized to the intervention group (combination nicotine replacement therapy [NRT] plus gain-framed text messaging for 8 weeks) or the control group (standard cessation counseling) after LCS. Assessments were completed at 8-week and 3-month follow-ups, including self-reported 7-day point prevalence abstinence. The mean age was 64.4 years old (SD = 6.2); 32.5% were Black or African American; and 55% were female. At Week 8, 14.3% (3/21) of the participants in the intervention group were abstinent versus 0% (0/19) in the control group (p > 0.05). At 3-month follow-up, 4.8% (1/21) of the participants in the intervention group were abstinent versus 0% (0/19) in the control group. Among the intervention group participants, up to 52.4% used the provided patches and up to 61.9% used the provided lozenges during the study period. This study demonstrated modest quit rates for LCS patients receiving gain-framed text messages and NRT. The results highlight the need for more effective smoking cessation interventions for this priority population. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancing Health Services and Systems for Vulnerable Populations including People with Chronic Conditions)

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12 pages, 1369 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Chicken AvBD11 on the Cytokines in the Erythrocytes of Chickens Infected with the Avian Influenza Virus of the Subtype H9N2

by Jie Yu, Sheng-Qing Luo, Wen-Jun Xiang, Zi-Xuan Meng, Ying Wang, Jian-Le Ren, Yu-Jun Zhao, Rui-Wen Fan, Sheng Niu and Wen-Xia Tian

Animals 2025, 15(7), 1023; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15071023 (registering DOI) - 2 Apr 2025

Abstract

(1) The aim of this study was to elucidate the role of the Gallus gallus avian β-defensin 11 (AvBD11) in the immune response induced by the avian influenza virus H9N2. (2) AvBD11 was expressed using E. coli, and the effects of different [...] Read more.

(1) The aim of this study was to elucidate the role of the Gallus gallus avian β-defensin 11 (AvBD11) in the immune response induced by the avian influenza virus H9N2. (2) AvBD11 was expressed using E. coli, and the effects of different concentrations of AvBD11 on cytokine expression in the ex vivo and in vivo erythrocytes of chickens infected with the avian influenza subtype H9N2 were detected by using fluorescence quantification. (3) The results showed that cytokine expression varied among the test groups compared to the control group in the in vitro assay at 2, 6, and 10 h. Lipopolysaccharide induced TNF factor (LITAF) and Interferon-γ (IFN-γ) were significantly increased in the AvBD11 group with the addition of the final concentration of 15 μg/mL at 6 h. At 10 h, Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and IFN-γ were both more significantly increased in the 15 and 10 μg/mL groups than in the H9N2 group alone. In the in vivo test, IFN-γ and Interleukin-10 (IL-10) were significantly increased in the high-dose group than in the H9N2 group at 3 d and 7 d. (4) In conclusion, the ability of AvBD11 to induce the expression of more cytokines by chicken erythrocytes in a short period of time suggests that it is not only an antimicrobial peptide but also a possible immunomodulator. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Poultry)

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41 pages, 1192 KiB

Open AccessReview

Exercise-Induced Neuroplasticity: Adaptive Mechanisms and Preventive Potential in Neurodegenerative Disorders

by Masab Mansoor, Andrew Ibrahim, Ali Hamide, Tyler Tran, Ethan Candreva and Jad Baltaji

Physiologia 2025, 5(2), 13; https://doi.org/10.3390/physiologia5020013 (registering DOI) - 2 Apr 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Neurodegenerative diseases represent a growing global health challenge with limited therapeutic options. Physical exercise has emerged as a promising non-pharmacological intervention with potential neuroprotective effects. This narrative review examines the mechanisms through which exercise induces neuroplasticity and their implications for neurodegenerative [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Neurodegenerative diseases represent a growing global health challenge with limited therapeutic options. Physical exercise has emerged as a promising non-pharmacological intervention with potential neuroprotective effects. This narrative review examines the mechanisms through which exercise induces neuroplasticity and their implications for neurodegenerative disease prevention. Methods: We synthesized evidence from molecular, animal, and human studies on exercise-induced neuroplasticity and neurodegenerative disease prevention through a comprehensive literature review. Results: Exercise enhances neuroplasticity through multiple pathways: (1) neurotrophic signaling (BDNF, IGF-1, VEGF), (2) neuroendocrine regulation, (3) epigenetic modifications, and (4) metabolic pathway optimization. These molecular changes support structural adaptations including hippocampal neurogenesis, enhanced synaptic plasticity, improved cerebrovascular function, and optimized brain network connectivity. Exercise directly impacts pathological features of neurodegenerative diseases by reducing protein aggregation, attenuating excitotoxicity and oxidative stress, and enhancing mitochondrial function. Clinical evidence consistently demonstrates associations between physical activity and reduced neurodegenerative risk, with intervention studies supporting causal benefits on cognitive function and brain structure. Conclusions: Exercise represents a multi-target intervention addressing several pathological mechanisms simultaneously across various neurodegenerative conditions. Its accessibility, minimal side effects, and multiple health benefits position it as a promising preventive strategy. Future research should focus on understanding individual response variability, developing sensitive biomarkers, and creating personalized exercise prescriptions for optimal neuroprotection. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exercise Physiology and Biochemistry: 2nd Edition)

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20 pages, 9671 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Design and Experimental Study of a Dual-Side-Disturbance-Facilitated Air-Suction Precision Seed Metering Device for Corn

by Fazhan Yang, Quan Song, Yuhuan Li, Sen Chu, Baogang Li and Shuo Zhao

Agriculture 2025, 15(7), 763; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture15070763 (registering DOI) - 2 Apr 2025

Abstract

To address the issue of a poor seed-filling performance and seeding quality in air-suction corn seed metering devices during high-speed operation, an energy-efficient precision corn seeder with dual-side-disturbance-facilitated guiding slots is designed. The dual-side-disturbance-promoting method effectively increases the seed agitation, directing the corn [...] Read more.

To address the issue of a poor seed-filling performance and seeding quality in air-suction corn seed metering devices during high-speed operation, an energy-efficient precision corn seeder with dual-side-disturbance-facilitated guiding slots is designed. The dual-side-disturbance-promoting method effectively increases the seed agitation, directing the corn seeds toward the suction holes and improving the seed-filling quality. The theoretical design of the dual-side guiding slot angles results in an upper-side guiding slot angle range of 29° to 19° and a lower-side guiding slot angle range of 72° to 90°. Bench tests are conducted to further optimize the parameter range, with the negative suction chamber pressure, upper-side guiding slot angle, and lower-side guiding slot angle as the experimental factors and the seedling qualification rate, missed sowing rate, and double-sowing rate as the evaluation indicators. An orthogonal experiment is carried out to analyze the interaction effects of factors on the evaluation indicators, followed by parameter optimization and verification tests. When the negative suction chamber pressure is 3.7 kPa, the upper-side guiding slot angle is 26.9°, and the lower-side guiding slot angle is 72.9°, the verification test results show a qualification index of 97.7%, a missed sowing index of 1.3%, and a row-spacing variation coefficient of 1%. The operational speed adaptability test results show that when the working speed is ≤14 km/h, the seed metering device achieves a qualification index above 97.1%, a missed sowing index below 1.5%, and a double sowing index below 1.4%, indicating good adaptability to working speeds. The comparison test results show that when the operating speed is between 8 and 12 km/h, the air-suction seed metering device with dual-side-disturbance-facilitated guiding slots achieves a 2.1% increase in the qualification index, significantly improving seeding quality. The energy consumption comparison test results indicate that under the same operational speed and approximately equal seeding quality, the air-suction seed metering device with dual-side guiding slots and dual-side-disturbance-facilitated air suction requires a reduction in negative pressure of more than 0.7 kPa, resulting in lower energy consumption. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Agricultural Technology)

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19 pages, 14572 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Genome-Wide Investigation of CPK-Related Kinase (CRK) Gene Family in Arabidopsis thaliana

by Shiquan Yang, Yuan Fang, Xianming Fang, Jingwen He and Kai He

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(7), 3297; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26073297 (registering DOI) - 2 Apr 2025

Abstract

Calcium-dependent protein kinase (CPK), representing a group of typical Ca²⁺ sensors in plants, has been well characterized in plants. CPK is capable of binding to Ca²⁺, which sequentially activates CPK. CPK-related kinase (CRK) shows protein structures similar to CPK but [...] Read more.

Calcium-dependent protein kinase (CPK), representing a group of typical Ca²⁺ sensors in plants, has been well characterized in plants. CPK is capable of binding to Ca²⁺, which sequentially activates CPK. CPK-related kinase (CRK) shows protein structures similar to CPK but only contains degenerative EF-hands, which likely makes the activation of CRK Ca²⁺ independent. Compared with CPK, CRK is barely functionally analyzed. In this study, we systematically investigated CRK genes in the Arabidopsis genome. We found that CRK appeared to emerge in land plants, suggesting CPK and CRK are divided at very early stages during plant evolution. In Arabidopsis, the detailed analysis of the calmodulin-like domain of CRK indicated the substitutions of key amino acid residues in its EF-hands result in disrupted Ca²⁺ association. Next, by using a YFP tag, we found that all Arabidopsis CRK proteins were localized at the plasma membrane. After cloning the promoters of all eight CRK genes, we found that CRKs were widely expressed at all stages of Arabidopsis by using GUS staining. Furthermore, the kinase activity of CRK was examined by using phospho-antibody and Pro-Q staining. CRK was shown to possess high autophosphorylation, which was not affected by the presence of Ca²⁺. Moreover, we analyzed the cis-elements of CRK promoters and discovered that stress signals potentially regulate the expression of CRK genes. Consistently, by using quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR), we found a number of CRK genes were regulated by a variety of biotic and abiotic treatments such as flg22, ABA, drought, salt, and high and low temperatures. Furthermore, by utilizing proteomic approaches, we identified more than 100 proteins that interacted with CRK5 in planta. Notably, RLK and channels/transporters were found in CRK5-containing complexes, suggesting they function upstream and downstream of CRK, respectively. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Molecular Plant Sciences)

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8 pages, 222 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Food Choice, Nutrition, and Public Health

by Mariana Santos and Ricardo Assunção

Foods 2025, 14(7), 1243; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods14071243 (registering DOI) - 2 Apr 2025

Abstract

Maintaining a healthy diet throughout life helps prevent all forms of malnutrition, thereby reducing the risk of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) and related conditions [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Food Choice, Nutrition, and Public Health)

18 pages, 2539 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperReview

HPV Infection in Children and Adolescents—A Comprehensive Review

by Paulina Tomecka, Anna Karwowska, Jacek Kuźnicki, Katarzyna Skinderowicz, Aleksandra Wojno, Kornelia Markut, Paulina Typek, Urszula Ciesielska, Julita Kulbacka and Małgorzata Drąg-Zalesińska

J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14(7), 2425; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14072425 (registering DOI) - 2 Apr 2025

Abstract

Background: Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is a predominant and clinically significant virus affecting individuals of all ages, including children and adolescents. Despite its well-documented role in adult health, particularly in cervical cancer, HPV’s impact on younger populations still remains underexplored. Methods: This review investigates [...] Read more.

Background: Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is a predominant and clinically significant virus affecting individuals of all ages, including children and adolescents. Despite its well-documented role in adult health, particularly in cervical cancer, HPV’s impact on younger populations still remains underexplored. Methods: This review investigates the epidemiology, clinical manifestations, transmission pathways, and historical context of HPV in children and adolescents. Results: The study demonstrates a significant prevalence of HPV DNA within paediatric populations, with diverse clinical manifestations such as verruca vulgaris, anogenital warts, and Juvenile Recurrent Respiratory Papillomatosis, alongside substantiating vertical transmission from mother to infant. We also highlight ground-breaking research milestones, including improvements in genetic studies, the development of HPV vaccines, and ongoing investigations into infection dynamics, and long-term health outcomes. Conclusions: By synthesising existing knowledge, this review aims to enhance clinical decision-making, improve management strategies, and pave the way for future research in HPV-related paediatric diseases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sexually Transmitted Infections as a Challenge of Modern Society: Old Problems and Modern Solutions)

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Graphical abstract

19 pages, 6348 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Methane Adsorption Ability of Lacustrine Shale and Its Controlling Factors: A Case Study of Shale from the Jurassic Lianggaoshan Formation in the Sichuan Basin

by Pei Fu, Dazhi Zhang, Mingyi Hu, Gang Yang, Sile Wei and Fan Zeng

Processes 2025, 13(4), 1061; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13041061 (registering DOI) - 2 Apr 2025

Abstract

For lacustrine shale oil and gas reservoirs with coexisting hydrocarbon fluid properties, evaluating the adsorption capacity of shale is of significant importance for the exploration of lacustrine shale oil and gas. Taking the lacustrine shale from the Jurassic Lianggaoshan Formation in the northern [...] Read more.

For lacustrine shale oil and gas reservoirs with coexisting hydrocarbon fluid properties, evaluating the adsorption capacity of shale is of significant importance for the exploration of lacustrine shale oil and gas. Taking the lacustrine shale from the Jurassic Lianggaoshan Formation in the northern Sichuan Basin as an example, this study conducted pyrolysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and high-pressure methane isotherm adsorption tests to investigate the methane adsorption capacity of lacustrine shale and its controlling factors. The research findings are as follows: (1) The organic matter content in the study area’s lacustrine shale is moderate, with organic types ranging from II to III, and it is within the oil generation window stage. The mineral composition exhibits characteristics of high clay and low silica content; (2) Both the TOC (total organic carbon) and clay minerals promote the methane adsorption capacity of lacustrine shale; however, due to the overall moderate–low TOC levels, the storage space is primarily composed of inorganic pores; (3) A high clay mineral content provides more surface area, becoming a primary factor influencing shale adsorption capacity. This indicates that semi-deep lake deposits also possess exploration potential. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Energy Systems)

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39 pages, 453 KiB

Open AccessReview

Epigenetic Symphony in Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma: Orchestrating the Tumor Microenvironment

by Andreea-Daniela Caloian, Miruna Cristian, Elena Calin, Andreea-Raluca Pricop, Stelian-Ilie Mociu, Liliana Seicaru, Sorin Deacu, Nicolae Ciufu, Andra-Iulia Suceveanu, Adrian-Paul Suceveanu and Laura Mazilu

Biomedicines 2025, 13(4), 853; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines13040853 (registering DOI) - 2 Apr 2025

Abstract

DLBCL is a testament to the complexity of nature. It is characterized by remarkable diversity in its molecular and pathological subtypes and clinical manifestations. Despite the strides made in DLBCL treatment and the introduction of innovative drugs, around one-third of patients face a [...] Read more.

DLBCL is a testament to the complexity of nature. It is characterized by remarkable diversity in its molecular and pathological subtypes and clinical manifestations. Despite the strides made in DLBCL treatment and the introduction of innovative drugs, around one-third of patients face a relapse or develop refractory disease. Recent findings over the past ten years have highlighted the critical interplay between the evolution of DLBCL and various epigenetic mechanisms, including chromatin remodeling, DNA methylation, histone modifications, and the regulatory roles of non-coding RNAs. These epigenetic alterations are integral to the pathways of oncogenesis, tumor progression, and the development of therapeutic resistance. In the past decade, the identification of dysregulated epigenetic mechanisms in lymphomas has paved the way for an exciting field of epigenetic therapies. Crucially, these epigenetic transformations span beyond tumor cells to include the sophisticated network within the tumor microenvironment (TME). While the exploration of epigenetic dysregulation in lymphoma cells is thriving, the mechanisms affecting the functions of immune cells in the TME invite further investigation. This review is dedicated to weaving together the narrative of epigenetic alterations impacting both lymphoma cells with a focus on their infiltrating immune companions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Targeting the Resistant Tumor Microenvironment in Lymphoma: From Basic Science to Artificial Intelligence)

26 pages, 5018 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Data-Driven Pavement Performance: Machine Learning-Based Predictive Models

by Mohammad Fahad and Nurullah Bektas

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(7), 3889; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15073889 (registering DOI) - 2 Apr 2025

Abstract

Traditional methods for predicting pavement performance rely on complex finite element modelling and empirical equations, which are computationally expensive and time-consuming. However, machine learning models offer a time-efficient solution for predicting pavement performance. This study utilizes a range of machine learning algorithms, including [...] Read more.

Traditional methods for predicting pavement performance rely on complex finite element modelling and empirical equations, which are computationally expensive and time-consuming. However, machine learning models offer a time-efficient solution for predicting pavement performance. This study utilizes a range of machine learning algorithms, including linear regression, decision tree, random forest, gradient boosting, K-nearest neighbour, Support Vector Regression, LightGBM and CatBoost, to analyse their effectiveness in predicting pavement performance. The input variables include axle load, truck load, traffic speed, lateral wander modes, asphalt layer thickness, traffic lane width and tire types, while the output variables consist of number of passes to fatigue damage, number of passes to rutting damage, fatigue life reduction in number of years and rut depth at 1.3 million passes. A k-fold cross-validation technique was employed to optimize hyperparameters. Results indicate that LightGBM and CatBoost outperform other models, achieving the lowest mean squared error and highest R² values. In contrast, linear regression and KNN demonstrated the lowest performance, with MSE values up to 188% higher than CatBoost. This study concludes that integrating machine learning with finite element analysis provides further improvements in pavement performance predictions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Civil Engineering)

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18 pages, 4469 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimized Extraction of Saponins from Camelia Oleifera Using Ultrasonic-Assisted Enzymes and Their Surface Performance Evaluation

by Na Zhang, Zaid Mohammed Sulaiman Ebrahim, Lei Tao, Wenyang Shi, Wenxin Li and Wenlong Lu

Processes 2025, 13(4), 1063; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13041063 (registering DOI) - 2 Apr 2025

Abstract

Tea saponin is a kind of natural non-ionic surfactant. Saponins were extracted from tea seed cake using an ultrasonic-assisted enzymatic method. The optimization of the tea saponin extraction procedure was conducted by using the response surface method to increase the yield. Study results [...] Read more.

Tea saponin is a kind of natural non-ionic surfactant. Saponins were extracted from tea seed cake using an ultrasonic-assisted enzymatic method. The optimization of the tea saponin extraction procedure was conducted by using the response surface method to increase the yield. Study results indicated that the maximum yield of tea saponin was 69.81 mg/g under the optimum conditions of an enzyme concentration of 0.67%, a solvent-to-material ratio of 16.82 mL/g, an extraction temperature of 58.14 °C and an extraction time of 1.89 h. The surface activity experimental study results indicated that the critical micelle concentration of tea saponin was 0.5 g/L at 30 °C, and the lowest surface tension was 39.61 mN/m. The surface tension and CMC of tea saponin remained basically unchanged between 30 °C to 60 °C. When the pH of the solution was slightly acidic, the surface tension of tea saponin decreased significantly, while the CMC remained almost unchanged. Tea saponin has good salt and hard water resistance, and its surface tension decreases to a certain extent in both saltwater and hard water. The foam volume of tea saponin can reach 490 mL, with a half-life of 2350 s, and the foam is relatively stable. The combination of tea saponin and other surfactants has a certain synergistic effect. The critical micelle concentration of its complex system with the natural surfactant rhamnolipids can increase by 69.23%, and the surface tension can be reduced to a minimum of 22.56 mN/m. Moreover, by using the proposed method, the foam performance and stability of the system have been improved to a certain extent. This has significant practical significance for fully utilizing and developing waste camellia dried cake resources. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Chemical Processes and Systems)

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22 pages, 8380 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Distinct Differences in Organic Acid Metabolism Between the Pericarp and the Pulp of Cerasus humilis During Fruit Maturation

by Bingcheng Guo, Li Zhang and Jinli Guo

Plants 2025, 14(7), 1105; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14071105 (registering DOI) - 2 Apr 2025

Abstract

Organic acids are key components that determine the taste and flavor of fruits, playing a crucial role in maintaining fruit quality and nutritional value. To investigate the metabolic differences of organic acids between the fruit pericarp and the pulp during the developmental maturation [...] Read more.

Organic acids are key components that determine the taste and flavor of fruits, playing a crucial role in maintaining fruit quality and nutritional value. To investigate the metabolic differences of organic acids between the fruit pericarp and the pulp during the developmental maturation of the Cerasus humilis, this experiment utilized Cerasus humilis cultivated in Inner Mongolia, China, as the experimental material. By measuring the malic acid and citric acid content, as well as the activities of the related metabolic enzymes in the fruit pericarp and the pulp at five developmental stages, this study investigated the characteristics of organic acid accumulation, changes in enzyme activities, and the expression trends of corresponding genes. Transcriptomic data were integrated to support the analysis. This study specifically analyzed the reasons for the differences in acidity between the pericarp and the pulp, and performed a correlation analysis of various indicators. The results indicated that, during development, the organic acid composition in both the pericarp and the pulp was primarily malic acid, with citric acid as a secondary component. The malic acid and citric acid content in the pericarp were significantly higher than in the pulp, resulting in greater overall acidity in the pericarp. The combined action of PEPC, NAD-MDH, and NADP-ME was identified as the primary reason for the differences in malic acid content between the pericarp and the pulp of Cerasus humilis. CS and ACO were identified as the key enzymes responsible for the lower citric acid content in the pulp compared to the pericarp. Furthermore, the expression levels of ChMDH2, ChME, ChCS2, ChCS3, ChACO1, and ChACO2 differed significantly between the fruit pericarp and the pulp, suggesting their regulatory roles in organic acid accumulation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Genetics, Genomics and Biotechnology)

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17 pages, 1292 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Hybrid Federated Learning Framework for Privacy-Preserving Near-Real-Time Intrusion Detection in IoT Environments

by Glauco Rampone, Taras Ivaniv and Salvatore Rampone

Electronics 2025, 14(7), 1430; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14071430 (registering DOI) - 2 Apr 2025

Abstract

The proliferation of Internet of Things (IoT) devices has introduced significant challenges in cybersecurity, particularly in the realm of intrusion detection. While effective, traditional centralized machine learning approaches often compromise data privacy and scalability due to the need for data aggregation. In this [...] Read more.

The proliferation of Internet of Things (IoT) devices has introduced significant challenges in cybersecurity, particularly in the realm of intrusion detection. While effective, traditional centralized machine learning approaches often compromise data privacy and scalability due to the need for data aggregation. In this study, we propose a federated learning framework for near-real-time intrusion detection in IoT environments. Federated learning enables decentralized model training across multiple devices without exchanging raw data, thereby preserving privacy and reducing communication overhead. Our approach builds upon a previously proposed hybrid model, which combines a machine learning model deployed on IoT devices with a second-level cloud-based analysis. This previous work required all data to be passed to the cloud in aggregate form, limiting security. We extend this model to incorporate federated learning, allowing for distributed training while maintaining high accuracy and privacy. We evaluate the performance of our federated-learning-based model against a traditional centralized model, focusing on accuracy retention, training efficiency, and privacy preservation. Our experiments utilize actual attack data partitioned across multiple nodes. The results demonstrate that this hybrid federated learning not only offers significant advantages in terms of data privacy and scalability but also retains the previous competitive accuracy. This paper also explores the integration of federated learning with cloud-based infrastructure, leveraging platforms such as Databricks and Google Cloud Storage. We discuss the challenges and benefits of implementing federated learning in a distributed environment, including the use of Apache Spark and MLlib for scalable model training. The results show that all the algorithms used maintain an excellent identification accuracy (98% for logistic R=regression, 97% for SVM, and 100% for Random Forest). We also report a very short training time (less than 11 s on a single machine). The previous very low application time is also confirmed (0.16 s for over 1,697,851 packets). Our findings highlight the potential of federated learning as a viable solution for enhancing cybersecurity in IoT ecosystems, paving the way for further research in privacy-preserving machine learning techniques. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Network Security and Cryptography Applications)

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26 pages, 459 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis of D-Wave Topologies with k-Hop-Based Graph Metrics

by Csaba Biró and Gábor Kusper

Quantum Rep. 2025, 7(2), 17; https://doi.org/10.3390/quantum7020017 (registering DOI) - 2 Apr 2025

Abstract

In this paper, we present a graph-based analysis of the topology of D-Wave quantum computers, focusing on the Pegasus, Chimera, and Zephyr architectures. We investigate these topologies under different parameter settings using k-hop-based graph metrics. Each of these architectures comprises distinct subgraphs [...] Read more.

In this paper, we present a graph-based analysis of the topology of D-Wave quantum computers, focusing on the Pegasus, Chimera, and Zephyr architectures. We investigate these topologies under different parameter settings using k-hop-based graph metrics. Each of these architectures comprises distinct subgraphs in which qubits are interconnected according to specific patterns dictated by their implementation. Our study pursues two primary objectives. First, we analyze the structural properties of the Chimera, Pegasus, and Zephyr topologies, examining their scalability and connectivity characteristics. Second, we evaluate the behavior of graph-based density and redundancy metrics within these architectures. The inherent symmetries of these quantum hardware designs provide a unique opportunity to systematically assess the effectiveness of these metrics across varying connectivity patterns. By leveraging these symmetries, our findings not only enhance the understanding of these topological structures but also offer deeper insights into the reliability and applicability of the proposed metrics in the broader context of quantum hardware design. Full article

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23 pages, 1396 KiB

Open AccessReview

Trauma-Informed Care as a Promising Avenue for Supporting the Transition to Adulthood Among Trauma-Exposed Youth: A Scoping Review

by Alexandra Matte-Landry, Annabelle Lemire-Harvey, Amélie de Serres-Lafontaine and Vanessa Fournier

Trauma Care 2025, 5(2), 7; https://doi.org/10.3390/traumacare5020007 (registering DOI) - 2 Apr 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Childhood trauma has a documented impact on development, and may also affect functioning and well-being in transition-age youth (TAY). There is a need to explore approaches, such as trauma-informed care (TIC), to enhance the services provided during the transition to adulthood. The [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Childhood trauma has a documented impact on development, and may also affect functioning and well-being in transition-age youth (TAY). There is a need to explore approaches, such as trauma-informed care (TIC), to enhance the services provided during the transition to adulthood. The objective of this scoping review was to explore the extent of the literature on the potential of TIC for supporting TAY. Methods: We focused on initiatives grounded in TIC to support TAY between the ages of 14 and 25 who have histories of trauma. The search strategy involved nine databases and the gray literature. The titles, abstracts, and full text were screened in duplicate by reviewers, and then data were extracted. Results: A total of 19 references were included and classified into three categories: (1) importance of TIC to support TAY (k = 5); (2) description of TIC initiatives (k = 6); and (3) evaluation of TIC initiatives supporting TAY (k = 2). Seven references were classified into more than one category. The references documented 10 TIC models or initiatives, half of which were evaluated and showed promising results. Important components of TIC initiatives supporting TAY included staff training and support; collaborative and multidisciplinary work; systemic changes; addressing trauma and its impacts; and a strength-based and youth-focused approach. Conclusions: The review emphasizes the importance of acknowledging and responding to trauma and its impact in TAY and advances the core components of TIC in the context of the TA, including its systemic nature. Although we cannot conclude that TIC is effective in supporting the TA at the moment—given that the literature is still in its early stages—the review shows that it is at least promising. Limitations, as well as future lines of work are discussed. Full article

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17 pages, 297 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Risk Predictors and Cognitive Outcomes of the Psychosocial Functioning of North American Older Adults During the COVID-19 Pandemic

by Kathryn Bolton and Lixia Yang

Healthcare 2025, 13(7), 792; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare13070792 (registering DOI) - 2 Apr 2025

Abstract

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic caused a global mental health deterioration. The disruption of older adults’ psychosocial functions is particularly concerning given their social support and technology use barriers. Despite a close relationship between social engagement and cognitive function in older adults, little [...] Read more.

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic caused a global mental health deterioration. The disruption of older adults’ psychosocial functions is particularly concerning given their social support and technology use barriers. Despite a close relationship between social engagement and cognitive function in older adults, little is known about the cognitive consequences of older adults’ disrupted psychosocial functions in the context of the pandemic. Aims: This study aims to identify sociodemographic and COVID-19-related predictors for psychosocial functioning in North American older adults and to examine their associated cognitive outcomes. Methods: A sample of 95 older adults aged 60 and older (M = 68.85, SD = 6.458) completed an online study from January to July 2021, including a questionnaire on sociodemographic and COVID-19-related experiences, the Kessler-10 (K10) to assess psychological distress, Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) and the UCLA Loneliness Scale Revised (UCLA) to index social function, and the Go/No-go Task (GNG) and Letter Comparison Task (LCT) as cognitive measures. Results: Higher psychosocial functioning was predicted by increased approach-based coping, being aged 65–69, 70–74, and over 75 years relative to being 60–64, and being in medium to excellent relative to poor health, while lower psychosocial functioning was predicted by increased avoidance based coping strategies and having average relative to low income. Psychosocial functioning was not seen to strongly predict cognitive functioning. However, being aged 75 years and older relative to being aged 60–64 predicted decreased accuracy on no-go trials and slower cognitive speed, and lower LCT accuracy was predicted by more avoidance-based coping and being in a religion other than Christianity or Catholicism (e.g., being spiritual). Conclusions: The results identified age, income, and health status as psychosocial function predictors among North American older adults, and increased age, religion, and use of avoidance-based coping strategies as predictors for decreased cognitive performance. The results shed light on future public health strategies to promote the psychosocial and cognitive health of older adults. Full article

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