The Influence of Diatomite Addition on the Properties of Geopolymers Based on Fly Ash and Metakaolin
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Sample Preparation
2.3. Methods
3. Results
3.1. Properties of Diatomite
3.2. Mechanical Properties of Composite
3.3. Microstructure
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
- Studies of the microstructure of non-calcined diatomite confirmed its typical structure and identified elements of fossil diatoms. Particle size analyses and SEM observations confirmed the fine particle size of the diatomaceous earth used.
- The bulk density of the diatomite after calcination decreases significantly.
- The selected calcination temperature of 850 °C is correct, as confirmed using thermal analysis.
- The addition of 1 and 3% diatomite to geopolymers based on fly ash resulted in a decrease in their mechanical properties.
- The addition of 1 and 3% diatomite to metakaolin-based geopolymers increased their mechanical properties in the early stage (after 14 days), but, in the long term, it worsened the final properties.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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No | Metakaolin [g] | Fly Ash [g] | Sand [g] | Diatomite [g] | Solution | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
RMK | 600 | 0 | 600 | 0 | 300 mL sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate; 10 M | Reference sample |
MK1AD | 594 | 0 | 600 | 6 | Diatomite “as delivered” | |
MK1C | 594 | 0 | 600 | 6 | Diatomite after calcination | |
MK3AD | 582 | 0 | 600 | 18 | Diatomite “as delivered” | |
MK3C | 582 | 0 | 600 | 18 | Diatomite after calcination | |
RFA | 0 | 600 | 600 | 0 | Reference sample | |
FA1AD | 0 | 594 | 600 | 6 | Diatomite “as delivered” | |
FA1C | 0 | 594 | 600 | 6 | Diatomite after calcination | |
FA3AD | 0 | 582 | 600 | 18 | Diatomite “as delivered” | |
FA3C | 0 | 582 | 600 | 18 | Diatomite after calcination |
No | Metakaolin [g] | Fly Ash [g] | Sand [g] | Diatomite [g] | Solution | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
FA5AD | 0 | 600 | 570 | 30 | 300 mL sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate; 10 M | Diatomite “as delivered” |
FA5C | 0 | 600 | 570 | 30 | Diatomite after calcination |
Serie | D₁₀ [µm] | D50 [µm] | D90 [µm] | Mean Size [µm] | Span |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sample 1 | 2.895 | 16.298 | 49.327 | 22.960 | 2.849 |
Sample 2 | 2.678 | 14.733 | 47.194 | 21.549 | 3.022 |
Sample 3 | 2.540 | 13.774 | 45.627 | 20.626 | 3.128 |
Sample 4 | 2.416 | 12.896 | 43.384 | 19.392 | 3.177 |
Sample 5 | 2.448 | 12.580 | 42.909 | 19.126 | 3.216 |
Mean value | 2.595 | 14.056 | 45.688 | 20.731 | 3.078 |
Name of the Sample | SiO2 | Al2O3 | Fe2O3 | K2O | TiO2 | SO3 | CaO | MnO | V2O5 | ZrO2 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
DAD | 80.620 | 13.248 | 3.200 | 1.693 | 0.419 | 0.412 | 0.310 | 0.026 | 0.025 | 0.010 |
DC | 80.766 | 13.661 | 3.019 | 1.604 | 0.389 | 0.177 | 0.296 | 0.024 | 0.027 | 0.009 |
Cr2O3 | ZnO | SrO | CuO | Ir2O3 | Y2O3 | NiO | PbO | NbO | ||
DAD | 0.008 | 0.006 | 0.005 | 0.005 | 0.004 | 0.003 | 0.002 | 0.002 | 0.001 | |
DC | 0.008 | 0.006 | 0.005 | - | 0.004 | 0.003 | 0.002 | - | 0.002 |
Diatomite as Deliver | Diatomite after Calcination | |
---|---|---|
Bulk density—loose condition | 0.72 | 0.35 |
Bulk density—compacted state | 0.80 | 0.39 |
No. | Material Composition | Main Findings | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Diatomite, Jawornik Ruski, Poland |
| Current research |
2 | Metakaolin (MK) from Metacaulim do Brasil Ind. Com. and diatomite (D); activated using potassium hydroxide and potassium silicate |
| [20] |
3 | A total of 70% of sodium silicate, 8.65% of catalyst Na2SiF6, 21.3% of wt. silico-aluminate source (replaced by D), and 0.05% of Si powder; sodium silicate; foaming agent based on vegetable protein |
| [23] |
4 | Diatomite with the addition of different % of wood biomass ash; dry activator (NaOH mixed with wood biomass)—one part geopolymer |
| [27] |
No. | Based Material | Diatomite | Activator | Diatomite Influence | Source |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | FA and MK | Amount (A): 1%, 3%; Origin (O): Poland (Jawornik Ruski); Treatment (T): calcinated and non-calcinated; Size (S): max. 0.063 mm | sodium hydroxide (SH), and sodium silicate (SS) | Possibility to use geopolymerization process as a method of processing diatomite fume (industrial by-product), despite the decreasing compressive strength (CS). | Current research |
2 | Lignite FA from Mae Moh power station, Thailand | A: 0 to 100%; O: Thailand (Lumpang); T: calcined at 800 °C for 6 h; S: Median particle size, d50 18.3 µm | SH and SS | Despite the improvement in workability, the CS and modulus of elasticity decreased. A weight reduction was observed. | [12,13] |
3 | Calcium aluminate cement (CAC) | A: 80%; O: South America | SH and a low-alkalinity solid activator (Na2SiO4) | Mixtures with diatomite do not create proper bonding in geopolimerization process and the material has very low mechanical properties. | [14] |
4 | MK | A: 0–1.5% S: 3–29 µm, average 14 µm | potassium hydroxide and potassium silicate | An improvement in the mechanical properties was noticed. The microstructure changed and the filtrate volume decreased. | [15] |
5 | Ultra-fine, amorphous MK | O: Turkey (Kizilcahamam); T: calcined at 400 °C temperature | potassium silicate solution was prepared using diatomite or silica fume (SF) | The four-point flexure strength of diatomite was lower than that of SF but the CS for diatomite was higher. | [20] |
6 | MK from Ranong province, Thailand | A: 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25%; O: Thailand (Lumpang) | SH and SS | The CS of the samples increased with increased amounts of diatomite up to 20% and then decreased. | [21] |
7 | MK from Ranong province, Thailand | O: Thailand (Lumpang); T: Calcination in temperatures 500–1200 °C for 2 h | SH and SS | Maximum density and CS were observed for geopolymers containing diatomite calcinated at 700 °C. | [26] |
8 | FA from Turkey, Class C | O: Turkey; S: average particle size of 1–5 µm with some 10 µm | SH | Diatomite allows a decrease in the amount of activator used and, at the same time, decreases the CS. | [16] |
9 | Red mud, blast furnace slag, and aggregate | Not specified. As an alternative to diatomite, SF was tested as a silica source. | SH and SS | The best results of CS were achieved for 10% of SF and 5% of diatomite. | [19] |
10 | FA | A: 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, and 5%; O: Turkey: (Hırka district of Kayseri) | SH | A total of 1% and 2% diatomite substitution increased the flexural strength and CS compared to the reference sample. | [32] |
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Nykiel, M.; Korniejenko, K.; Setlak, K.; Melnychuk, M.; Polivoda, N.; Kozub, B.; Hebdowska-Krupa, M.; Łach, M. The Influence of Diatomite Addition on the Properties of Geopolymers Based on Fly Ash and Metakaolin. Materials 2024, 17, 2399. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17102399
Nykiel M, Korniejenko K, Setlak K, Melnychuk M, Polivoda N, Kozub B, Hebdowska-Krupa M, Łach M. The Influence of Diatomite Addition on the Properties of Geopolymers Based on Fly Ash and Metakaolin. Materials. 2024; 17(10):2399. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17102399
Chicago/Turabian StyleNykiel, Marek, Kinga Korniejenko, Kinga Setlak, Mykola Melnychuk, Nina Polivoda, Barbara Kozub, Maria Hebdowska-Krupa, and Michał Łach. 2024. "The Influence of Diatomite Addition on the Properties of Geopolymers Based on Fly Ash and Metakaolin" Materials 17, no. 10: 2399. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17102399