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13 pages, 3129 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Simplified Method for Evaluating Chitin-Binding Activity Applied to YKL-40 (HC-gp39, CHI3L1) and Chitotriosidase

by Keita Suzuki, Hidetoshi Suzuki, Ami Tanaka, Miwa Tanaka, Kairi Takase, Hiromu Takei, Tomoki Kanaizumi, Kazuaki Okawa, Peter O. Bauer and Fumitaka Oyama

Molecules 2025, 30(1), 19; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30010019 (registering DOI) - 25 Dec 2024

Abstract

YKL-40 is structurally similar to chitotriosidase (CHIT1), an active chitinase, but it lacks chitin-degrading activity while retaining chitin-binding capability. Elevated YKL-40 levels are associated with inflammatory diseases and cancers, making it a valuable biomarker. We previously reported that the W69T substitution in YKL-40 [...] Read more.

YKL-40 is structurally similar to chitotriosidase (CHIT1), an active chitinase, but it lacks chitin-degrading activity while retaining chitin-binding capability. Elevated YKL-40 levels are associated with inflammatory diseases and cancers, making it a valuable biomarker. We previously reported that the W69T substitution in YKL-40 significantly reduces its chitin-binding affinity, identifying W69 as a crucial binding site. In this study, we establish a novel chitin-binding affinity evaluation method using a three-step buffer system to assess the binding strength and specificity of chitin-binding proteins and apply it to characterize YKL-40’s binding mechanism. Our findings confirm that YKL-40, through its key residue W69, exhibits highly specific and robust affinity to chitin. Unlike CHIT1, which has both a catalytic domain (CatD) and a chitin-binding domain (CBD) that allow for diverse binding and degradation activities, YKL-40 lacks a CBD and is specialized for specific chitin recognition without degrading it. Comparative analysis with YKL-39, which does not contain a corresponding W69 residue, highlights the unique role of this residue in YKL-40’s chitin-binding activity that is potentially linked to immune and inflammatory responses. Our evaluation method clarifies YKL-40’s binding properties and provides a versatile approach applicable to other chitin-binding proteins. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Bioorganic Chemistry)

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15 pages, 1584 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dog–Owner Relationship and Its Association with Social Cognition in French Bulldogs

by Lara Peterca, Elena Gobbo and Manja Zupan Šemrov

Animals 2025, 15(1), 17; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15010017 (registering DOI) - 25 Dec 2024

Abstract

Our understanding of social cognition in brachycephalic dog breeds is limited. This study focused specifically on French Bulldogs and hypothesized that a closer relationship between dog and owner would improve the dogs’ understanding of nonverbal cues, particularly pointing gestures. To investigate this, we [...] Read more.

Our understanding of social cognition in brachycephalic dog breeds is limited. This study focused specifically on French Bulldogs and hypothesized that a closer relationship between dog and owner would improve the dogs’ understanding of nonverbal cues, particularly pointing gestures. To investigate this, we tested twenty-six dogs and their owners in a two-way object choice test in which the familiar person pointed to the bowl. As understanding of pointing gestures is influenced by human–animal interaction, we used the Monash Dog Owner Relationship Scale (MDORS) to assess various aspects of the dog–owner relationship, including dog–owner interaction, emotional closeness, and negative aspects of dog ownership and measured salivary oxytocin levels. This study examined the dogs’ correct choices and their straight approach patterns to a reward bowl. Several factors influenced the two measures of social cognition, such as the age and sex of the dog, dog–owner interaction, emotional closeness, and the choice time (time it took the dog to reach the reward bowl), but also that neutered dogs and those with no training history showed better cognitive performance. We found a very high number of correct choices, which could be attributed to the owners’ high scores on the dog–owner interaction scale. Oxytocin showed no direct effect on these measures. To increase the generalizability of the results, we suggest future studies focus on more than one breed to capture the temporal development of the owner–dog relationship and social cognitive abilities. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Welfare Issues of "Fashionable" Dogs and Cats Breeding)

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15 pages, 1648 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Druggable Target Potential of NF-κB-Inducing Kinase (NIK) in Cancer

by Yina Wang and Liangyou Rui

Int. J. Transl. Med. 2025, 5(1), 1; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijtm5010001 (registering DOI) - 25 Dec 2024

Abstract

NF-κB-inducing kinase (NIK) is primarily recognized for its role as the apical kinase that activates non-canonical NF-κB signaling and its involvement in immune system regulation. NIK is crucial for maintaining cellular health by regulating fundamental processes such as differentiation, growth, and survival. Emerging [...] Read more.

NF-κB-inducing kinase (NIK) is primarily recognized for its role as the apical kinase that activates non-canonical NF-κB signaling and its involvement in immune system regulation. NIK is crucial for maintaining cellular health by regulating fundamental processes such as differentiation, growth, and survival. Emerging evidence suggests that dysregulated expression or function of NIK in non-lymphoid cells is a key factor in cancer progression. While NIK deficiency causes severe immune dysfunction, its overexpression or excessive activation is linked to inflammatory diseases, metabolic disorders, and cancer development. The development of small molecule inhibitors targeting NIK has sparked optimism for clinical intervention, positioning NIK as a promising druggable mediator for cancer. The ongoing progress in creating novel small molecule NIK inhibitors offers new opportunities for testing NIK-targeted cancer therapies, potentially advancing the clinical application of NIK-based cancer treatments. Full article

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18 pages, 587 KiB

Open AccessReview

Artificial Intelligence in Fetal and Pediatric Echocardiography

by Alan Wang, Tam T. Doan, Charitha Reddy and Pei-Ni Jone

Children 2025, 12(1), 14; https://doi.org/10.3390/children12010014 (registering DOI) - 25 Dec 2024

Abstract

Echocardiography is the main modality in diagnosing acquired and congenital heart disease (CHD) in fetal and pediatric patients. However, operator variability, complex image interpretation, and lack of experienced sonographers and cardiologists in certain regions are the main limitations existing in fetal and pediatric [...] Read more.

Echocardiography is the main modality in diagnosing acquired and congenital heart disease (CHD) in fetal and pediatric patients. However, operator variability, complex image interpretation, and lack of experienced sonographers and cardiologists in certain regions are the main limitations existing in fetal and pediatric echocardiography. Advances in artificial intelligence (AI), including machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL), offer significant potential to overcome these challenges by automating image acquisition, image segmentation, CHD detection, and measurements. Despite these promising advancements, challenges such as small number of datasets, algorithm transparency, physician comfort with AI, and accessibility must be addressed to fully integrate AI into practice. This review highlights AI’s current applications, challenges, and future directions in fetal and pediatric echocardiography. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pediatric Cardiology)

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15 pages, 688 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Relationships Among Growth, Carcass Characteristics, and Myf5 Myf6, MyoD, and MyoG Genes Expression Level in Saanen Male Kids with Varying Slaughter Weights

by Uğur Şen, Dilek Gökçek, Ömer Faruk Yılmaz, Hüseyin Mert Yüksel, Hasan Önder, Emre Şirin, Sibel Bozkurt, Sezen Ocak Yetişgin, Ceyhun Yücel, Karlygash Omarova and Thobela Louis Tyasi

Animals 2025, 15(1), 16; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15010016 (registering DOI) - 25 Dec 2024

Abstract

The objective of this study was to determine the relationship between the MRF gene family members and slaughter characteristics in Saanen kids with varying slaughter weights. Twenty male kids of the Turkish Saanen breed were individually fattened for 60 days after weaning under [...] Read more.

The objective of this study was to determine the relationship between the MRF gene family members and slaughter characteristics in Saanen kids with varying slaughter weights. Twenty male kids of the Turkish Saanen breed were individually fattened for 60 days after weaning under an intensive management system. The kids were divided into two groups: low slaughter weight (L; n = 11; ≤29 kg) and high slaughter weight (H; n = 13; >29) at the end of the fattening. After slaughter, muscle samples from Longissimus-dorsi (LD) and Semitendinosus (ST) muscles were obtained. Carcass characteristics were higher in H than in L kids (p < 0.05). Myogenic Factor 5 gene expression level in the LD muscle of H kids was higher (p < 0.05) than that of L kids. A similar trend was observed regarding Myogenic Factor 6 and Myoblast Determination Factor gene expression levels in the LD muscle (p < 0.05). Also, the Myogenin gene expression level of H kids was higher than that of L kids in both muscles (p < 0.05). There were positive correlations among the slaughter weight, carcass characteristics, and some MRF gene expression levels in both muscles (p < 0.05) that the higher gene expression increases the weight and affects the carcass characteristics. The study results suggest that the difference in slaughter weight at the end of fattening in Saanen kids may be due to the expression level of myogenic regulatory factor (MRF) genes. Fattening performance and MRF genes may have a positive correlation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Carcass Composition and Meat Quality of Small Ruminants)

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16 pages, 948 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Broccoli, Artichoke, Carob and Apple By-Products as a Source of Soluble Fiber: How It Can Be Affected by Enzymatic Treatment with Pectinex^® Ultra SP-L, Viscozyme^® L and Celluclast^® 1.5 L

by Pablo Ayuso, Rocío Peñalver, Jhazmin Quizhpe, María de los Ángeles Rosell and Gema Nieto

Foods 2025, 14(1), 10; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods14010010 (registering DOI) - 25 Dec 2024

Abstract

Dietary fiber (DF), and especially soluble dietary fiber (SDF), is a nutrient of particular interest today because of its anti-inflammatory role and its ability to reduce cardiovascular risk. Therefore, the enhancement of SDF in foods using different techniques has become a promising field [...] Read more.

Dietary fiber (DF), and especially soluble dietary fiber (SDF), is a nutrient of particular interest today because of its anti-inflammatory role and its ability to reduce cardiovascular risk. Therefore, the enhancement of SDF in foods using different techniques has become a promising field of research. In order to prove the possibility of increasing this SDF content, the effects of different commercial enzymes (Pectinex^® Ultra SP-L, Viscozyme^® L and Celluclast^® 1.5 L) were tested on a variety of carob (CE), artichoke (ARE), apple (APE) and broccoli (BE) by-product extracts. Enzymatic treatment significantly affected SDF content in all by-products, showing the greatest increases for CE, ARE and APE using Celluclast^® 1.5 L, while Viscozyme^® L obtained the best results after application in BE. On the other hand, positive results were reported in the solubility, WHC and FAC of the by-products due to the enzymatic treatment, being increased in all extracts analyzed. Moreover, a general increase in antioxidant capacity (FRAP, ABTS and DPPH) was observed after enzymatic treatment. Finally, high yields were obtained after the application of the enzymatic processes, reaching values of 80–85% for each food by-product. These results evidenced a potential revalorization of carob, artichoke, apple and broccoli by-products after enzymatic treatment, improving its nutritional and physicochemical properties, revealing a possible application as a higher value-added ingredient. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Editorial Board Members’ Collection Series: “Global Food Security and Sustainability”)

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15 pages, 5098 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Coding Readiness Assessment: A Measure of Computational Thinking for Preschoolers

by Emily Relkin, Christopher Doss, Victoria L. Jones and John F. Pane

Educ. Sci. 2025, 15(1), 9; https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci15010009 (registering DOI) - 25 Dec 2024

Abstract

Coding and computational thinking (CT) are important skills to include in early childhood education. Measuring these vital skills in preschool-age children can be challenging. We modified the TechCheck-PreK assessment, an unplugged measure of CT for 3-to-5-year-old children, to increase reliability and to add [...] Read more.

Coding and computational thinking (CT) are important skills to include in early childhood education. Measuring these vital skills in preschool-age children can be challenging. We modified the TechCheck-PreK assessment, an unplugged measure of CT for 3-to-5-year-old children, to increase reliability and to add foundational coding concepts. We created the Coding Readiness Assessment (CRA) from a subset of nine TechCheck-PreK items and twelve new items that assess additional CT and coding readiness constructs. In an initial feasibility study of the CRA, teachers observed impulsive responses by children. We mitigated this by implementing a brief delay between the appearance of the question and the timeframe in which children could respond. In a subsequent randomized control trial, the CRA was administered 1637 times by Head Start educators. The assessment took an average of 9.8 min to administer. CRA scores were normally distributed and increased on average as a function of age. Girls scored slightly higher than boys, although the difference was not significant when age and race were taken into account. The CRA showed acceptable levels of reliability in terms of internal consistency (α = 0.78) and test–retest reliability (r = 0.65). Results from a 3PL indicate that the CRA has suitable levels of difficulty and skill level discrimination for 3-to-5-year-olds. The 3PL guessing parameter was 0.28, indicating that steps to reduce impulsive responses were successful. We conclude that the CRA has suitable properties for assessing preschool-age children’s CT skills and coding readiness. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Measuring Children’s Computational Thinking Skills)

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13 pages, 2838 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Anti-Tumor Effects of Vespa bicolor Venom on Liver Cancer: In Vitro and In Vivo Studies

by Yong-Hua Wu, Feng Xiong, Zheng-Wen Ou, Jing-An Wang, Jing Cui, Lin Jiang and Wen-Jian Lan

Toxins 2025, 17(1), 4; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins17010004 (registering DOI) - 25 Dec 2024

Abstract

Despite the popular belief in the anti-tumor properties of Vespa bicolor venom (VBV), there is limited scientific evidence to support this claim. This study is the first to examine the anti-tumor effects of VBV on liver cancer, both alone and in combination with [...] Read more.

Despite the popular belief in the anti-tumor properties of Vespa bicolor venom (VBV), there is limited scientific evidence to support this claim. This study is the first to examine the anti-tumor effects of VBV on liver cancer, both alone and in combination with cisplatin (DDP), through in vitro and in vivo experiments. In vitro experiments evaluated VBV and its combination with DDP on HepG2 cell proliferation, invasion, migration, and apoptosis. Animal studies examined the tumor-suppressive effects, safety (hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity), and immune impact of these treatments in tumor-bearing mice. VBV monotherapy significantly inhibited the growth of HepG2 cells by suppressing their proliferation and invasion and induced apoptosis in vitro. Notably, low VBV concentrations significantly promoted the proliferation of normal liver cells (L-02), suggesting a hepatoprotective effect. In vivo, VBV monotherapy enhanced immune function and exhibited tumor suppression comparable to DDP monotherapy but did not induce significant liver or kidney damage. In addition, VBV combined with DDP synergistically enhanced the anti-tumor effects of DDP, compensating for its limited apoptosis-inducing activity and insufficient enhancement of immune function. Initial studies have shown the strong potential of VBV as an anti-liver-tumor drug, highlighting its unique clinical value. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Clinical Evidence for Therapeutic Effects and Safety of Animal Venoms)

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18 pages, 6225 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Energy Modulation Interrogation Technique for Monitoring the Adhesive Joint Integrity Using the Full Spectral Response of Fiber Bragg Grating Sensors

by Chow-Shing Shin, Tzu-Chieh Lin and Shun-Hsuan Huang

Sensors 2025, 25(1), 36; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25010036 (registering DOI) - 25 Dec 2024

Abstract

Adhesive joining has the severe limitation that damages/defects developed in the bondline are difficult to assess. Conventional non-destructive examination (NDE) techniques are adequate to reveal disbonding defects in fabrication and delamination near the end of service life but are not helpful in detecting [...] Read more.

Adhesive joining has the severe limitation that damages/defects developed in the bondline are difficult to assess. Conventional non-destructive examination (NDE) techniques are adequate to reveal disbonding defects in fabrication and delamination near the end of service life but are not helpful in detecting and monitoring in-service degradation of the joint. Several techniques suitable for long-term joint integrity monitoring are proposed. Fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors embedded in the joint are one of the promising candidates. It has the advantages of being close to the damage and immune to environmental attack and electromagnetic interference. Damage and disbonding inside an adhesive joint will give rise to a non-uniform strain field that may bring about peak splitting and chirping of the FBG spectrum. It is shown that the evolution of the full spectral responses can closely reveal the development of damages inside the adhesive joints during tensile and fatigue failures. However, recording and comparing the successive full spectra in the course of damage is tedious and can be subjective. An energy modulation interrogation technique is proposed using a pair of tunable optical filters. Changes in the full FBG spectral responses are modulated by the filters and converted into a conveniently measurable voltage output by photodiodes. Monitoring damage development can then be easily automated, and the technique is well-suited for practical applications. Filter spectrum width of 5 nm and initial overlap with the FBG spectrum to give 40% of the maximum output voltage is found to be optimal for measurement. The technique is tested on embedded FBGs from different adhesive lap-joint specimens and successfully reflected the severity of changes in the full spectral shapes during the course of tensile failure. Moreover, the trends in these PD outputs corroborate with the V value previously proposed to describe the qualitative change in FBG spectral shape. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Physical Sensors 2024)

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2 pages, 131 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

The Latest Research on Probiotics: Nourishing Health or Pathways to Disease Resolution

by Po-Wen Chen

Nutrients 2025, 17(1), 19; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17010019 (registering DOI) - 25 Dec 2024

Abstract

The meta-analysis on probiotics’ effects on cortisol levels demonstrates their potential to modulate stress responses across diverse populations, though variability in strain efficacy highlights the need for standardization and targeted studies [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Latest Research on Probiotics: Nourishing Health or Pathways to Disease Resolution)

8 pages, 208 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Myth and Immortality in Russian Folktales

by Enrique Santos Marinas

Religions 2025, 16(1), 7; https://doi.org/10.3390/rel16010007 (registering DOI) - 25 Dec 2024

Abstract

As Russian folklorist Vladimir Propp already set out in his monograph Theory and History of Folklore (1984), folktales, and in particular fairy tales, could preserve the remnants of myths and rites from very ancient stages of human civilisation, dating back to Prehistoric times [...] Read more.

As Russian folklorist Vladimir Propp already set out in his monograph Theory and History of Folklore (1984), folktales, and in particular fairy tales, could preserve the remnants of myths and rites from very ancient stages of human civilisation, dating back to Prehistoric times themselves. The great Indoeuropeanist Georges Dumézil managed to confirm that the Slavic cultures are perhaps those which have best preserved the ancient rites to this day. As José Manuel Losada pointed out, the encounter with transcendence is one of the essential dimensions of myth that defines it and distinguishes it from other manifestations of human creativity. In this article, we will study the idea of immortality that can be found in Russian folktales as published by Aleksandr Afanasyev in his compilation (1855–1863) and trace back the remnants of the Indo-European religion and mythology that they can conceal. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Slavic Paganism(s): Past and Present)

24 pages, 3525 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Time-Varying Effects of China’s Agricultural OFDI on the Sustainability of Bilateral Agricultural Trade Within RCEP Countries: Multiple Analyses Based on the Model of Trade Gravity and TVP-VAR

by Qiangsheng Mai and Xiaoyan Wang

Sustainability 2025, 17(1), 26; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17010026 (registering DOI) - 25 Dec 2024

Abstract

China’s agricultural OFDI has achieved a new promotion of regional opening to the RCEP agricultural field, and the bilateral agricultural trade cooperation has great potential. China’s agricultural OFDI has been steadily increasing in recent years. As significant trade partners for Chinese agricultural products, [...] Read more.

China’s agricultural OFDI has achieved a new promotion of regional opening to the RCEP agricultural field, and the bilateral agricultural trade cooperation has great potential. China’s agricultural OFDI has been steadily increasing in recent years. As significant trade partners for Chinese agricultural products, RCEP countries represent an important region for China’s agricultural OFDI initiatives. However, existing studies have paid little attention to the trade effect and dynamic impact of China’s agricultural OFDI on agricultural products of RCEP countries. Therefore, based on the panel data of agricultural trade between China and RCEP countries from 2004 to 2019, this paper uses the trade gravity model and TVP-VAR model to investigate the time-varying effects of China’s agricultural OFDI on agricultural trade of RCEP countries. The findings are as follows: (1) The impact of China’s agricultural OFDI on bilateral agricultural trade between China and RCEP countries has significant time-varying characteristics, and there are short-, medium-, and long-term positive impacts most of the time. (2) When the bilateral agricultural trade reaches a certain level, the role of China’s agricultural OFDI is limited, but the overall positive and significant impact remains, showing a strong trade effect. (3) The positive impact on China’s agricultural OFDI has a heterogeneous impact on RCEP countries with different income levels and geographical connections, but the overall positive externality effect is significant. The research conclusions expand the research perspective on the trade effect of agricultural OFDI to a certain extent and provide management and policy implications for agricultural enterprises to “move fast” and promote the sustainability of bilateral agricultural trade between China and RCEP countries through government efforts. Full article

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8 pages, 245 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 Infection Among People Living with HIV in Libreville, Gabon

by Samira Zoa-Assoumou, Hervé M’boyis-Kandem, Pelagie Saphou-Damon, Davy Ulrich Leger Mouangala, Guy-Francis Nzengui, Marina Mbani-Okoumba, Claudine Kombila-Koumavor, Gael Mourembou, Brama Ibrahim and Angelique Ndjoyi-Mbiguino

COVID 2025, 5(1), 3; https://doi.org/10.3390/covid5010003 (registering DOI) - 25 Dec 2024

Abstract

(1) Objectives: The burden of SARS-CoV-2 infection in people living with HIV (PLHIV) in Gabon is unknown. (2) Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional seroprevalence study of SARS-CoV-2 immunoglobulin (Ig) G/M antibodies in PLHIV in Libreville from April 2022 to April 2023 after the [...] Read more.

(1) Objectives: The burden of SARS-CoV-2 infection in people living with HIV (PLHIV) in Gabon is unknown. (2) Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional seroprevalence study of SARS-CoV-2 immunoglobulin (Ig) G/M antibodies in PLHIV in Libreville from April 2022 to April 2023 after the fourth wave of the pandemic. We used the WANTAI SARS-CoV-2 Ab ELISA targeting the SARS-CoV-2 spike, receptor-binding domain. (3) Results: Among 480 samples tested, the seroprevalence of IgG antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 spike protein was 87.5% (95% confidence interval (CI) 77.7–97.3%). History of SARS-CoV-2 diagnosis, ART treatment, and TCD4 lymphocyte count were not found to be associated with the presence of antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 among the study participants. However, having a detectable viral load (p = 0.0001), being vaccinated (COVID-19 vaccine, p = 0.04), and a history of COVID-19 (p < 0.0001) symptoms were associated with a higher risk of having anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. (4) Conclusions: By early 2023, PLHIV in Gabon had high rates of SARS-CoV-2 seropositivity. To our knowledge, this is the first study to determine the seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in PLHIV in Gabon. This study provides further evidence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 seroconversion in the absence of any vaccination in a particular target population. The surveillance of diseases of global health concern in PLHIV is crucial to estimate population-level exposure and inform public health responses. Full article

12 pages, 1255 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Prevalence of Dental Anomalies in Pediatric Patients at King Saud University Dental Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia—A Radiographic Analysis

by Mannaa K. Aldowsari, Ayman M. Sulimany, Abdulmajeed Alkhathlan, Nawaf Alfhaed, Mohammed Aldosari, Saud Alayed, Saad Bin Saleh and Abeer A. Alshami

Children 2025, 12(1), 13; https://doi.org/10.3390/children12010013 (registering DOI) - 25 Dec 2024

Abstract

Objectives: To record the prevalence of dental anomalies in children visiting King Saud Dental Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study involved radiographic examination of children aged 6 to 14 years who visited King Saud Dental Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, [...] Read more.

Objectives: To record the prevalence of dental anomalies in children visiting King Saud Dental Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study involved radiographic examination of children aged 6 to 14 years who visited King Saud Dental Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, in the past five years. Four dental interns were trained in three consecutive sessions by a pediatric dentist and evaluated the orthopantomograms of the children. The recorded anomalies were divided into four categories: tooth number, size, position, and general. Descriptive statistics were derived and chi-square tests performed to report prevalence and significance among genders, medical histories, and dental anomalies. The significance level was set at p < 0.05. Results: Of the 1987 radiographs studied, 268 (13.48%) children had dental anomalies. The sample consisted of 51.1% female and 48.5% male children, with a mean age of 11.87 ± 2.1 years. Most study participants had mixed dentition and were healthy. The prevalence of dental anomalies reported in this study was as follows: 4.6% hypodontia, 2.7% ectopic eruption, 1.63% taurodontism, 1.2% infra-occluded molars, 1.1% impacted teeth, 0.75% root dilaceration, and 0.65% supernumerary teeth. Significant correlations were found between gender and ectopic eruption (p = 0.02) and between medical history and hypodontia (p = 0.00), ectopic eruption (p = 0.048), and root dilaceration (p = 0.03). Conclusions: This study showed that hypodontia was the most common dental anomaly, followed by ectopic eruption and taurodontism. The findings of this study may guide dentists in better understanding, diagnosing, and treating dental anomalies in children in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Research Progress of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry)

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11 pages, 5062 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Sintering Temperature on Tensile Properties of Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Manufactured Through Metal Injection Molding

by Zhengyang Mai, Haiying Wang, Yongjun Su, Changjiang Zhang, Yigao Miao, Chuancang Zhou and Lili Xu

Coatings 2025, 15(1), 8; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings15010008 (registering DOI) - 25 Dec 2024

Abstract

Titanium and titanium alloys exhibit low density, high strength and excellent corrosion resistance, and have become workhorses in modern aerospace and chemical processing industries. Recently, Ti-6Al-4V alloy has been manufactured through metal injection molding (MIM). MIM is widely utilized in various manufacturing industries [...] Read more.

Titanium and titanium alloys exhibit low density, high strength and excellent corrosion resistance, and have become workhorses in modern aerospace and chemical processing industries. Recently, Ti-6Al-4V alloy has been manufactured through metal injection molding (MIM). MIM is widely utilized in various manufacturing industries due to the near-net-forming process, especially in the preparation of difficult-to-deform high-temperature alloys. Sintering temperature is vital to ensuring good tensile mechanical properties. In this work, Ti-6Al-4V alloy was sintered under various sintering temperatures, from 1150 to 1250 °C. The effect of sintering temperature on the mechanical properties was evaluated. The tensile test results exhibited that a yield strength of 896.35 MPa, an ultimate tensile strength of 980.83 MPa and plastic elongation of 9.61% were produced at 1150 °C for 4 h; a yield strength of 877.23 MPa, an ultimate tensile strength of 981.92 MPa and plastic elongation of 7.74% were produced at 1200 °C for 4 h; and a yield strength of 923.33 MPa, an ultimate tensile strength of 1002.24 MPa and plastic elongation of 6.57% were produced at 1250 °C for 4 h. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Trends in Spark Plasma Sintering of Advanced Materials)

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23 pages, 1965 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Spatial and Temporal Distribution and Influencing Factors of “Water-Energy-Food-Ecology” System Resilience

by Yaofeng Yang, Yajuan Chen and Xiuqing Li

Land 2025, 14(1), 8; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14010008 (registering DOI) - 25 Dec 2024

Abstract

Research into the resilience of the water-energy-food-ecology (WEFE) system is of great significance to ensure the safety and high quality of resources in the Yellow River Basin. To investigate WEFE system resilience and its influencing factors, this paper constructs an indicator system for [...] Read more.

Research into the resilience of the water-energy-food-ecology (WEFE) system is of great significance to ensure the safety and high quality of resources in the Yellow River Basin. To investigate WEFE system resilience and its influencing factors, this paper constructs an indicator system for WEFE system resilience based on prefecture-level city data from the Yellow River Basin spanning the years 2008 to 2021, and explores its dynamic evolution. Furthermore, this paper employs the Partial Least Squares (PLS) regression model to explore the factors influencing WEFE system resilience. It utilizes a spatial panel model to investigate the spatial spillover effects of these factors. The results indicate that WEFE system resilience in the Yellow River Basin exhibits a fluctuating upward trend. Spatially, a pattern of “low in the middle and upstream regions, high in the downstream regions” emerges. Among the driving factors, infrastructure development and the degree of innovation exhibit negative spatial spillover effects, while other factors demonstrate positive spatial spillover effects. Therefore, integrated basin management needs to be promoted by considering the systematic interlinkages of water, energy, food production and ecology and the sustainable use of resources to ensure the long-term resilience of cities. These findings provide valuable insights for policymakers to formulate more effective and coordinated resource management strategies in the Yellow River Basin, and also contributes to enriching the international literature on WEFE system research. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue United Nations Sustainable Development Goals in Land-Use Systems from Resource-Nexus Perspectives)

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21 pages, 2523 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Impact of Split Nitrogen Fertilizer Applications on the Productivity and Nitrogen Use Efficiency of Rice

by Muhammad Sajjad, Khalid Hussain, Syed Aftab Wajid and Zulfiqar Ahmad Saqib

Nitrogen 2025, 6(1), 1; https://doi.org/10.3390/nitrogen6010001 (registering DOI) - 25 Dec 2024

Abstract

The application of nitrogenous fertilizer in reduced (“split”) doses of its total is suggested as a means to increase nitrogen use efficiency and rice productivity whilst reducing its environmental impact. Field trials conducted in 2022 and 2023 aimed to assess the impact of [...] Read more.

The application of nitrogenous fertilizer in reduced (“split”) doses of its total is suggested as a means to increase nitrogen use efficiency and rice productivity whilst reducing its environmental impact. Field trials conducted in 2022 and 2023 aimed to assess the impact of split nitrogen fertilizer applications on the productivity and nitrogen use efficiency of rice. This experiment included three nitrogen treatments (N1: control (no nitrogen); N2: 50% basal + 25% at tillering stage + 25% at panicle initiation stage (conventional method); N3: 33.33% basal + 33.33% at tillering stage + 33.33% at panicle initiation stage (equal split of nitrogen)) and four high-yielding rice varieties (V1: Super Gold 2019; V2: Super Basmati 2019; V3: Noor Basmati 2017; V4: Kissan Basmati 2016). The results indicated that the N3 treatment, with an equal split of nitrogen, combined with the V4 variety (Kissan Basmati 2016) produced the most favorable outcomes. The results indicated that the N3 treatment, particularly when applied to Kissan Basmati (V4), produced, statistically, the highest leaf area index (32.98%, 29.59%), 1000-grain weight (32.84%, 46.97%), grain yield (30.02%, 38.09%), agronomic nitrogen use efficiency (9.21%, 11.63%), and partial factor productivity (29.98%, 38.11%) compared to the control for the study periods of 2022 and 2023, respectively. Moreover, the grain yield demonstrated a strong positive correlation with growth traits and other yield components, except for plant height. The results showed that the application of three equal nitrogen doses significantly increases rice production, and therefore, in this yield context, improves nitrogen use efficiency. Full article

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15 pages, 239 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Cosmetic Surgery and the Christian Body: Comparative Ethical Reflections from Orthodox and Catholic Traditions

by Angelos Mavropoulos

Religions 2025, 16(1), 8; https://doi.org/10.3390/rel16010008 (registering DOI) - 25 Dec 2024

Abstract

This article explores the ethical dimensions of cosmetic surgery, offering a comparative analysis of perspectives from both the Orthodox and the Catholic moral theologies. Both traditions uphold the sanctity of the human body as a creation of God, emphasizing the importance of maintaining [...] Read more.

This article explores the ethical dimensions of cosmetic surgery, offering a comparative analysis of perspectives from both the Orthodox and the Catholic moral theologies. Both traditions uphold the sanctity of the human body as a creation of God, emphasizing the importance of maintaining its integrity and dignity. However, their approaches to the ethical implications of cosmetic surgery might reveal distinct theological nuances that reflect their unique doctrinal and cultural contexts. By examining the theological foundations, doctrinal teachings, and contemporary ethical debates within both traditions, this study seeks to illuminate how Orthodox and Catholic ethics address the complexities of bodily modification. The analysis highlights the ways in which each tradition navigates concerns related to vanity, identity, and the pursuit of physical perfection, offering insights into their shared values as well as their distinct perspectives. This interdenominational study aims to contribute to ecumenical and intercultural dialogue, fostering greater understanding and respect between the two original Christian traditions. By engaging with the ethical considerations surrounding cosmetic surgery, this article provides a platform for deeper reflection on the role of the body in Christian spirituality and the ongoing relevance of these issues in a diverse and interconnected world. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Ethics of the Body in Different Religious Traditions and Spiritual Discourses)

32 pages, 6631 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of Biologics ACE2/Ang(1–7) Encapsulated in Plant Cells for FDA Approval: Safety and Toxicology Studies

by Henry Daniell, Geetanjali Wakade, Smruti K. Nair, Rahul Singh, Steven A. Emanuel, Barry Brock and Kenneth B. Margulies

Pharmaceutics 2025, 17(1), 12; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics17010012 (registering DOI) - 25 Dec 2024

Abstract

Background/Objectives: For several decades, protein drugs (biologics) made in cell cultures have been delivered as sterile injections, decreasing their affordability and patient preference. Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2) gum is the first engineered human blood protein expressed in plant cells approved by the [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: For several decades, protein drugs (biologics) made in cell cultures have been delivered as sterile injections, decreasing their affordability and patient preference. Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2) gum is the first engineered human blood protein expressed in plant cells approved by the FDA without the need for purification and is a cold-chain and noninvasive drug delivery. This biologic is currently being evaluated in human clinical studies to debulk SARS-CoV-2 in the oral cavity to reduce coronavirus infection/transmission (NCT 0543318). Methods: Chemistry, manufacturing, and control (CMC) studies for the ACE2/Ang(1–7) drug substances (DSs) and ACE2 gum drug product (DP) were conducted following USP guidelines. GLP-compliant toxicology studies were conducted on Sprague Dawley rats (n = 120; 15/sex/group) in four groups—placebo, low (1.6/1.0 mg), medium (3.2/2.0 mg), and high (8.3/5.0 mg) doses IP/kg/day. Oral gavage was performed twice daily for 14 days (the dosing phase) followed by the recovery phase (35 days). Plasma samples (n = 216) were analyzed for the product Ang(1–7) by ELISA. Results: The ACE2 protein was stable in the gum for at least up to 78 weeks. The toxicology study revealed the dose-related drug delivery to the plasma and increases in the AUC (56.6%) and Cmax (52.9%) after 28 high-dose gavages (95% C.I.), although this quantitation excludes exogenously delivered membrane-associated ACE2/Ang(1–7). Vital biomarkers and organs were not adversely affected despite the 10-fold higher absorption in the tissues, demonstrating the safety for the first in-human clinical trials of ACE2/Ang(1–7). The NOAEL observed in the rats was 2.5–7.5-fold higher than that of the anticipated efficacious therapeutic dose in humans for the treatment of cardiopulmonary disorders, and it was 314-fold higher than the NOAEL for topical delivery via chewing gum. Conclusions: This report lays the foundation for the regulatory process approval for noninvasive and affordable human biologic drugs bioencapsulated in plant cells. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Peptide–Drug Conjugates for Targeted Delivery)

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19 pages, 17076 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Enhancing the Accuracy of Pedicle Screw Placement Using 3D-Printed Screw-Guiding Techniques in the Lumbosacral Region for Small Breed Dogs: A Cadaveric Study

by Jin-Yeong Kim, Ho-Hyun Kwak, Heung-Myong Woo and Junhyung Kim

Animals 2025, 15(1), 14; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15010014 (registering DOI) - 25 Dec 2024

Abstract

A 3D-printed guide is an effective method for accurately placing pedicle screws in dog vertebrae. While a conventional drill guide allows precise pilot hole formation, it can lead to potential screw wobbling during insertion. In this study, we applied a technique that assists [...] Read more.

A 3D-printed guide is an effective method for accurately placing pedicle screws in dog vertebrae. While a conventional drill guide allows precise pilot hole formation, it can lead to potential screw wobbling during insertion. In this study, we applied a technique that assists with both drilling and screw insertion, and we compared the accuracy of screw placement using this approach with that achieved by the conventional drill guide. The screws were divided into three groups: Group A (drill guide), Group B (cannulated guide), and Group C (screw guide). The accuracy of screw placement was assessed by comparing preoperative and postoperative CT images. Group A exhibited the largest angular deviation. Group C exhibited significantly smaller deviations in entry point, exit point, angle α, and angular deviation than Group A. In Group B, only the exit-point deviation was significantly smaller than that in Group A. Furthermore, the angular deviation in Group C was significantly smaller than that in Group B. In conclusion, 3D-printed screw-guiding techniques improved the accuracy of pedicle screw placement, with screw guides outperforming cannulated guides, making them a viable option for small breed dogs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Clinical Studies)

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5 pages, 160 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Cognitive and Linguistic Development in Children and Adolescents

by Irene Cadime, Iolanda Ribeiro and Maria Luisa Lorusso

Children 2025, 12(1), 12; https://doi.org/10.3390/children12010012 (registering DOI) - 25 Dec 2024

Abstract

Cognitive development encompasses the mental processes involved in acquiring, organizing, and utilizing knowledge [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cognitive and Linguistic Development in Children and Adolescents)

16 pages, 1045 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Critical Role of Autophagy and Phagocytosis in the Aging Brain

by Stephen C. Bondy and Meixia Wu

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(1), 57; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26010057 (registering DOI) - 25 Dec 2024

Abstract

As the organism ages, there is a decline in effective energy supply, and this retards the ability to elaborate new proteins. The consequences of this are especially marked in the gradual decline in brain function. The senescence of cells and their constituent organelles [...] Read more.

As the organism ages, there is a decline in effective energy supply, and this retards the ability to elaborate new proteins. The consequences of this are especially marked in the gradual decline in brain function. The senescence of cells and their constituent organelles is ultimately the cause of aging of the entire nervous system. What is less immediately obvious is that brain aging is also accompanied by the failure of catabolic events that lead to the removal of non-functional cells and ineffective subcellular components. The removal of non-working cellular and subcellular elements within the brain is essential in order to allow the appearance of fresh cells and organelles with a full range of capacities. Thus, the maintenance of operative mechanisms for the dispersal of failed tissue components is important, and its diminished capacity with aging is a significant contributory factor to the onset and progression of age-related neurological disorder. This report discusses the mechanisms underlying autophagy and phagocytosis and how these can be adversely modulated as aging proceeds. The means by which the effective recycling of cellular components may be reinstated in the aged brain are considered. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Research on Neuroinflammation and Brain Aging)

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15 pages, 2718 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Feeding Expressed Breast Milk Alters the Microbial Network of Breast Milk and Increases Breast Milk Microbiome Diversity over Time

by Melissa A. Woortman, Emily S. Barrett, Thomas G. O’Connor, Steven R. Gill, Kristin Scheible, Jessica Brunner, Haipeng Sun and Maria G. Dominguez-Bello

Microorganisms 2025, 13(1), 12; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms13010012 (registering DOI) - 25 Dec 2024

Abstract

Breastfeeding supplies nutrition, immunity, and hormonal cues to infants. Feeding expressed breast milk may result in de-phased milk production and feeding times, which distort the real-time circadian cues carried by breast milk. We hypothesized that providing expressed breast milk alters the microbiotas of [...] Read more.

Breastfeeding supplies nutrition, immunity, and hormonal cues to infants. Feeding expressed breast milk may result in de-phased milk production and feeding times, which distort the real-time circadian cues carried by breast milk. We hypothesized that providing expressed breast milk alters the microbiotas of both breast milk and the infant’s gut. To test this hypothesis, we analyzed the microbiota of serial breast milk and infant fecal samples obtained from 14 mother–infant dyads who were lactating, half of which were providing expressed breast milk. Infant fecal microbiota showed lower α-diversity than breast milk microbiota. Bacterial amplicon sequence variant sharing occurred between breast milk and infant feces with no feeding group differences. However, the age-dependent gain in breast milk α-diversity was only significant in the expressed breast milk group and not in the direct breastfeeding group, suggesting that decreased contact with the infant’s mouth influences the milk microbiota. Trending lower connectivity was also noted with breast milk microbes in the direct breastfeeding group, consistent with regular perturbations of the developing baby’s oral microbiota by latching on the breast. The results of this preliminary study urge further research to independently confirm the effects of providing expressed breast milk and their health significance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Diet–Host–Gut Microbiome Interactions)

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23 pages, 368 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Mosque Pedagogy in Belgium

by Betül Demirkoparan

Religions 2025, 16(1), 6; https://doi.org/10.3390/rel16010006 (registering DOI) - 25 Dec 2024

Abstract

The aim of this research is to contribute to the research field of Islamic pedagogies by providing empirical insights on the educational strategies used in two different educational settings: Diyanet mosques and mosque-based knowledge centers in Belgium. Previous research has mainly focused on [...] Read more.

The aim of this research is to contribute to the research field of Islamic pedagogies by providing empirical insights on the educational strategies used in two different educational settings: Diyanet mosques and mosque-based knowledge centers in Belgium. Previous research has mainly focused on ‘imported’, ‘cyber’, or ‘intellectual’ imams, but little attention has been paid to newly emerging local authorities which we can describe as ‘native’ imams, vaizes, and ‘preaching teachers’. Both authorities are born and raised in Belgium and tend to develop a contextualized pedagogical model to meet the needs of Muslims. The analysis is based on fieldwork notes, classroom observations, and social media research. The findings demonstrate that, although similar teaching strategies are implemented in both settings, they are performed differently. It also demonstrates that education takes place through two reflective pedagogical methods that we term as pedagogy of Muslim Identity and pedagogy of Commitment. In addition, the findings show clearly how both aspects are guided by notions such as rooting, authenticity, and community building. Full article

14 pages, 6153 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Forging-Submerged Arc Additive Hybrid Manufacturing of the Mn-Mo-Ni Component: In Situ Reheat Cycles Inducing the Homogenization of the HAZ Microstructure

by Qiang Chi, Meijuan Hu, Jun Wang, Shuai Yan, Manye Xue, Shaojie Wu and Fangjie Cheng

Materials 2025, 18(1), 20; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18010020 (registering DOI) - 25 Dec 2024

Abstract

Forging additive hybrid manufacturing integrated the high efficiency of forging and the great flexibility of additive manufacturing, which has significant potential in the construction of reactor pressure vessels (RPVs). In the components, the heat-affected zone (HAZ, also called as bonding zone) between the [...] Read more.

Forging additive hybrid manufacturing integrated the high efficiency of forging and the great flexibility of additive manufacturing, which has significant potential in the construction of reactor pressure vessels (RPVs). In the components, the heat-affected zone (HAZ, also called as bonding zone) between the forged substrate zone and the arc deposition zone was key to the final performance of the components. In this study, the Mn-Mo-Ni welding wire was deposited on the 16MnD5 substrate with a submerged arc heat source. The in situ reheat cycle effect of the submerged arc heat source on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the HAZ were studied. The results showed that the HAZ underwent four heat treatment processes, including two full austenitizing stages, one high-temperature stage, and continuous low-temperature tempering, which formed a homogenized microstructure in the HAZ and was mainly composed of tempered sorbite (Tempered-S). The HAZ microhardness is around 278.7 HV, which is about 150 HV lower than the microhardness only conducted by one thermal cycle. Furthermore, the effects of preheating the substrate and adjusting the heat inputs on the HAZ were studied. The results indicated that the clustered cementite was precipitated, which destroys the low-temperature impact toughness of the HAZ after preheating. A suitable heat input not only homogenized the microstructure within the HAZ but also promoted the transformation of grains into equiaxed grains. The −60 °C impact toughness of the HAZ was significantly increased from 96.7 J to 113 J. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microstructure Engineering of Metals and Alloys, 3rd Edition)

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