Next Article in Journal
Silicic and Humic Acid Priming Improves Micro- and Macronutrient Uptake, Salinity Stress Tolerance, Seed Quality, and Physio-Biochemical Parameters in Lentil (Lens culinaris spp. culinaris)
Next Article in Special Issue
No Pairwise Interactions of GmSNAP18, GmSHMT08 and AtPR1 with Suppressed AtPR1 Expression Enhance the Susceptibility of Arabidopsis to Beet Cyst Nematode
Previous Article in Journal
Silicon Combined with Melatonin Reduces Cd Absorption and Translocation in Maize
 
 
Search for Articles:
Title / Keyword
Author / Affiliation / Email
Journal
Article Type
 
 
Advanced Search
 
Section
Special Issue
Volume
Issue
Number
Page
 
Journals
Plants
Volume 12
Issue 20
10.3390/plants12203538
plants-logo
Submit to this Journal Review for this Journal Propose a Special Issue
► Article Menu

Article Menu

share Share announcement Help format_quote Cite question_answer Discuss in SciProfiles thumb_up
...
Endorse textsms
...
Comment
first_page
settings
Order Article Reprints
Font Type:
Arial Georgia Verdana
Font Size:
Aa Aa Aa
Line Spacing:
Column Width:
Background:
Article

The Assessment of Natural Cross Pollination Properties of a Novel Male-Sterile–Female-Fertile Mutation msLC01 in Soybean

by
Wen Wang
1,
Xiaojie Zhu
1,
Yu Zhang
2,
Huawei Gao
3,4,
Zeru Zhang
1,
Chunyan Yang
5,
Yuhong Zheng
6,
Qianqian Yu
1,
Yixin Zhu
1,
Yating Geng
1,
Shulei Wang
1 and
Like Liu
1,*
1
School of Life Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China
2
Shandong Xinfeng Seeds Co., Ltd., Liaocheng 252400, China
3
Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
4
National Nanfan Research Institute (Sanya), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Sanya 572024, China
5
The Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Breeding of Hebei, Institute of Cereal and Oil Crops, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Shijiazhuang 050035, China
6
Soybean Research Institute, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130033, China
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Plants 2023, 12(20), 3538; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12203538
Submission received: 27 August 2023 / Revised: 4 October 2023 / Accepted: 9 October 2023 / Published: 11 October 2023
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Germplasm Resources and Molecular Breeding of Soybean)
Browse Figures
Versions Notes

Abstract

:
The value of a novel soybean male-sterile mutation msLC01 in breeding practice was determined by its outcrossing properties. Then, the effects of different planting arrangements on the pod set characteristics of male-sterile plants were assessed by using orthogonal experiments at two sites. At the same time, the effects of msLC01 male sterility on other traits were assessed in two C2F2 populations. In addition, the nectar secretion and natural outcross of male-sterile plants from four msLC01 lines were compared with one ms1 line and one ms6 line. The results of the orthogonal experiment showed that the pod numbers and pod set rates of male-sterile plants were decisively different between the two experimental sites but not between the two levels of the other factors. Both increasing the ratio of paternal parent to maternal parent and planting the parental seeds in a mixed way, the proportion of seeds pollinated by the target parent pollen could be increased. Except for the pod number per plant trait, there was no significant difference between male-sterile plants and their fertile siblings. The amount of nectar significantly differed among the lines. Compared with ms1 and ms6 male-sterile plants, the four msLC01 lines possessed significantly more or similar numbers of pod sets. The results of this study lay a foundation for the future use of this mutant in soybean breeding.

1. Introduction

Genic male-sterile–female-fertile (hereafter abbreviated as male-sterility) mutations are the basis of soybean recurrent selection, population improvement, and heterosis utilization [1,2,3,4,5]. For example, an elite variety has been bred using the ms1 male-sterility mutation via recurrent selection [6]. To date, more than ten genic male-sterile mutants have been reported [7,8], with some, such as ms1, ms2, ms3, and ms6, broadly used in breeding practice [3,4].
Seed setting on the male-sterile plant is the key factor in determining the breeding value for a male-sterile mutation. Though it is usually a self-pollinated crop, soybean has typical nectary structures, which means it can be cross-pollinated by insects [9,10,11,12]. Therefore, any factor that can affect the nectar secretion or other characteristics attracting insects will affect the seed setting on the male-sterile plant. These factors come from genotype or the environment. For example, there is more than tenfold variation among the seed setting numbers for ms2 loci with different genetic backgrounds [13]. The ways that nectar secretion and flower structure affect insect attraction vary among different soybean germplasms [14]. Furthermore, the insect attraction of soybean flowers may be related to secondary metabolites of volatile matter content [15]. As for environmental aspects, Robacker et al. [16] have shown that the air temperature, soil temperature, and soil nutrition can affect the size of the soybean flowers and the volume of nectar production, which both determine honey bee attraction. Recently, Qu et al. [17] demonstrated that rainfall, temperature, and light all influence the seed-setting rate of cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS). In addition to genotype and environmental factors, some planting arrangements can also affect the seed-setting rate of male-sterile plants, such as the ratio of pollen parents to pod parents and the removal of a fertile sibling in the line segregated for male-sterile plants [18].
Here, the male-sterile mutation locus designated msLC01 came from a male-sterile mutant called ms5053, which was induced via ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) [19]. The male sterility of ms5053 is conferred by a single recessive gene, and it has shown good genetic stability over several years and across different locations; additionally, the msLC01 male-sterile plant has a good pod set property with different genetic backgrounds under natural field conditions [20]. In order to further evaluate the breeding value of msLC01 and improve its usability in breeding practice, an orthogonal experiment was carried out to study the effects of different field planting arrangements on the pod set characteristics of male-sterile plants under natural field conditions. At the same time, the pod set characteristics of msLC01 male-sterile plants were compared with those of the male-sterile plants of the ms1 and ms6 lines. Some nectar secretion characteristics of these male-sterile lines and the impact of msLC01 male sterility on other yield-related traits were additionally assessed.

2. Results

2.1. The Effects of Different Planting Arrangements on Pod Set Characteristics of msLC01 Male-Sterile Plants in an Orthogonal Experiment

In the orthogonal experiment, the average pod number for the msLC01 male-sterile plants at the Shenxian site (36.084407 N, 115.594706 E) was 1.70 in 2020, with a range of 0~22. With different planting arrangements, the average pod number for the male-sterile plants ranged from 0.98 to 3.00 (Table 1). At the Longyao site (37.315049 N, 114.743717 E), the average pod number for the male-sterile plants was 7.50, with a range of 0~54. For different planting arrangements, it ranged from 5.50 to 11.68 (Table 1). Among different planting arrangements, the average pod set rate for male-sterile plants at the Longyao site was 11.61%, ranging from 7.29% to 18%, and at the Shenxian site it was 3.07%, with a range of 1.40%~4.92% (Table 1).
The results of the analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed that, except for the experimental site, the pod number and pod set rate for male-sterile plants were not significantly different between planting arrangement levels (Table 2 and Table 3, respectively).

2.2. The Effect of Planting Arrangements on the Seed Pollen Source of Male-Sterile Plants

In early December 2020, in order to advance the generation, seeds from the C1F0 generation harvested from the male-sterile plants were planted at Sanya, Hainan Province, China. In late February 2021, the C1F1 plants derived from the C1F0 seeds were threshed individually at Sanya. The numbers of harvested C1F1 plants from the SXT1, SXT2, SXT3, and SXT4 arrangements were all less than 10 and their data were not analyzed further because of their small sample sizes. Thanks to the fact that the hypocotyl color is linked to the flower color and the pollen donor, ‘Hedou12’ and ‘L85-1467’ both possessed a dominant purple flower, and the seed pollen source of the male-sterile plant was determined based on its hypocotyl color. At least four seeds per individual C1F1 plant were germinated in a Petri dish on wet filter paper. As only the seed that was pollinated by using the pollen from the target parent was usually needed (namely, ‘Hedou12’ or ‘L85-1467’), this kind of seed is hereafter called a target hybrid seed. The hypocotyl color observation results demonstrated that 60% of the seeds of male-sterile plants were target seeds (Table 4). The planting arrangement based on the ratio of paternal parents to maternal parents had the greatest influence on the target hybrid seed rate, followed by the method of planting and then the location and genotype of the paternal parent (Table 4).
Furthermore, 35 and 52 C1F2 lines derived from ‘Hedou12’ and ‘L85-1467’, respectively, were planted in the field in the summer of 2021 at the Shenxian site. During the growth period, we observed segregation in relation to the flower color and male sterility in all these lines, which proved the feasibility of using hypocotyl color to determine the pollen source of hybrid seeds.
The ANOVA results indicated that significant differences existed in the proportions of target hybrid seeds across planting arrangements (Table 5). The highest proportion of target hybrid seeds was in SXT6 (79.66%) at the Shenxian site and the lowest was in LYT1 (34.97%) at the Longyao site. The proportions of the LYT1 and LYT2 treatments were significantly lower than those of the SXT6 and LYT3 treatments at p = 0.01 (Table 4).
A t-test was used to assess the effects of planting arrangements on the pollen sources of the hybrid seeds of male-sterile plants: 71.23% of hybrid seeds of the male-sterile plants were target seeds in the arrangement with a 5:1 ratio of paternal parents to maternal parents, which was conclusively higher than the value of 36.27% at the 1:1 level (p < 0.0001). Similarly, the proportion of target hybrid seeds in the arrangement with mixed planting of paternal and maternal parents was higher than that in the arrangement where the paternal and maternal parents were planted separately (p = 0.047) (Table 4). However, the proportions of target hybrid seeds did not differ between the two levels of the other factors.

2.3. The Influence of msLC01 Male Sterility on other Agronomic Traits

In autumn 2021, the seeds of male-sterile plants, which, in the C1F2 generation, were derived from ‘L85-1467’ and ‘Hedou12’, were harvested and propagated at Sanya. In the summer of 2022, individual plants from the C2F2 generation were selected for further planting in a row if they possessed more than 40 seeds. In the autumn, 30 and 37 rows segregating for male-sterile plants were harvested from the HC2F2 and LC2F2 populations, respectively. On average, 5.23 and 5.03 male-sterile plants per row from the HC2F2 and LC2F2 populations, respectively, and more than 5 normal fertile plants per row were tested for some yield-related traits, including pod numbers per plant, plant height, lowest pod height, node numbers on the main stem, and branch numbers. The t-test results showed that, except for the pod number per plant trait, the other traits were not significantly different between male-sterile plants and normal male-fertile plants, indicating that the msLC01 loci only affected the plant pod number (Figure 1 and Figure 2).

2.4. Comparison of Pod Set Characteristics among the msLC01, ms1, and ms6 Male-Sterile Lines with Different Genetic Backgrounds under Natural Field Conditions

In order to assess the value of msLC01 male sterility in breeding practice, the pod set characteristics of male-sterile plants of four msLC01 lines (1513-05, 1513-07, 1516, and 5053) were compared with those of one ms1 line and one ms6 line. These lines were planted by using a randomized complete block design with three replicates at the east campus of Liaocheng University and the Shenxian site, respectively, in 2022. On average, 10.33 male-sterile plants and 6.04 male-fertile plants per genotype per repeat were tested for pod number-related traits and plant type-related traits, respectively. As the original pod number and pod set rate data for the male-sterile plants did not meet the requirements of the ANOVA for the normal distribution or homogeneity of variance across different factor levels (Shapiro–Wilk test p < 0.001, Bartlett test p < 0.001), log10(x + 1) transformation for the pod number and arcsine transformation for the pod setting rate of the male-sterile plants were carried out, and then the transformed data were used for the ANOVA (Table 6 and Table 7). The ANOVA results showed that the differences in the pod numbers and pod set rates of the male-sterile plants were significant among genotypes and sites but not among replicates. Furthermore, the interactions between genotypes and sites or replicates had no effects on these two traits (Table 6 and Table 7). The results of Duncan’s multiple tests showed that the pod number of male-sterile line 1516 (6.35 pods/plant) was significantly higher than those of other male-sterile lines at both the p = 0.05 and p = 0.01 levels. Moreover, the highest pod set rate (13.64%) was observed in line 1513-05, which was also significantly higher than other male-sterile lines. The pod number and pod set rate of male-sterile plants of line 5053 were both significantly lower than those of the other three genotypes at both the p = 0.05 and p = 0.01 level, indicating that genetic background had a great influence on the natural outcrossing characteristics of male-sterile plants in the field (Figure 3 and Figure 4).

2.5. Comparison of Nectar Secretion Characteristics among msLC01, ms1, and ms6 Male-Sterile Lines

In order to explore the cause underlying the variation in pod set characteristics among male-sterile lines, the nectar secretion of these lines was measured. In every time period, the nectar secretion of two flowers at a time was determined with ten repeats for each genotype. The results of the nectar secretion measurements indicated that four msLC01 male-sterile lines and one ms1 male-sterile line showed that the daily nectar secretion rules were highly consistent. Specifically, a nectar secretion peak occurred from 6:00 to 9:00 in the morning followed by a gradual decrease and a small sub-peak in nectar secretion from 14:00 to 15:00 in the afternoon (Figure 5). On the other hand, the nectar secretion peak of the ms6 male-sterile line occurred from 9:00 to 10:00 in the morning, followed by a gradual decline until it stabilized from 14:00 to 15:00 in the afternoon. Broadly speaking, the nectar secretion peak appeared from 6:00 a.m. to 10:00 a.m.
Subsequently, the nectar quantities of these male-sterile lines were measured for seven consecutive days at the peak time. There were significant differences in nectar secretion among the different lines. The 1513-05 line possessed significantly higher nectar secretion compared to the other lines. The nectar quantities of the four msLC01 lines were either significantly higher than or similar to those of the ms1 and ms6 male-sterile lines (Figure 6). Combined with the pod set data for the male-sterile plants presented above, a significant correlation was found between pod set rate and nectar secretion amount (r = 0.91, p = 0.012) but not between pod number and nectar secretion amount (r = 0.73, p = 0.099).

2.6. Correlations between Pod Set Characteristics and Other Traits in Different Populations

In the male-sterile lines, a conclusively positive correlation existed between the pod numbers of the male-sterile plants and plant height (r = 0.81, p < 0.001), as well as the number of main stem nodes (r = 0.84, p < 0.001). The pod numbers of the male-sterile plants were also significantly correlated with the branch numbers (r = 0.34, p = 0.04), but not the bottom pod height or the pod numbers of the fertile plants.
In the HC2F2 population, there was a significant positive correlation between the pod numbers of male-sterile plants and plant height (r = 0.39, p = 0.03), as well as branch numbers (r = 0.37, p = 0.04). Meanwhile, a decisively negative correlation existed between the pod numbers of male-sterile plants and those of fertile plants (r = −0.50, p = 0.005). In the LC2F2 population, a decisively positive correlation (r = 0.45, p = 0.005) existed between the pod numbers of male-sterile plants and the numbers of main stem nodes (Table 8). Although the correlation between pod number and other traits was not completely consistent in these populations, plant luxuriance was generally positively correlated with the pod numbers of male-sterile plants, indicating that a tall and luxuriant male-sterile plant usually produced more pods. For male-sterile plants, regardless of the population, the pod set rate had a correlation coefficient greater than 0.70 regarding the pod number, suggesting that the primary determinant of the pod set rate was the pod number.

3. Discussion

3.1. Effects of Planting Arrangements on Pod Set Characteristics of Male-Sterile Plants under Natural Field Conditions

Wang et al. [21] and Zhao et al. [22] have demonstrated that some planting arrangement variables, such as the ratio of paternal rows to maternal rows and parent arrangement within in-line rows, and planting methods can affect the pod set rate of soybean cytoplasmic male-sterile lines. In this study, the natural pod numbers and pod set rates of msLC01 male-sterile plants did not vary significantly between the two levels of the different arrangements. The reason may be attributed to our exclusive focus on the pod set numbers of male-sterile plants without taking into account the pollen source. Alternatively, it could be related to variations in materials and ecological environments. In 2020, the pod numbers per male-sterile plant were significantly higher at the Longyao experimental site than at the Shenxian experimental site, indicating that environmental factors have a significant impact on the natural outcrossing characteristics of male-sterile plants. This finding is consistent with the results for cytoplasmic male-sterile lines of sesame [23] and soybean [24]. Qu et al. [17] also demonstrated the impact of rainfall and light intensity on the outcrossing rate and hybrid seed yield of soybean cytoplasmic male-sterile lines. In this paper, the pod numbers and pod set rates of male-sterile plants both positively correlated with the field growth of soybeans, suggesting that the environment may play a role in the pod set characteristics of male-sterile plants by influencing soybean growth.

3.2. Effects of Different Field Planting Arrangements on the Proportion of Target Hybrid Seeds in the Male-Sterile Plants

It has been shown that the number of target hybrid seeds in male-sterile plants linearly increases as the pollen donors increase in intermating blocks [25,26]. In this study, a similar result was found; namely, when the ratio of paternal parents to maternal parents increased from 1:1 to 5:1, the target hybrid seed proportion increased from 36.27% to 71.63%, indicating that increasing the paternal parent proportion could enhance the opportunity to pollinate the flower in male-sterile plants with the pollen from the paternal parents. On the other hand, when the seeds of the paternal parent and maternal parent were mixed and planted in the same row rather than in different rows separately, the target hybrid seed proportion was 70.27% instead of 53.95%, which is consistent with the result from Zhao’s study [22], where planting the paternal parent and cytoplasmic male-sterile line in the same hole markedly increased the pod numbers per cytoplasmic male-sterile plant compared with planting the parental lines in rows separately.
St. Martin and Ehounou [27] reported that significant variations existed among varieties in terms of pollen contribution to the seed set of male-sterile plants. Yan et al. [28] also found the seed set rate of the cytoplasmic male-sterile line varied significantly with different maintainer lines, indicating that different paternal parents have different levels of attractiveness for insects. However, in the present study, the pollen donors ‘L85-1467’ and ‘Hedou12’ both supplied similar amounts of pollen for the seeds of male-sterile plants, which may have been due to the similar attractiveness to insects of these two pollen donors.

3.3. Effects of the msLC01 Male-Sterility Mutation on Other Traits

A lack of adverse genetic effects or of a link with an adverse allele is the prerequisite in breeding practice for a male-sterile allele. However, in practical scenarios, certain male-sterile mutant alleles exhibit adverse genetic effects. For instance, various studies have demonstrated that the ms1 male-sterile mutant allele can induce polyploidy [29,30,31], that the expression of msp male sterility is influenced by environmental factors [32], that the photoperiod regulates the mutation of ms3 male sterility [33], and that temperature affects the expression of ms4 male sterility [31]. As for the male-sterile mutation allele msLC01 in this study, Zhang et al. [20] demonstrated that this male-sterility mutation can be inherited steadily across different years and locations. In this study, there were no significant differences in yield-related traits between male-sterile plants and male-fertile plants within the two C2F2 populations when segregating for male-sterile plants, primarily indicating that msLC01 male-sterile mutation had no obvious adverse genetic effects and that it is a promising mutation for breeding practice in the future.

3.4. Comparison of Pod Set Characteristics of msLC01 Lines with those of ms1 and ms6 Lines

The pod set characteristics of male-sterile lines are another crucial factor for their availability in breeding practice. In this study, the pod numbers and pod set rates of the male-sterile plants of four msLC01 lines were both significantly higher than or similar to those of ms1 and ms6 lines under completely natural field conditions. Additionally, in the HC2F2 and LC2F2 populations, the average pod numbers for each male-sterile plant were 5.33 and 7.04, respectively, which were also significantly higher than those of ms1 and ms6 male-sterile plants (p < 0.001). In a study involving the release of alfalfa leafcutter bees in the field, Ortiz-Perez et al. [13] found that ms1 male-sterile plants (North Carolina) produced 2.17 seeds per plant, while ms6 male-sterile plants (Ames-2) yielded 4.12 seeds per plant. Graybosch et al. [31], on the other hand, reported that the average male-sterile ms1 plant (Clark) yielded 3.9 seeds per plant. In this study, relying solely on natural insect pollinators, each ms1 male-sterile plant produced an average of 1.29 pods with approximately 2.6 grains per plant (calculated from an average of 2 pods per plant) [10,34]. The pod numbers of both ms1 and ms6 male-sterile plants in this study were comparable to previous studies. Thus, it can be stated that, in this study, the pod set numbers of msLC01 male-sterile plants were higher than or similar to those of ms1 and ms6 male-sterile plants, further indicating the good application potential of msLC01 male-sterile mutation in breeding practice.

3.5. Nectar Secretion Characteristics of Different Male-Sterile Lines

The nectar secretion peak for the six male-sterile lines mainly occurred between 6:00 and 9:00 in the morning, which was consistent with previous studies [15]. There were significant differences in nectar secretion among the different lines, and other studies also demonstrated that the genotype background can considerably affect the nectar secretion [15,35,36]. In this study, the pod set rate of male-sterile plants was significantly positively correlated with the nectar secretion amount, indicating that nectar secretion is an important attractor for insects, similarly to the results from other reports [15,37].

4. Materials and Methods

4.1. Experimental Material

4.1.1. msLC01 Male-Sterile Lines Segregating for Male-Sterile Plants

There were four msLC01 male-sterile lines segregated for male-sterile plants; namely, 5053, 1516, 1513-05, and 1513-07. Among them, the 5053 line was a compound mutant derived from the ‘Jidou17’ genetic background, which exhibited dwarfism and male sterility. The other three lines were all derived from natural hybrid seeds of the 5053 male-sterile plants and selected for more than six generations. The 5053 and 1513-05 lines were dwarf male-sterile lines with a plant height of approximately 30 cm, while the 1513-07 line was a semi-dwarf male-sterile line with a plant height of around 50 cm. The 1516 line was a comparably tall male-sterile line, reaching about 80 cm in height. These four male-sterile lines all had white flowers.

4.1.2. Pollen Donor

Two germplasms, ‘L85-1467’ and ‘Hedou12’, both with purple flowers, were provided by the Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences. They had similar growth stages as the msLC01 male-sterile line and were used as pollen donors in the orthogonal experiment.

4.1.3. ms1 and ms6 Male-Sterile Lines Segregating for Male-Sterile Plants

The ms1 and ms6 male-sterile soybean lines segregated for male-sterile plants were provided by the Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Breeding of Hebei, Institute of Cereal and Oil Crops, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Shijiazhuang, China, and the Soybean Research Institute, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China, respectively.

4.2. Methods

4.2.1. The Effects of Planting Arrangements on Pod Set Characteristics of msLC01 Male-Sterile Plants

In this experiment, we adopted an orthogonal experimental design without considering the interaction between factors. In late June 2020, eight arrangements were prepared in Shenxian County (36.084447 N, 115.594706 E), Shandong Province, China (hereinafter referred to as the Shenxian site), and four arrangements were prepared in Longyao County (37.315049 N, 114.743717 E), Hebei Province, China (hereinafter referred to as the Longyao site) (Table 9 and Table 10). For field planting, the lines were set at a length of 5 m with rows spaced 50 cm apart and plant spacing set at 7 cm. Additionally, 15 m of corn was planted between the two arrangements for isolation. Due to an insufficient quantity of seeds from any single line, equal numbers of seeds from four lines (namely, 5053, 1516, 1513-05, and 1513-07) were mixed to supply male-sterile plants.
Considering previous studies [18,21,22] and the convenience of field planting, the field planting arrangements primarily involved four factors; namely, the ratio of paternal lines to maternal lines, the paternal genotype, the planting method for the parental line, and whether the fertile plant was removed from the male-sterile lines segregating for male-sterile plants or not. Specifically, an L8(27) orthogonal table was used in the field experiment at the Shenxian site with four factors at two levels (Table 9).
These four factors are described in detail as follows:
The ratios of the paternal lines to the maternal lines were 1:1 (level one) and 5:1 (level two) based on seed number;
The paternal genotypes were Hedou12 (level one) and L85-1467 (level two);
The planting method for the parental line involved two levels. Level one was planting the paternal lines and maternal lines separately in rows; level two was planting the parental lines in the same row;
Removing the fertile plant from the male-sterile lines segregating for male-sterile plants was set as level one and no removal was set as level two. Regrettably, the implementation of this process was impeded due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
The field experiment conducted at the Longyao experimental site involved three factors with two levels each and was designed using the L4(23) orthogonal table without considering factor interactions. The three factors were the same as the first three factors in the orthogonal design at the above Shenxian site (Table 10).
At the R8 stage of soybean development [38], in accordance with [39,40], the plants with green leaves, many fleshy pods without seeds on the stem, and without or with few normal pods, which may come from outcrossing on the stem, were regarded as the male-sterile plants. The normal plants possessed a normal number of mature pods and were deciduous.

4.2.2. Determination of the Pollen Sources for Seeds on the Male-Sterile Plants in the Orthogonal Experiment

In this experiment, the pollen sources for the seeds of male-sterile plants were either the target paternal parent (‘Hedou12’ or ‘L85-1467’) or the fertile sibling plant of the male-sterile lines segregating for male-sterile plants. As only those seeds pollinated by the target parent are considered as target hybrid seeds in breeding practice, the pollen source for the hybrid seeds in male-sterile plants was determined in terms of whether there was segregation for hypocotyl color, flower color, or male sterility among the descendants. As the natural outcrossing process in male-sterile plants in this experiment was similar to a recurrent selection process, the letter “C” was used to indicate outcross times to distinguish materials from different generations. In the beginning of December 2020, the seeds of male-sterile plants from the C1F0 generation were propagated at Sanya, Hainan Province, China. The C1F1 plants were threshed individually at the R8 developmental stage in March 2021. Four seeds in the C1F2 generation, which derived from a single C1F1 plant, were selected for a germination test to observe hypocotyl color. As the hypocotyl color is linked to flower color and the target paternal parents (‘Hedou12’ and ‘L85-1467’, both with purple flowers), the presence of one or more seedlings with a purple hypocotyl color in the germination test indicated that the pollen for a hybrid seed from a male-sterile plant was from the target paternal parent. To mitigate the occurrence of low-probability events, two additional seeds were further employed for germination if all four seedlings possessed green hypocotyls. Meanwhile, to prevent the admixture of other purple flower germplasms in the individual harvested C1F1 plants, at least 20 seeds with the C1F2-generation genotype were sown into rows in late June 2021. If a C1F1 plant came from a target hybrid seed of a male-sterile plant, segregation for hypocotyl color, flower color, or male-sterile plants occurred; otherwise, it was considered as an admixture.

4.2.3. The Relationship between msLC01 Male-Sterility Mutation and other Traits

In autumn 2021, male-sterile plant seeds were harvested from the C1F2 population derived from the target hybrid seeds with ‘Hedou12’ or ‘L85-1467’ as pollen donors. These seeds were then propagated at Sanya, Hainan Province, China, and C2F1 plants were later threshed individually at the R8 stage. In the summer of 2022, the C2F2 populations segregating for male-sterile plants were obtained by sowing C2F1 plant seeds at the Shenxian site. The progeny of each pollen donor were planted with 50 rows of C2F1 individual plants 2 m in length, with 50 cm row spacing and 5 cm plant spacing. In autumn 2022, all male-sterile plants and more than five normal fertile plants in rows with more than twenty plants were examined for plant height, low pod height, number of main stem nodes, number of effective branches, and pod numbers per plant.

4.2.4. Comparison of Pod Set Characteristics of msLC01 Male-Sterile Plants with those of ms1 and ms6 Male-Sterile Plants

The male-sterile lines, including four msLC01 lines, one ms1 line, and one ms6 line, were planted in the experimental field of the College of Life Sciences at Liaocheng University on 24 June 2022 and at the Shenxian site on 7 July 2022. Each male-sterile line was arranged in five rows with a length of 2 m, row spacing of 50 cm, and plant spacing of 5 cm. The arrangement was randomized into complete blocks with three replicates. Pod set characteristics were investigated for each male-sterile plant as described in Section 4.2.1.

4.2.5. Investigation of the Nectar Secretion Characteristics in the Male-Sterile Lines msLC01, ms1, and ms6

In the experimental field of the College of Life Sciences at Liaocheng University, we measured daily variations in the nectar secretion of four msLC01 lines, one ms1 line, and one ms6 line for three consecutive days at the R2 stage according to the method described by Zhang et al. [15]. Subsequently, the nectar secretions were measured for seven consecutive days only at the peak time.

4.3. Data Analysis

The raw data were primarily processed using EXCEL2010. Statistics analysis was carried out with SPSS 17.0. When performing ANOVA analysis, the Shapiro–Wilk method was employed to test for conformity with the normal distribution assumptions, and the Bartlett method was used to assess the homogeneity of variance. Data that did not meet the requirements for ANOVA analysis were transformed using either log(10) (x+1) or arcsine, where x was the original datum.

5. Conclusions

Without eliminating the fertile sibling plants, msLC01 male-sterile plants bore similar numbers of pods with the two levels of the different planting arrangement factors, except for the planting locations. Broadly speaking, the pod numbers of male-sterile plants are positively related to plant growth; specifically, better growth conditions for male-sterile plants mean more pods. Increasing the ratio of paternal parents to maternal parents and planting the parents in a mixed way can both increase the target hybrid seed rates of male-sterile plants. Compared with ms1 and ms6 male-sterile plants, msLC01 male-sterile plants bore more or similar numbers of pods.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, L.L.; Methodology, L.L.; Validation, L.L.; Formal Analysis, W.W., X.Z., Z.Z., H.G. and Y.Z. (Yu Zhang); Investigation, W.W., X.Z., Z.Z., Y.Z. (Yixin Zhu), Y.G., H.G. and Y.Z. (Yu Zhang); Resources, C.Y., Y.Z. (Yuhong Zheng) and L.L.; Data Curation, W.W., X.Z., Z.Z., H.G. and Y.Z. (Yu Zhang); Writing—Original Draft Preparation, W.W. and X.Z.; Writing—Review and Editing, Q.Y., C.Y., Y.Z. (Yuhong Zheng), S.W. and L.L.; Visualization, W.W., X.Z. and L.L.; Supervision, L.L.; Project Administration, L.L.; Funding Acquisition, L.L. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research was co-funded by the National 13th Five-Year Plan Key Research and Development Plan (2016YFD0100201-09) and Liaocheng University Innovation Training Project (CXCY2020Y206).

Data Availability Statement

All the data included in the main text.

Acknowledgments

Xiaotong Luan, Minyang Yu, Xin Gao, Xiaoci Liu, Peiyao Zhang, Xue Liu, Mei Li, Xinxin Ma, Junhui Li, Xinrui Xia, Bingrong Li, Xing Zhang, Wenjing Geng, Xin Zhao, Jialiang Ma, Yuanlin Shi, Dongkai Guo, and many other students from the School of Life Sciences of Liaocheng University participated in the field investigation and harvest testing of seeds, and the authors hereby thank them.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

References

  1. Burton, J.W.; Brim, C.A. Recurrent selection in soybeans. III. Selection for increased percent oil in seeds. Crop. Sci. 1981, 21, 31–34. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  2. Lewers, K.S.; Palmer, R.G. Recurrent selection in soybean. Plant Breed. Rev. 1997, 15, 275–314. [Google Scholar]
  3. Song, Q.; Wu, T.; Gai, J. Application of soybean male sterility to population improvement. Soybean Sci. 1997, 16, 81–85. (In Chinese) [Google Scholar]
  4. Palmer, R.G.; Gai, J.; Sun, H. Production and evaluation of hybrid soybean. Plant Breed. Rev. 2001, 21, 263–307. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  5. Chandra, S.; Maranna, S.; Saini, M.; Kumawat, V.; Nataraj, G.K. Achievements, challenges and prospects of hybrid soybean. In Plant Male Sterility Systems for Accelerating Crop Improvement; Bohra, A., Parihar, A.K., Naik, S.J.S., Eds.; Springer Nature: Singapore, 2022; pp. 167–193. ISBN 978-981-19-3808-5. [Google Scholar]
  6. Zhao, S.J.; Liu, B.Q.; Yang, C.Y.; Ning, Q. Breeding and cultivation of a new high-protein soybean variety ‘Jidou 21’. Bull. Agric. Sci. Technol. 2011, 41, 184–185. (In Chinese) [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  7. Sun, X.; Wang, Y.; Wang, Y.; Ning, Q. Progress on genic male sterility gene in soybean. Hereditas 2021, 43, 52–65. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  8. Li, J.; Nadeem, M.; Sun, G.; Wang, X.; Qiu, L. Male sterility in soybean: Occurrence, molecular basis and utilization. Plant Breed. 2019, 138, 659–676. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  9. Horner, H.T.; Healy, R.A.; Cervantes Martinez, T.; Palmer, R.G. Floral Nectary Fine Structure and Development in Glycine max L. (Fabaceae). Int. J. Plant Sci. 2003, 164, 675–690. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  10. Ortiz-Perez, E.; Wiley, H.; Horner, H.; Davis, W.H.; Palmer, R.G. Insect-mediated cross-pollination in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill]: II. Phenotypic recurrent selection. Euphytica 2008, 162, 269–280. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  11. Blettler, D.C.; Fagúndez, G.A.; Caviglia, O.P. Contribution of honeybees to soybean yield. Apidologie 2018, 49, 101–111. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  12. Garibaldi, L.A.; Schulte, L.A.; Nabaes Jodar, D.N.; Kremen, C. Time to integrate pollinator science into soybean production. Trends Ecol. Evol. 2021, 36, 573–575. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  13. Ortiz-Perez, E.; Horner, H.T.; Hanlin, S.J.; Palmer, R.G. Insect-mediated seed-set evaluation of 21 soybean lines segregating for male sterility at 10 different loci. Euphytica 2006, 152, 351–360. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  14. Zhang, R.J. The Research on the Character of the High Outcross—Podding Rate of the Male Parents in the Seed Producing Technology of Hybrid Soybean. Master’s Thesis, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China, 2010. (In Chinese with English Abstract). [Google Scholar]
  15. Zhang, J.; Sun, H.; Zhao, L.; Zhang, C.-B.; Yan, H.; Peng, B.; Li, W.-B. Nectar secretion of RN-type cytoplasmic male sterility three lines in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]. J. Integr. Agr. 2018, 17, 1085–1092. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  16. Robacker, D.C.; Flottum, P.K.; Sammataro, D.; Erickson, E. Effects of climatic and edaphic factors on soybean flowers and on the subsequent attractiveness of the plants to honey bees. Field Crop. Res. 1983, 6, 267–278. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  17. Qu, Y.; Wang, K.; Kang, J.; Liang, F. Effects of rainfall, temperature and illumination on outcrossing rate of male sterile line in soybean. Oil Crop. Sci. 2020, 5, 17–21. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  18. Lewers, K.S.; St. Martin, S.K.; Hedges, B.R.; Widrlechner, M.P.; Palmer, R.G. Hybrid soybean seed production: Comparison of three methods. Crop. Sci. 1996, 36, 1560–1567. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  19. Zhang, L.; Fan, Y.; Niu, T. Screening of mutants and construction of mutant population for soybean cultivar ‘Jihuang13’. Soybean Sci. 2013, 32, 33–37, (In Chinese with English Abstract). [Google Scholar]
  20. Zhang, X.; Gao, H.W.; Yang, M.Y. Assessment of genetic stability and natural cross pollination for a male sterile-female fertile mutant of soybean. Soybean Sci. 2020, 39, 527–534, (In Chinese with English Abstract). [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  21. Wang, S.M.; Wang, Y.Q.; Li, J.P.; Li, M.H.; Sun, H. Seed production of soybean cytoplasmic male sterile (CMS) line under field conditions. Soybean Sci. 2010, 29, 385–389, (In Chinese with English Abstract). [Google Scholar]
  22. Zhao, L.; Peng, B.; Wang, Y.; Sun, L. Effects of planting patterns, leaf trimming and pollinator on hybrid soybean seed production. Chin. J. Oil Crop Sci. 2012, 34, 478–482. (In Chinese) [Google Scholar]
  23. Sun, J.; Yan, T.X.; Gao, D.X.; Gui-zhen, X.U. Breeding characteristics of Sesamum indicum L. I: Estimations of spontaneous outcrossing rates. Chin. J. Oil Crop Sci. 2015, 37, 462–466, (In Chinese with English Abstract). [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  24. Zhao, L.M.; Peng, B.; Zhang, W.L.; Dennis, J. Establishment of technology system for hybrid soybean seed production. Soybean Sci. 2010, 29, 707–711. (In Chinese) [Google Scholar]
  25. May, M.L.; Wilcox, J.R. Pollinator density effects on frequency and randomness of male-sterile soybean pollinations. Crop. Sci. 1986, 26, 96–99. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  26. Graef, G.; Specht, J. Sib and non-sib pollination of ms 2 ms 2 plants in four composite soybean populations. In Agronomy Abstracts; American Society of Agronomy: Madison, WI, USA, 1992; p. 97. [Google Scholar]
  27. St. Martin, S.K.; Ehounou, N.E. Randomness of intermating in soybean populations containing male-sterile plants. Crop. Sci. 1989, 29, 69–71. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  28. Yan, H.; Zhang, J.; Zhang, C.; Peng, B.; Zhang, W.-L.; Wang, P.-N. Genetic effects and plant architecture influences on outcrossing rate in soybean. J. Integr. Agr. 2019, 18, 1971–1979. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  29. Oliver Chen, L.; Heer, H.E.; Palmer, R.G. The frequency of polyembryonic seedlings and polyploids from ms1 soybean. Theor. Appl. Genet. 1985, 69, 271–277. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  30. Sorrells, M.E.; Bingham, E.T. Reproductive behavior of soybean haploids carrying the ms1 allele. Can. J. Genet. Cytol. 1979, 21, 449–455. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  31. Graybosch, R.A.; Palmer, R.G. Male sterility in soybean-an overview. Am. J. Bot. 1988, 75, 144–156. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  32. Stelly, D.M.; Palmer, R.G. A partially male-sterile mutant line of soybeans, Glycine max (L.) Merr.: Inheritance. Euphytica 1980, 29, 295–303. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  33. Hou, J.; Fan, W.; Ma, R.; Li, B.; Yuan, Z.; Huang, W.; Wu, Y.; Hu, Q.; Lin, C. MALE STERILITY 3 encodes a plant homeodomain-finger protein for male fertility in soybean. J. Integr. Plant Biol. 2022, 64, 1076–1086. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  34. Roumet, P.; Magnier, I. Estimation of hybrid seed production and efficient pollen flow using insect pollination of male sterile soybeans in caged plots. Euphytica 1993, 70, 61–67. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  35. Severson, D.W.; Nordheim, E.V.; Erickson, E.H. Variation in nectar characteristics within soyabean cultivars. J. Apicult. Res. 1987, 26, 156–164. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  36. Severson, D.W., Jr.; Erickson, E.H. Quantitative and qualitative variation in floral nectar of soybean cultivars in southeastern Missouri. Environ. Entomol. 1984, 13, 1091–1096. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  37. Dai, J.; Zhang, R.; Wei, B.; Nie, Z.; Xing, G.; Zhao, T.; Yang, S.; Gai, J. Key biological factors related to outcrossing-productivity of cytoplasmic-nuclear male-sterile lines in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]. Euphytica 2017, 213, 266. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  38. Fehr, W.R.; Caviness, C.E. Stages of Soybean Development. Special Report 80; Iowa State University Cooperative Extension Service. 1977. Available online: http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/specialreports/87 (accessed on 26 August 2023).
  39. Nie, Z.; Zhao, T.; Liu, M.; Dai, J.; He, T.; Lyu, D.; Zhao, J.; Yang, S.; Gai, J. Molecular mapping of a novel male-sterile gene msNJ in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]. Plant Reprod 2019, 32, 371–380. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  40. Zhao, Q.; Tong, Y.; Yang, C.; Yang, Y.; Zhang, M. Identification and Mapping of a New Soybean Male-Sterile Gene, mst-M. Front. Plant Sci. 2019, 10, 94. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Plants 12 03538 g001
Figure 1. t-test of several traits with male-sterile plants and male-fertile plants in the HC2F2 population, segregating the population for msLC01. Error bar, one standard deviation. ***, p < 0.001. ns, not significant. PH, plant height. LPH, lowest pod height. NNMS, node number on the main stem. BR, branch number. PNPP, pod number per plant.
Figure 1. t-test of several traits with male-sterile plants and male-fertile plants in the HC2F2 population, segregating the population for msLC01. Error bar, one standard deviation. ***, p < 0.001. ns, not significant. PH, plant height. LPH, lowest pod height. NNMS, node number on the main stem. BR, branch number. PNPP, pod number per plant.
Plants 12 03538 g001
Plants 12 03538 g002
Figure 2. t-test of several traits with male-sterile plants and male-fertile plants in the LC2F2 populations, segregating the population for msLC01. Error bar, one standard deviation. ***, p < 0.001. ns, not significant. PH, plant height. LPH, lowest pod height. NNMS, node number on the main stem. BR, branch number. PNPP, pod number per plant.
Figure 2. t-test of several traits with male-sterile plants and male-fertile plants in the LC2F2 populations, segregating the population for msLC01. Error bar, one standard deviation. ***, p < 0.001. ns, not significant. PH, plant height. LPH, lowest pod height. NNMS, node number on the main stem. BR, branch number. PNPP, pod number per plant.
Plants 12 03538 g002
Plants 12 03538 g003
Figure 3. Significance analysis of pod number-related traits among msLC01, ms1, and ms6 male-sterile lines. Error bar, one standard deviation. MFPN, male-fertile plant pod number. MSPN, male-sterile plant pod number. MSPR, male-sterile plant pod set rate. The same uppercase letter means no significant difference at p < 0.01, and the same lowercase letter means no significant difference at p < 0.05.
Figure 3. Significance analysis of pod number-related traits among msLC01, ms1, and ms6 male-sterile lines. Error bar, one standard deviation. MFPN, male-fertile plant pod number. MSPN, male-sterile plant pod number. MSPR, male-sterile plant pod set rate. The same uppercase letter means no significant difference at p < 0.01, and the same lowercase letter means no significant difference at p < 0.05.
Plants 12 03538 g003
Plants 12 03538 g004
Figure 4. Significance analysis of plant type-related traits among msLC01, ms1, and ms6 male-sterile lines. Error bar, one standard deviation. PH, plant height. LPH, lowermost pod height. NNMS, node number on the main stem. BN, branch number. The same uppercase letter means no significant difference at p < 0.01, and the same lowercase letter means no significant difference at p < 0.05.
Figure 4. Significance analysis of plant type-related traits among msLC01, ms1, and ms6 male-sterile lines. Error bar, one standard deviation. PH, plant height. LPH, lowermost pod height. NNMS, node number on the main stem. BN, branch number. The same uppercase letter means no significant difference at p < 0.01, and the same lowercase letter means no significant difference at p < 0.05.
Plants 12 03538 g004
Plants 12 03538 g005
Figure 5. Daily variations in nectar secretion of msLC01, ms1, and ms6 male-sterile lines for three consecutive days. Error bar, one standard deviation. (A) 1516 line, (B) 5053 line, (C) 1513-05 line, (D) 1513-07 line, (E) ms1 line, (F) ms6 line.
Figure 5. Daily variations in nectar secretion of msLC01, ms1, and ms6 male-sterile lines for three consecutive days. Error bar, one standard deviation. (A) 1516 line, (B) 5053 line, (C) 1513-05 line, (D) 1513-07 line, (E) ms1 line, (F) ms6 line.
Plants 12 03538 g005
Plants 12 03538 g006
Figure 6. Nectar secretion of msLC01, ms1, and ms6 male-sterile lines for seven consecutive days. The same uppercase letter means no significant difference at p < 0.01, and the same lowercase letter means no significant difference at p < 0.05.
Figure 6. Nectar secretion of msLC01, ms1, and ms6 male-sterile lines for seven consecutive days. The same uppercase letter means no significant difference at p < 0.01, and the same lowercase letter means no significant difference at p < 0.05.
Plants 12 03538 g006
Table 1. Pod number per male-sterile plant and pod set rate for msLC01 sterile plants at the Shenxian and Longyao sites.
Table 1. Pod number per male-sterile plant and pod set rate for msLC01 sterile plants at the Shenxian and Longyao sites.
LocationArrangementNumber of Male-Sterile PlantsPod Number for Male-Sterile PlantsRange of Pod Numbers for Male-Sterile PlantsPod Set Rate for Male-Sterile Plants (%)
Shenxian siteSXT1391.820~93.01
SXT2331.000~71.75
SXT3450.980~81.40
SXT4371.220~62.33
SXT5451.780~113.40
SXT6343.000~224.92
SXT7331.880~64.39
SXT8271.930~193.38
Average36.631.700~113.07
Longyao siteLYT13111.680~5418.00
LYT2305.500~199.62
LYT3396.080~357.29
LYT4276.740~3211.52
Average31.757.500~3511.61
Table 2. ANOVA of the pod number for msLC01 male-sterile plants.
Table 2. ANOVA of the pod number for msLC01 male-sterile plants.
SourceDegrees of FreedomSum of SquaresMean SquareF Valuep Value
Location189.6889.6827.610.0019
Genotype of paternal parent12.922.920.900.38
Ratio of paternal parent to maternal parent10.890.890.270.62
Method of planting11.941.940.600.47
Error619.493.25
Total11116.77
Table 3. ANOVA of the pod set rate for msLC01 male-sterile plants.
Table 3. ANOVA of the pod set rate for msLC01 male-sterile plants.
SourceDegrees of FreedomSum of SquaresMean SquareF Valuep Value
Location1187.49187.4921.950.002
Genotype of paternal parent17.197.190.840.39
Ratio of paternal parent to maternal parent11.481.480.170.69
Method of planting10.830.830.100.76
Error759.808.54
Total11256.80
Table 4. Range analysis of the effects of planting arrangements on target hybrid seed rate of male-sterile plants in the orthogonal experiment.
Table 4. Range analysis of the effects of planting arrangements on target hybrid seed rate of male-sterile plants in the orthogonal experiment.
ArrangementLocationRatio of Paternal Parent to Maternal ParentGenotype of
Paternal Parent		Method of PlantingTarget Hybrid Seed Rate (%)
LYT1111134.96 cB
LYT2112238.85 bcB
LYT3121279.09 aA
LYT4122170.79 aAB
SXT5221155.11 abcAB
SXT6221279.67 aA
SXT7222165.48 aAB
SXT8222262.22 abAB
K160.1636.27 A64.1053.95 a
K267.1771.63 B60.6070.27 b
R7.0135.363.4916.32
Note: The same lowercase letter means no significant difference at p = 0.05 and the same uppercase letter means no significant difference at p = 0.01.
Table 5. ANOVA for the rate of target pollination on male-sterile plants among different arrangements.
Table 5. ANOVA for the rate of target pollination on male-sterile plants among different arrangements.
SourceDegrees of FreedomSum of SquaresMean SquareF Valuep Value
Arrangements70.690.0996.190.01
Error160.260.016
Total230.95
Table 6. ANOVA for pod number per male-sterile plant from the msLC01, ms1, and ms6 lines.
Table 6. ANOVA for pod number per male-sterile plant from the msLC01, ms1, and ms6 lines.
SourceDegrees of FreedomSum of SquaresMean SquareF Valuep Value
Genotype52.030.4114.60<0.0001
Location10.500.5017.900.001
Repeat20.010.0040.160.85
Genotype × location50.320.062.310.11
Genotype × repeat100.260.030.940.53
Error120.330.03
Total353.45
Table 7. ANOVA for the pod set rates of the male-sterile plants from the msLC01, ms1, and ms6 lines.
Table 7. ANOVA for the pod set rates of the male-sterile plants from the msLC01, ms1, and ms6 lines.
SourceDegrees of FreedomSum of SquaresMean SquareF Valuep Value
Genotype50.290.067.030.003
Location10.110.1112.760.004
Repeat20.0020.0010.100.902
Genotype × location50.120.022.960.057
Genotype × repeat100.070.010.790.640
Error120.100.01
Total350.69
Table 8. The coefficients between pod numbers per male-sterile plant and other traits.
Table 8. The coefficients between pod numbers per male-sterile plant and other traits.
PopulationTraitPlant HeightLowest Pod HeightNode Numbers on Main StemBranch
Number		Pod Numbers per Male-Fertile PlantPod Set Rate of Male-Sterile Plant
msLC01, ms1, and ms6 linesPod numbers per male fertile plant0.81 ***0.28 ns0.84 ***0.34 *0.10 ns0.95 ***
Pod set rate of male-sterile plants 0.69 ***0.29 ns0.72 ***0.23 ns−0.11 ns1
HC2F2Pod numbers per male fertile plant0.39 *−0.090.260.37 *−0.50 **0.73 **
Pod set rate of male-sterile plants0.18−0.130.160.50 **−0.64 **1
LC2F2Pod numbers per male fertile plant0.19−0.260.45 **0.080.140.82 **
Pod set rate of male-sterile plants0.06−0.170.28−0.03−0.191
Note: * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01; *** p < 0.0001.
Table 9. Orthogonal experiment design for pod set characteristics of msLC01 male-sterile plants at the Shenxian site.
Table 9. Orthogonal experiment design for pod set characteristics of msLC01 male-sterile plants at the Shenxian site.
ArrangementRatio of Paternal Parents to Maternal ParentsGenotype of
Paternal Parent		Planting Method for the Parental LinesRemoval of Fertile Sibling
SXT11111
SXT 21122
SXT 31211
SXT41222
SXT 52111
SXT 62122
SXT 72211
SXT 82222
Table 10. Orthogonal experiment design for pod set characteristics of msLC01 male-sterile plants at Longyao site.
Table 10. Orthogonal experiment design for pod set characteristics of msLC01 male-sterile plants at Longyao site.
ArrangementRatio of Paternal Parents to Maternal ParentsGenotype of the Paternal ParentMethod of Planting
LYT1111
LYT2122
LYT 3212
LYT 4221
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content.

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Wang, W.; Zhu, X.; Zhang, Y.; Gao, H.; Zhang, Z.; Yang, C.; Zheng, Y.; Yu, Q.; Zhu, Y.; Geng, Y.; et al. The Assessment of Natural Cross Pollination Properties of a Novel Male-Sterile–Female-Fertile Mutation msLC01 in Soybean. Plants 2023, 12, 3538. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12203538

AMA Style

Wang W, Zhu X, Zhang Y, Gao H, Zhang Z, Yang C, Zheng Y, Yu Q, Zhu Y, Geng Y, et al. The Assessment of Natural Cross Pollination Properties of a Novel Male-Sterile–Female-Fertile Mutation msLC01 in Soybean. Plants. 2023; 12(20):3538. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12203538

Chicago/Turabian Style

Wang, Wen, Xiaojie Zhu, Yu Zhang, Huawei Gao, Zeru Zhang, Chunyan Yang, Yuhong Zheng, Qianqian Yu, Yixin Zhu, Yating Geng, and et al. 2023. "The Assessment of Natural Cross Pollination Properties of a Novel Male-Sterile–Female-Fertile Mutation msLC01 in Soybean" Plants 12, no. 20: 3538. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12203538

Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.

Article Metrics

Back to TopTop