A Two-Faced Gut Microbiome: Butyrogenic and Proinflammatory Bacteria Predominate in the Intestinal Milieu of People Living with HIV from Western Mexico
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Cross-Sectional Study, Clinical and Biochemical Characteristics
2.2. Gut Microbiota Diversity and Structure
2.3. Relative Abundances across Different Taxonomic Levels
2.4. Gut Microbiome Ratios
2.5. Differential Abundance Analysis
2.6. Differential Metabolic Pathways Present in the Gut Microbiota
2.7. Fecal SCFA Quantification
3. Discussion
3.1. ART Is Not Sufficient to Restore the Diversity and Taxonomy of the Gut Microbiota
3.2. An Apparently Mixed Taxonomic Profile Is Shown by PLWHIV under INSTIs
3.3. Alterations in the SCFA Profile Correlate with a Distinct Butyrogenic Gut Microbiota in PLWHIV
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Design of the Study and Recruited Participants
4.2. DNA Extraction from Fecal Samples and 16S rRNA Amplicon Sequencing
4.3. Bioinformatic Analyses
4.4. Fecal Short-Chain Fatty Acid Quantification
4.5. Statistical Analyses
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristic | SC (n = 18) | INSTI (n = 21) | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 48.72 ± 8.63 | 44.64 ± 8.33 | 0.179 a |
Sex n (%) | |||
Male | 11 (61.1%) | 14 (66.7%) | 0.750 b |
Female | 7 (38.89%) | 7 (33.3%) | |
BMI (kg/m2) | 25.85 ± 2.85 | 24.85 ± 3.35 | 0.310 a |
Comorbidities n (%) | 0 (0%) | 7 (33.3%) | 0.010 b |
Time since HIV diagnosis (years) | NA | 7.76 ± 5.26 | NA |
Duration of ART (years) | NA | 7.19 ± 4.83 | NA |
Time of INSTI use (years) | NA | 1.00 (1–2) | NA |
INSTI n (%) | |||
Bictegravir (BIC) | NA | 18 (85.7%) | NA |
Dolutegravir (DTG) | 3 (14.3%) | ||
INSTI-based ART including TAF n (%) | NA | 18 (85.7%) | NA |
ART prior to INSTIs n (%) | NA | 15 (71.4%) | NA |
HIV-1 RNA viral load (copies/mL) | NA | 40 (20–40) | NA |
Undetectable HIV-1 RNA (≤40 copies/mL) | NA | 20 (95.2%) | NA |
Low-level viremia (41–199 copies/mL) | 1 (4.8%) | ||
Absolute T CD4+ count (cells/μL) | ND | 552 (397–718) | NA |
Complete immune response (≥500 T CD4+ cells/µL) n (%) | |||
Complete | NA | 11 (52.4%) | NA |
Incomplete | 10 (47.6%) | ||
Nadir T CD4+ count (cells/μL) | NA | 243 (109–401) | NA |
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Baltazar-Díaz, T.A.; Andrade-Villanueva, J.F.; Sánchez-Álvarez, P.; Amador-Lara, F.; Holguín-Aguirre, T.; Sánchez-Reyes, K.; Álvarez-Zavala, M.; López-Roa, R.I.; Bueno-Topete, M.R.; González-Hernández, L.A. A Two-Faced Gut Microbiome: Butyrogenic and Proinflammatory Bacteria Predominate in the Intestinal Milieu of People Living with HIV from Western Mexico. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25, 4830. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25094830
Baltazar-Díaz TA, Andrade-Villanueva JF, Sánchez-Álvarez P, Amador-Lara F, Holguín-Aguirre T, Sánchez-Reyes K, Álvarez-Zavala M, López-Roa RI, Bueno-Topete MR, González-Hernández LA. A Two-Faced Gut Microbiome: Butyrogenic and Proinflammatory Bacteria Predominate in the Intestinal Milieu of People Living with HIV from Western Mexico. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2024; 25(9):4830. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25094830
Chicago/Turabian StyleBaltazar-Díaz, Tonatiuh Abimael, Jaime F. Andrade-Villanueva, Paulina Sánchez-Álvarez, Fernando Amador-Lara, Tania Holguín-Aguirre, Karina Sánchez-Reyes, Monserrat Álvarez-Zavala, Rocío Ivette López-Roa, Miriam Ruth Bueno-Topete, and Luz Alicia González-Hernández. 2024. "A Two-Faced Gut Microbiome: Butyrogenic and Proinflammatory Bacteria Predominate in the Intestinal Milieu of People Living with HIV from Western Mexico" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, no. 9: 4830. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25094830