Public Green Space Injustice in High-Density Post-Colonial Areas: A Case Study of the Macau Peninsula, China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Case and Methods
2.1. Methodological Framework
2.2. Study Case
2.2.1. Study Area
2.2.2. Data on PGS on the Macau Peninsula
2.2.3. Composition of Colonial and Immigrant Groups in Macau
2.2.4. Macau PGS Production Mechanism
2.3. Methods and Data
2.3.1. Data Sources
2.3.2. Spatial Gini Coefficient and Spatial Entropy
2.3.3. Spatial Share Index
2.3.4. Space Quality Evaluation
3. Results
3.1. Evaluation of the Spatial Justice of PGS on the Macau Peninsula
3.2. PGS Services for Colonial and Immigrant Groups
3.3. Changes in PGS on the Macau Peninsula, from 1980 to 2021
4. Discussion
4.1. Spatial Equity and Production of PGS
4.2. Social Integration of Groups of PGS
4.3. Spatial Equity Development and Trends of PGS
5. Conclusions
- During the urban renewal process, the focus should be on identifying and updating those PGSs with insufficient distribution and low-quality scores. The government could intervene in PGS and provide more preferential policies for the areas lacking PGS.
- To improve PGS, especially in areas with a high density of non-Chinese groups, the government should pay more attention to the cultural diversity of PGS, for example, adding some landscape installations and facilities with different cultural characteristics to help immigrant groups improve social integration and help immigrant groups improve social integration.
- Emphasis should be placed on the public participation of the immigrant groups in the urban renewal process of PGS, especially the participation of vulnerable groups, which can help them find a sense of social belonging.
- It is also necessary to increase the special planning of PGS and formulate unified planning and management goals for PGS.
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Macau Political Sovereignty | Spatial Order Project | Spatial Order Project | Urban Space and Development Context |
---|---|---|---|
Macau as “Chinese Imperial Territorial Concession” | 1557–1849 | The period of Portuguese colonial territorialization | Chinese and Portuguese political relations in urban spatial form |
Macau with “Restricted Autonomy” | 1849–1887 | ||
Macau as a “Portuguese Territory in Chinese Land” | 1887–1987 | ||
1987–1999 | The period of non-territorialization | Macau urbanism accelerated urbanization, spatial erasure, densification and homogenization | |
Macau as a “Special Administrative Region of the People’s Republic of China”, SAR | 1999–2009 | ||
2009–present | The period of integrated construction of urban agglomerations in the Greater Bay Area | Macau Masterplan and PRD mega city–region strategic spatial planning |
Spatial Unit | Mean | Median | Max | Min | SD | Variance | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Doca do Lamau | 2.751 | 2.827 | 3.195 | 2.368 | 0.323 | 0.105 |
2 | Horta e Costa e Ouvidor Arriaga | 2.473 | 2.473 | —— | —— | —— | —— |
3 | Barca | 2.216 | 2.216 | 2.338 | 2.093 | —— | —— |
4 | Patane e São Paulo | 2.546 | 2.196 | 4.337 | 1.518 | 0.984 | 0.968 |
5 | Conselheiro Ferreira de Almeida | 2.630 | 2.630 | 3.150 | 2.110 | —— | —— |
6 | Guia | 3.678 | 3.735 | 3.762 | 3.538 | 0.122 | 0.015 |
7 | Barra e Manduco | 2.567 | 2.599 | 3.098 | 1.877 | 0.504 | 0.254 |
8 | Praia Grande e Penha | 3.913 | 4.135 | 4.340 | 2.897 | 0.584 | 0.341 |
9 | ZAPE | 2.679 | 2.527 | 3.785 | 1.893 | 0.732 | 0.536 |
10 | NAPE e Aterros da Baía da Praia Grande | 3.650 | 3.728 | 4.200 | 3.105 | 0.312 | 0.097 |
11 | Baixa de Macau | 2.604 | 2.275 | 4.215 | 1.680 | 1.017 | 1.035 |
12 | Ilha Verde | 3.339 | 3.180 | 4.383 | 2.362 | 0.774 | 0.599 |
13 | Tamagnini Barbosa | 3.496 | 3.527 | 3.937 | 3.060 | 0.270 | 0.073 |
14 | Areia Preta e Iao Hon | 3.661 | 3.843 | 3.960 | 3.102 | 0.291 | 0.085 |
15 | NATAP | 3.611 | 3.657 | 4.228 | 2.815 | 0.452 | 0.205 |
16 | Móng Há e Reservatório | 2.947 | 2.826 | 4.187 | 2.305 | 0.583 | 0.340 |
17 | Fai Chi Kei | 3.727 | 4.055 | 4.303 | 1.980 | 0.985 | 0.971 |
Chinese in Peninsula | Non-Chinese | Portuguese | Southeast Asian | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Spatial share values F | 1.009 | 0.9184 | 1.654 | 0.822 |
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Sun, X.; Liu, Z. Public Green Space Injustice in High-Density Post-Colonial Areas: A Case Study of the Macau Peninsula, China. Sustainability 2024, 16, 3774. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16093774
Sun X, Liu Z. Public Green Space Injustice in High-Density Post-Colonial Areas: A Case Study of the Macau Peninsula, China. Sustainability. 2024; 16(9):3774. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16093774
Chicago/Turabian StyleSun, Xiaoli, and Ziyi Liu. 2024. "Public Green Space Injustice in High-Density Post-Colonial Areas: A Case Study of the Macau Peninsula, China" Sustainability 16, no. 9: 3774. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16093774