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19 pages, 2330 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Investigation into the Geological Origin and Influencing Factors of Selenium-Enriched Soil in Licheng, Jinan, Shandong Province

by Jie Li, Naishuang Bi, Yanling Cao, Haishun Yin, Pinrui Qin, Lian Liu, Bo Wu, Lijie Jin, Mingyang Tian, Zhixiang Niu and Baoju Zhao

Processes 2024, 12(11), 2461; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12112461 (registering DOI) - 6 Nov 2024

Abstract

The geochemical classification of soils is crucial for the scientific development and utilization of land, particularly in the investigation of selenium-rich soils, which plays a guiding role in the cultivation layout of local selenium-rich agricultural products. This study involves the collection and analysis [...] Read more.

The geochemical classification of soils is crucial for the scientific development and utilization of land, particularly in the investigation of selenium-rich soils, which plays a guiding role in the cultivation layout of local selenium-rich agricultural products. This study involves the collection and analysis of over 6000 samples of soil, water quality, and crops from the entire area of Licheng District in Jinan City, Shandong Province. By analyzing the data in conjunction with the geochemical classification standards for soil nutrient levels, soil environmental geochemical levels, and comprehensive soil quality geochemical levels, we delineated a distribution area of selenium-rich soils covering 192.26 km² in Licheng District, providing a bibliographic basis for the scientific planning of agriculture and forestry in the region. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Theoretical Progress in the Exploration and Development of Deep Coal-Measure Gas)

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32 pages, 24778 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Chemical Composition and Spectral Characteristics of Different Colored Spinel Varieties from Myanmar

by Mengwei Wang, Mingying Wang, Yihui Qi, Yuan Xue and Guanghai Shi

Minerals 2024, 14(11), 1124; https://doi.org/10.3390/min14111124 (registering DOI) - 6 Nov 2024

Abstract

With the growth of the Myanmar spinel market in recent years, spinels of colors other than red, including gray spinels, have gained increasing popularity. In this study, we performed conventional gemological, spectroscopic, and chemical analyses on the less commonly studied gray, red, pink, [...] Read more.

With the growth of the Myanmar spinel market in recent years, spinels of colors other than red, including gray spinels, have gained increasing popularity. In this study, we performed conventional gemological, spectroscopic, and chemical analyses on the less commonly studied gray, red, pink, and purple spinels from Mogok in Myanmar to investigate their chemical composition and color mechanisms. The Raman and FTIR spectral analyses indicated that the samples contained oxides of Mg-Al end-members and that the spectral peak positions of different colors were essentially the same. According to the major, minor, and trace elements of samples determined via EPMA and LA-ICP-MS, the purple and gray samples had the most prominent Fe contents, the red spinels had the highest Cr contents, and the pink samples had high V+Cr contents, with a certain amount of Fe. The UV–visible spectra indicated that the absorption spectrum of the gray samples was predominantly influenced by the Fe_tot content, particularly Fe²⁺. The color rendering of the purple spinels was also intimately associated with Fe. The absorption spectrum of the gray spinels was weaker but more concentrated at 458 nm than that of the purple varieties. Cr³⁺ and V³⁺ in the red spinels produced broad bands near 400 nm and 540 nm, respectively, while light pink spinels exhibited Cr³⁺ and V³⁺ absorption spectra but featured an additional absorption band at 460 nm due to Fe. This study complements other research on the coloration mechanisms of multi-color spinels from Mogok, especially gray spinels. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gem Deposits: Mineralogical and Gemological Aspects, 2nd Edition)

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25 pages, 1271 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Detection of Bombyx mori as a Protein Source in Feedingstuffs by Real-Time PCR with a Single-Copy Gene Target

by Aline Marien, Benjamin Dubois, Abigaël Anselmo, Pascal Veys, Gilbert Berben, Cloé Kohl, Julien Maljean, Stéphanie Guillet, Jean-François Morin and Frédéric Debode

Agriculture 2024, 14(11), 1996; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14111996 (registering DOI) - 6 Nov 2024

Abstract

The silkworm, Bombyx mori, is reared on a large scale, mainly for silk production. The waste from this silk production, like pupae, is underused. As an edible insect, B. mori is a good source of protein in human food and animal feed. [...] Read more.

The silkworm, Bombyx mori, is reared on a large scale, mainly for silk production. The waste from this silk production, like pupae, is underused. As an edible insect, B. mori is a good source of protein in human food and animal feed. In recent years, European legislation on the use of insects has evolved and a multitude of European companies have initiated the rearing of insects specifically for food and feed applications. Regarding animal feed, Commission Regulations (EU) 2021/1372 and 2021/1925 authorize eight insect species, including silkworm, as processed animal proteins for use in fish, pig, and poultry feed. The incorporation of edible insects into the human diet falls within Regulation (EU) No. 2015/2283 concerning novel foods. Implementation of authentication methods is imperative to ensure the conformity of the products. In the present study, we propose a specific real-time PCR method for the detection of silkworm (B. mori). The developed PCR test amplifies a 98 bp fragment of the cadherin gene. This gene is present in a single-copy per haploid genome, as demonstrated by experimental evidence. The qualitative method was successfully evaluated on the performance criteria of specificity, sensitivity, efficiency, robustness, and transferability. The applicability of the test was assessed on samples of B. mori from industry. Light microscopy and DNA metabarcoding approaches were used as a complement to genomic analysis as a means of providing authentication of the samples. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Farm Animal Production)

13 pages, 3413 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Clinical Evaluation of Buccal Infiltration with Articaine for Endodontic Anesthesia in Mandibular Molars with Irreversible Pulpitis

by Maria Rachel Monteiro, Carlos Fernando Mourão, Maria Cristina Volpato, Francisco Carlos Groppo, Francisco Haiter-Neto, Roberto Sacco and José Flávio Affonso de Almeida

Oral 2024, 4(4), 525-537; https://doi.org/10.3390/oral4040041 (registering DOI) - 6 Nov 2024

Abstract

Background and Objectives: This study investigates the efficacy of 4% articaine buccal infiltration in patients with mandibular molar irreversible pulpitis. The goal is to understand the anatomical factors contributing to articaine’s success in mandibular infiltrations. Materials and Methods: A randomized controlled trial was [...] Read more.

Background and Objectives: This study investigates the efficacy of 4% articaine buccal infiltration in patients with mandibular molar irreversible pulpitis. The goal is to understand the anatomical factors contributing to articaine’s success in mandibular infiltrations. Materials and Methods: A randomized controlled trial was conducted with 50 patients diagnosed with symptomatic irreversible pulpitis in mandibular molars. Patients were divided into two groups: 4% articaine buccal infiltration (n = 30) and 2% lidocaine nerve block (n = 20). Pain was assessed using visual analog scales (VASs) before diagnosis, after thermal pulp sensitivity testing, and 5 and 10 min post-anesthetic application. Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) was used to measure mandibular bone parameters. Results: The success rate for articaine buccal infiltration was 36.55%, with no significant difference between the efficacy in the first and second molars. CBCT measurements indicated no significant influence of buccal cortical bone thickness or distance from the mental foramen on anesthetic efficacy. However, articaine administration achieved anesthesia in some cases where lidocaine did not. Conclusions: Anatomical structures such as cortical bone thickness and distance from the mental foramen do not significantly influence the anesthetic efficacy of articaine in mandibular posterior infiltration for irreversible pulpitis treatment. These findings suggest that factors other than anatomical variations contribute to articaine’s superior performance in some clinical scenarios. Full article

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12 pages, 4110 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Investigation into the Internal Factors for the Catalytic Oxidation of Cyclohexane by Zr(IV)-Based Metal-Organic Frameworks

by Kechao Wang, Zhi-Peng Tao, Jia-Qi Chu, Shi-Ming Wang and Zheng-Bo Han

Polymers 2024, 16(22), 3114; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16223114 (registering DOI) - 6 Nov 2024

Abstract

Three porous Zr(IV)-based MOFs, UiO-66, MOF-808 and MOF-802, were selected to catalyze cyclohexane oxidation in order to reveal the intrinsic factors of the active site and catalytic performance. It was found that reducing the number of Zr₆O₈ ligand linkages could [...] Read more.

Three porous Zr(IV)-based MOFs, UiO-66, MOF-808 and MOF-802, were selected to catalyze cyclohexane oxidation in order to reveal the intrinsic factors of the active site and catalytic performance. It was found that reducing the number of Zr₆O₈ ligand linkages could improve the catalytic efficiency of cyclohexane oxidation. The main reason for this is the different enrichment abilities of MOFs with different linkage numbers for cyclohexane, which was confirmed by the TPD of cyclohexane and also by GCMC simulations. Meanwhile, the catalytic effect of MOF-802 was lower than expected due to its low porosity and narrow inner pore size. The by-products were identified in detail by GC-MS, providing evidence for this catalytic mechanism. In addition, the potential of this catalyst for industrial applications in cyclohexane oxidation was demonstrated by optimizing the catalytic conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polymer Materials In Electron Transfer-Based Devices)

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15 pages, 5676 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Vegetation Cover and Its Response to the Grain for Green Project in the Loess Plateau of China

by Yinlan Huang, Yunxiang Jin and Shi Chen

Forests 2024, 15(11), 1949; https://doi.org/10.3390/f15111949 (registering DOI) - 6 Nov 2024

Abstract

The Grain for Green Project (GGP) is a major national initiative aimed at ecological improvement and vegetation restoration in China, achieving substantial ecological and socio-economic benefits. Nevertheless, research on vegetation cover trends and the long-term restoration efficacy of the GGP in the Loess [...] Read more.

The Grain for Green Project (GGP) is a major national initiative aimed at ecological improvement and vegetation restoration in China, achieving substantial ecological and socio-economic benefits. Nevertheless, research on vegetation cover trends and the long-term restoration efficacy of the GGP in the Loess Plateau remains limited. This study examines the temporal–spatial evolution and sustainability of vegetation cover in this region, using NDVI data from Landsat (2000–2022) with medium-high spatial resolution. The analytical methods involve Sen’s slope, Mann–Kendall non-parametric test, and Hurst exponent to assess trends and forecast sustainability. The findings reveal that between 2000 and 2022, vegetation coverage in the Loess Plateau increased by an average of 0.86% per year (p < 0.01), marked by high vegetation cover expansion (173 × 10³ km², 26.49%) and low vegetation cover reduction (149 × 10³ km², 22.83%). The spatial pattern exhibited a northwest-to-southeast gradient, with a transition from low to high coverage levels, reflecting a persistent increase in high vegetation cover and decrease in low vegetation cover. Approximately 93% of the vegetation cover in the Loess Plateau showed significant improvement, while 5% (approximately 31 × 10³ km²) displayed a degradation trend, mainly in the urbanized and Yellow River Basin regions. Projections suggest that 90% of vegetation cover will continue to improve. In GGP-targeted areas, high and medium-high levels of vegetation cover increased significantly at rates of 0.456 ×10³ km²/year and 0.304 × 10³ km²/year, respectively, with approximately 75% of vegetation cover levels exhibiting positive trends. This study reveals the effectiveness of the GGP in promoting vegetation restoration in the Loess Plateau, offering valuable insights for vegetation recovery research and policy implementation in other ecologically fragile regions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Remote Sensing in Vegetation Dynamic and Ecology)

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18 pages, 4146 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Infill Well Placement Optimization for Polymer Flooding in Offshore Oil Reservoirs via an Improved Archimedes Optimization Algorithm with a Halton Sequence

by Engao Tang, Jian Zhang, Anlong Xia, Yi Jin, Lezhong Li, Jinju Chen, Biqin Hu and Xiaofei Sun

Energies 2024, 17(22), 5552; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17225552 (registering DOI) - 6 Nov 2024

Abstract

Infill drilling is one of the most effective methods of improving the performance of polymer flooding. The difficulties related to infill drilling are determining the optimal numbers and placements of infill wells. In this study, an improved Archimedes optimization algorithm with a Halton [...] Read more.

Infill drilling is one of the most effective methods of improving the performance of polymer flooding. The difficulties related to infill drilling are determining the optimal numbers and placements of infill wells. In this study, an improved Archimedes optimization algorithm with a Halton sequence (HS-AOA) was proposed to overcome the aforementioned difficulties. First, to optimize infill well placement for polymer flooding, an objective function that considers the economic influence of infill drilling was developed. The novel optimization algorithm (HS-AOA) for infill well placement was subsequently developed by combining the AOA with the Halton sequence. The codes were developed in MATLAB 2023a and connected to a commercial reservoir simulator, Computer Modeling Group (CMG) STARS, Calgary, AB, Canada to carry out infill well placement optimization. Finally, the HS-AOA was compared to the basic AOA to confirm its reliability and then used to optimize the infill well placements for polymer flooding in a typical offshore oil reservoir. The results showed that the introduction of the Halton sequence into the AOA effectively increased the diversity of the initial objects in the AOA and prevented the HS-AOA from becoming trapped in the local optimal solutions. The HS-AOA outperformed the AOA. This approach was effective for optimizing the infill well placement for polymer flooding processes. In addition, infill drilling could effectively and economically improve the polymer flooding performance in offshore oil reservoirs. The net present value (NPV) of the polymer flooding case with infill wells determined by HS-AOA reached USD 3.5 × 10⁸, which was an increase of 7% over that of the polymer flooding case. This study presents an effective method for optimizing infill well placement for polymer flooding processes. It can also serve as a valuable reference for other optimization problems in the petroleum industry, such as joint optimization of well control and placement. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Oil and Gas Recovery and Production Optimisation)

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29 pages, 1666 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Symmetrical Generalized Pareto Dominance and Adjusted Reference Vector Cooperative Evolutionary Algorithm for Many-Objective Optimization

by Shuwei Zhu, Liusheng Zeng and Meiji Cui

Symmetry 2024, 16(11), 1484; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym16111484 (registering DOI) - 6 Nov 2024

Abstract

In Pareto-based many-objective evolutionary algorithms, performance usually degrades drastically as the number of objectives increases due to the poor discriminability of Pareto optimality. Although some relaxed Pareto domination relations have been proposed to relieve the loss of selection pressure, it is hard to [...] Read more.

In Pareto-based many-objective evolutionary algorithms, performance usually degrades drastically as the number of objectives increases due to the poor discriminability of Pareto optimality. Although some relaxed Pareto domination relations have been proposed to relieve the loss of selection pressure, it is hard to maintain good population diversity, especially in the late phase of evolution. To solve this problem, we propose a symmetrical Generalized Pareto Dominance and Adjusted Reference Vectors Cooperative (GPDARVC) evolutionary algorithm to deal with many-objective optimization problems. The symmetric version of generalized Pareto dominance (GPD), as an efficient framework, provides sufficient selection pressure without degrading diversity, no matter of the number of objectives. Then, reference vectors (RVs), initially generated evenly in the objective space, guide the selection with good diversity. The cooperation of GPD and RVs in environmental selection in part ensures a good balance of convergence and diversity. Also, to further enhance the effectiveness of RV-guided selection, we regenerate more RVs according to the proportion of valid RVs; thereafter, we select the most valid RVs for adjustment after the association operation. To validate the performance of GPDARVC, we compare it with seven representative algorithms on commonly used sets of problems. This comprehensive analysis results in 26 test problems with different objective numbers and 6 practical problems, which show that GPDARVC outperforms other algorithms in most cases, indicating its great potential to solve many-objective optimization problems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Symmetry/Asymmetry in Evolutionary Algorithms)

27 pages, 585 KiB

Open AccessReview

Extracellular Vesicles as Biomarkers of Pregnancy Complications

by Anastasiia K. Popova, Elena S. Vashukova, Roman A. Illarionov, Anastasia R. Maltseva, Olga V. Pachuliia, Tatiana B. Postnikova and Andrey S. Glotov

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(22), 11944; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms252211944 (registering DOI) - 6 Nov 2024

Abstract

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are double-membrane vesicles that facilitate intercellular communication and play a pivotal role in both physiological and pathological processes. A substantial body of evidence suggests that EVs play a role in the pathogenesis of various pregnancy complications. Because EVs can be [...] Read more.

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are double-membrane vesicles that facilitate intercellular communication and play a pivotal role in both physiological and pathological processes. A substantial body of evidence suggests that EVs play a role in the pathogenesis of various pregnancy complications. Because EVs can be detected in the peripheral blood, they are potential biomarkers for the early diagnosis of pregnancy complications and foetal developmental disorders. The majority of studies have demonstrated a correlation between alterations in the concentration of EVs and changes in their contents and the occurrence of pregnancy complications. Despite the current limitations in establishing a clear link between these findings and the pathogenesis of the disease, as well as the lack of sufficient evidence to support their use in clinical practice, it is noteworthy to highlight the potential role of specific miRNAs carried by EVs in the development of pregnancy complications. These include miR-210 and miR-136-5p for pre-eclampsia and gestational diabetes mellitus, miR-155, miR-26b-5p, miR-181a-5p, miR-495 and miR-374c for pre-eclampsia and preterm birth. The following miRNAs have been identified as potential biomarkers for preterm birth and gestational diabetes mellitus: miR-197-3p and miR-520h, miR-1323, miR-342-3p, miR-132-3p, miR-182-3p, miR-517-3p, miR-222-3p, miR-16-5p and miR-126-3p. Additionally, miR-127-3p has been linked to foetal growth restriction and preterm birth. Nevertheless, it would be premature to propose that EVs can be employed as biomarkers for pregnancy complications. Further research and the accumulation of results obtained using the methods proposed in the MISEV2023 guidelines will enable a definitive conclusion to be reached. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Molecular Biology)

13 pages, 700 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Distribution and Incorporation of Extracellular Vesicles into Chondrocytes and Synoviocytes

by Takashi Ohtsuki, Ikumi Sato, Ren Takashita, Shintaro Kodama, Kentaro Ikemura, Gabriel Opoku, Shogo Watanabe, Takayuki Furumatsu, Hiroshi Yamada, Mitsuru Ando, Kazunari Akiyoshi, Keiichiro Nishida and Satoshi Hirohata

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(22), 11942; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms252211942 (registering DOI) - 6 Nov 2024

Abstract

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic disease affecting over 500 million people worldwide. As the population ages and obesity rates rise, the societal burden of OA is increasing. Pro-inflammatory cytokines, particularly interleukin-1β are implicated in the pathogenesis of OA. Recent studies suggest that crosstalk [...] Read more.

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic disease affecting over 500 million people worldwide. As the population ages and obesity rates rise, the societal burden of OA is increasing. Pro-inflammatory cytokines, particularly interleukin-1β are implicated in the pathogenesis of OA. Recent studies suggest that crosstalk between cartilage and synovium contributes to OA development, but the mechanisms remain unclear. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) were purified from cell culture-conditioned medium via ultracentrifugation and confirmed using transmission electron microscopy, nanoparticle tracking analysis, and western blotting. We demonstrated that EVs were taken up by human synoviocytes and chondrocytes in vitro, while in vivo experiments revealed that fluorescent-labelled EVs injected into mouse joints were incorporated into chondrocytes and synoviocytes. EV uptake was significantly inhibited by dynamin-mediated endocytosis inhibitors, indicating that endocytosis plays a major role in this process. Additionally, co-culture experiments with HEK-293 cells expressing red fluorescent protein (RFP)-tagged CD9 and the chondrocytic cell line OUMS-27 confirmed the transfer of RFP-positive EVs across a 600-nm but not a 30-nm filter. These findings suggest that EVs from chondrocytes are released into joint fluid and taken up by cells within the cartilage, potentially facilitating communication between cartilage and synovium. The results underscore the importance of EVs in OA pathophysiology. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Metabolisms in Cartilage Health and Diseases: 3rd Edition)

27 pages, 602 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Fuzzy Method for Exploring Key Factors of Smart Healthcare to Long-Term Care Based on Z-Numbers

by Chen-Tung Chen and Chien-Chi Chu

Mathematics 2024, 12(22), 3471; https://doi.org/10.3390/math12223471 (registering DOI) - 6 Nov 2024

Abstract

As the proportion of the population comprising the elderly cohort increases, so too does the demand for medical care for long-term conditions among this demographic. The advent of information technology and artificial intelligence has prompted a crucial examination of the potential of smart [...] Read more.

As the proportion of the population comprising the elderly cohort increases, so too does the demand for medical care for long-term conditions among this demographic. The advent of information technology and artificial intelligence has prompted a crucial examination of the potential of smart medical technology and equipment to enhance the quality of long-term care and the operational efficiency of long-term care facilities. The introduction of smart healthcare into long-term care is influenced by a few factors, and expert opinions often exhibit ambiguity and subjectivity in the evaluation process. As Z-numbers are capable of adequately expressing the ambiguity of expert assessments and the degree of certainty associated with them, they are employed in this study to convey the opinions of the experts. Furthermore, the Decision-Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory (DEMATEL) method is an effective approach to analyzing the relationships between factors. Consequently, this study integrates the Z-numbers and DEMATEL methods for empirical analysis. The present study focuses on two long-term care institutions with different natures as empirical subjects. The findings of the study indicate that Institution A identifies the “Internet of Things” as the most pivotal key factor, whereas Institution B deems “Smart clinics and urgent care centers” to be the most crucial key factor. The analysis demonstrates that three factors—global positioning systems, telemedicine, and electronic medical records—are all regarded as significant influencing factors for different long-term care institutions. Consequently, the analytical model of this study is not only theoretically sound but also effective in identifying the key factors and importance of introducing smart healthcare into long-term care institutions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fuzzy Applications in Industrial Engineering, 3rd Edition)

6 pages, 402 KiB

Open AccessBrief Report

Beneficial Impact of Vaccination Against SARS-CoV-2 on the Mental Health of IPF Patients

by Ioannis Tomos, Andriana I. Papaioannou, Zoe I. Daniil, Ilias E. Dimeas, Paraskevi Kirgou, Athena Gogali, Konstantinos Tatsis, Ilias Papanikolaou, Vasilios Tzilas, Argyrios Tzouvelekis, Panayiota Tsiri, Paschalis Steiropoulos, Pachalis Ntolios, Areti Xyfteri, Katerina Antoniou, Emmanouil Symvoulakis, Aggeliki Haritou, Maria Maniati, Lykourgos Kolilekas, Elvira-Markella Antonogiannaki, Vasiliki Apollonatou, Maria Kallieri, Kostas Samaras, Stylianos Loukides, Anna Karakatsani, Demosthenes Bouros, Effrosyni Manali and Spyros Papiris Show full author list Hide full author list

Adv. Respir. Med. 2024, 92(6), 466-471; https://doi.org/10.3390/arm92060042 - 6 Nov 2024

Abstract

Background: Depression and anxiety represent significant comorbidities in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) patients, affecting their quality of life. The COVID-19 pandemic has had an uneven impact on global mental health. The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) constitutes a validated tool to [...] Read more.

Background: Depression and anxiety represent significant comorbidities in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) patients, affecting their quality of life. The COVID-19 pandemic has had an uneven impact on global mental health. The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) constitutes a validated tool to identify anxiety disorders and depression. The aim of this multicentre study was to evaluate the effect of COVID-19 vaccination on depression and anxiety in IPF patients. Methods: Consecutive IPF patients (median 73.5 years) who are regularly followed-up with were included in the study. Demographics, functional, and clinical were recorded. The HADS score was calculated before and one month after vaccination against COVID-19 in all participants. A Wilcoxon signed ranks test was conducted. Results: A total of 180 IPF patients (median 73.5 years) were included in the study. Among them, 145 patients (81%) received antifibrotic treatment. A significant reduction in HADS, both in anxiety and depression scales, was observed one month after vaccination against SARS-COV-2), independent of age, smoking, lung function impairment, and prior history of depression (p < 0.01). Conclusions: A higher Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale score was detected before vaccination against COVID-19. It seems that vaccination also offered a beneficial effect on depression and anxiety in IPF patients, independent of age, smoking, lung function impairment, and prior history of depression. Full article

25 pages, 2512 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Morphofunctional Features of Glomeruli and Nephrons After Exposure to Electrons at Different Doses: Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, Apoptosis

by Grigory Demyashkin, Sergey Koryakin, Mikhail Parshenkov, Polina Skovorodko, Matvey Vadyukhin, Zhanna Uruskhanova, Yulia Stepanova, Vladimir Shchekin, Artem Mirontsev, Vera Rostovskaya, Sergey Ivanov, Petr Shegay and Andrei Kaprin

Curr. Issues Mol. Biol. 2024, 46(11), 12608-12632; https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb46110748 - 6 Nov 2024

Abstract

Kidney disease has emerged as a significant global health issue, projected to become the fifth-leading cause of years of life lost by 2040. The kidneys, being highly radiosensitive, are vulnerable to damage from various forms of radiation, including gamma (γ) and X-rays. However, [...] Read more.

Kidney disease has emerged as a significant global health issue, projected to become the fifth-leading cause of years of life lost by 2040. The kidneys, being highly radiosensitive, are vulnerable to damage from various forms of radiation, including gamma (γ) and X-rays. However, the effects of electron radiation on renal tissues remain poorly understood. Given the localized energy deposition of electron beams, this study seeks to investigate the dose-dependent morphological and molecular changes in the kidneys following electron irradiation, aiming to address the gap in knowledge regarding its impact on renal structures. The primary aim of this study is to conduct a detailed morphological and molecular analysis of the kidneys following localized electron irradiation at different doses, to better understand the dose-dependent effects on renal tissue structure and function in an experimental model. Male Wistar rats (n = 75) were divided into five groups, including a control group and four experimental groups receiving 2, 4, 6, or 8 Gray (Gy) of localized electron irradiation to the kidneys. Biochemical markers of inflammation (interleukin-1 beta [IL-1β], interleukin-6 [IL-6], interleukin-10 [IL-10], tumor necrosis factor-alpha [TNF-α]) and oxidative stress (malondialdehyde [MDA], superoxide dismutase [SOD], glutathione [GSH]) were measured, and morphological changes were assessed using histological and immunohistochemical techniques (TUNEL assay, caspase-3). The study revealed a significant dose-dependent increase in oxidative stress, inflammation, and renal tissue damage. Higher doses of irradiation resulted in increased apoptosis, early stages of fibrosis (at high doses), and morphological changes in renal tissue. This study highlights the dose-dependent effects of electrons on renal structures, emphasizing the need for careful consideration of the dosage in clinical use to minimize adverse effects on renal function. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biochemistry, Molecular and Cellular Biology)

19 pages, 8941 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Cultural Assessment as the Meeting Point in the Dialogue Between Heritage Studies and Architectural Practice—The Adaptive Reuse of Trinity College, Coimbra (Portugal)

by Mar Loren-Méndez, Marta García-Casasola and Domingo Galán-Caro

Architecture 2024, 4(4), 989-1007; https://doi.org/10.3390/architecture4040052 - 6 Nov 2024

Abstract

More than a century after Riegl took the first steps in the theory of value that characterised the 20th century, conservation is now being challenged from the perspective of understanding heritage intervention projects. Critical transformation of heritage, based on knowledge, modifies the characteristics [...] Read more.

More than a century after Riegl took the first steps in the theory of value that characterised the 20th century, conservation is now being challenged from the perspective of understanding heritage intervention projects. Critical transformation of heritage, based on knowledge, modifies the characteristics of what is of value, its significance and its materiality. This work process deals with questions related to citizens’ perceptions, where consensus is sought to agree on what has value in a heritage context and how intervention projects affect this consideration. This article represents a revision of heritage methodology insofar as it establishes a contemporary dialogue between architectural practice and heritage studies through the identification and management of cultural values. It takes as a case study the Trinity College in Coimbra, by Aires Mateus. This work is framed within the declaration of the University of Coimbra as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. This methodology can be extrapolated to other case studies, providing a necessary framework for understanding design action in different heritage contexts. This research attempts to equate the heritage asset’s initial values with those generated or activated after the intervention, highlighting the recognition of these values as a key objective of heritage studies and design action. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Conservation of Architectural Heritage. New Urban Perspectives: Conceptual, Methodological, Technical and Management Advances)

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16 pages, 925 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Factors Associated with Heart Disease in Japan: Multivariate Analysis Based on Specific Health Checkups

by Yoh Tamaki, Yoshimune Hiratsuka and Toshiro Kumakawa

J. Ageing Longev. 2024, 4(4), 343-358; https://doi.org/10.3390/jal4040025 - 6 Nov 2024

Abstract

The global population affected by heart failure is projected to reach 30 million. The number of deaths due to heart disease has surged, rising from 2 million in 2000 to 8.9 million in 2019. In Japan, the prevalence of heart failure is rapidly [...] Read more.

The global population affected by heart failure is projected to reach 30 million. The number of deaths due to heart disease has surged, rising from 2 million in 2000 to 8.9 million in 2019. In Japan, the prevalence of heart failure is rapidly increasing, with the number expected to reach 1.3 million by 2030. Primary prevention is crucial to prevent heart disease. We explored the associations of heart disease incidence with findings from checkups performed a decade ago. A multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that individuals who reported a history of stroke, history of chronic renal failure, or weight gain ≥ 10 kg since age 20 in the questionnaire-based health checkup are at high risk for developing heart disease. Additionally, those with biochemical test results from 10 years ago indicating the use of antihypertensive drugs, use of insulin injections or hypoglycemic medications, systolic hypertension, and abnormal creatinine levels also exhibited a significantly higher risk of heart disease. Conversely, individuals who identified as female, walked faster than people of the same age, drank alcohol daily, and felt refreshed upon awakening in the questionnaire-based health checkup were protected from heart disease. Full article

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21 pages, 4004 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Online Reviews Meet Visual Attention: A Study on Consumer Patterns in Advertising, Analyzing Customer Satisfaction, Visual Engagement, and Purchase Intention

by Aura Lydia Riswanto, Sujin Ha, Sangho Lee and Mahnwoo Kwon

J. Theor. Appl. Electron. Commer. Res. 2024, 19(4), 3102-3122; https://doi.org/10.3390/jtaer19040150 - 6 Nov 2024

Abstract

This study aims to bridge the gap between traditional consumer behavior analysis and modern techniques by integrating big data analysis, eye-tracking technology, and survey methods. The researchers considered that understanding consumer behavior is crucial for creating effective advertisements in the digital age. Initially, [...] Read more.

This study aims to bridge the gap between traditional consumer behavior analysis and modern techniques by integrating big data analysis, eye-tracking technology, and survey methods. The researchers considered that understanding consumer behavior is crucial for creating effective advertisements in the digital age. Initially, a big data analysis was performed to identify significant clusters of consumer sentiment from online reviews generated during a recent seasonal promotional campaign. The key factors were identified and grouped into the “Product”, “Model”, “Promo”, and “Effect” categories. Using these clusters as a foundation, an eye-tracking analysis measured visual attention metrics such as the fixation duration and count to understand how the participants engaged with the different advertisement content. Subsequently, a survey assessed the same participants’ purchase intentions and preferences related to the identified clusters. The results showed that the sentiment clusters related to products, promotions, and effects positively impacted the customer satisfaction. The eye-tracking data revealed that advertisements featuring products and models garnered the most visual attention, while the survey results indicated that promotional content significantly influenced the purchase intentions. This multi-step approach delivers an in-depth understanding of the factors that affect customer satisfaction and decision-making, providing valuable information for optimizing marketing strategies in the Korean skincare market. The findings emphasize the importance of integrating consumer sentiment analysis with visual engagement metrics to develop more effective and compelling marketing campaigns. Full article

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11 pages, 1114 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Load Modulation Affects Pediatric Lower Limb Joint Moments During a Step-Up Task

by Vatsala Goyal, Keith E. Gordon and Theresa Sukal-Moulton

Biomechanics 2024, 4(4), 653-663; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomechanics4040047 - 6 Nov 2024

Abstract

Introduction: Performance in a single step has been suggested to be a sensitive measure of movement quality in pediatric clinical populations. Although there is less information available in children with typical development, researchers have postulated the importance of analyzing the effect of body [...] Read more.

Introduction: Performance in a single step has been suggested to be a sensitive measure of movement quality in pediatric clinical populations. Although there is less information available in children with typical development, researchers have postulated the importance of analyzing the effect of body weight modulation on the initiation of stair ascent, especially during single-limb stance where upright stability is most critical. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of load modulation from −20% to +15% of body weight on typical pediatric lower limb joint moments during a step-up task. Methods: Fourteen participants between 5 and 21 years who did not have any neurological or musculoskeletal concerns were recruited to perform multiple step-up trials. Peak extensor support and hip abduction moments were identified during the push-off and pull-up stance phases. Linear regressions were used to determine the relationship between peak moments and load. Mixed-effects models were used to estimate the effect of load on hip, knee, and ankle percent contributions to peak support moments. Results: There was a positive linear relationship between peak support moments and load in both stance phases, where these moments scaled with load. There was no relationship between peak hip abduction moments and load. While the ankle and knee were the primary contributors to the support moments, the hip contributed more than expected in the pull-up phase. Discussion: Clinicians can use these results to contextualize movement differences in pediatric clinical populations, including in those with cerebral palsy, and highlight potential target areas for rehabilitation for populations such as adolescent athletes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Personalized Biomechanics and Orthopedics of the Lower Extremity)

10 pages, 277 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Establishing a Collaborative Genomic Repository for Adult Burn Survivors: A Burn Model System Feasibility Study

by Stephen Sibbett, Jamie Oh, Gretchen Carrougher, Lara Muffley, Nathaniel Ashford, Maiya Pacleb, Samuel Mandell, Jeffrey Schneider, Steven Wolf, Barclay Stewart and Nicole S. Gibran

Eur. Burn J. 2024, 5(4), 389-398; https://doi.org/10.3390/ebj5040034 - 6 Nov 2024

Abstract

In this study, we aimed to integrate a genetic repository with an existing longitudinal national burn database. We set out two primary objectives, namely (1) to develop standard operating procedures for genetic sample collection and storage, DNA isolation, and data integration into an [...] Read more.

In this study, we aimed to integrate a genetic repository with an existing longitudinal national burn database. We set out two primary objectives, namely (1) to develop standard operating procedures for genetic sample collection and storage, DNA isolation, and data integration into an existing multicenter database; and (2) to demonstrate the feasibility of correlating genetic variation to functional outcomes in a pilot study, using the catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) gene. Dubbed the worrier/warrior gene, COMT variants have been associated with varying phenotypes of post-traumatic stress, wellbeing, and resilience. Between August 2018 and July 2020, COMT variants were identified for 111 participants from three sites and correlated with their outcome data. We found no association between COMT variants and functional outcomes, likely due to the inadequate sample size. We also asked all potential participants why they consented to or refused genetic analysis. A thematic analysis of responses revealed altruism and personal interest/enthusiasm in the study as top reasons for consenting. Privacy concerns were the most common reason for refusal. In conclusion, we successfully developed standard operating procedures for genetic sample collection and storage, DNA isolation, and data integration into an existing database, and we demonstrated the feasibility of conducting a multicenter collaborative study using a centralized lab location. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Long-Term Outcomes after Burn Injuries: Strategies to Optimize Recovery)

22 pages, 837 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Generative AI and Media Content Creation: Investigating the Factors Shaping User Acceptance in the Arab Gulf States

by Mahmoud Sayed Mohamed Ali, Khaled Zaki AbuElkhair Wasel and Amr Mohamed Mahmoud Abdelhamid

Journal. Media 2024, 5(4), 1624-1645; https://doi.org/10.3390/journalmedia5040101 - 6 Nov 2024

Abstract

This article aims to investigate the factors that affect behavioural intention (BI) and user behaviour (UB) among Arabian users of generative artificial intelligence (GenAI) applications in the context of media content creation. The study’s theoretical framework is grounded in the unified theory of [...] Read more.

This article aims to investigate the factors that affect behavioural intention (BI) and user behaviour (UB) among Arabian users of generative artificial intelligence (GenAI) applications in the context of media content creation. The study’s theoretical framework is grounded in the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology (UTAUT2). A sample of 496 users was analysed using the partial least squares structural equation modelling technique (PLS-SEM). The results revealed that BI is significantly influenced by performance expectancy, effort expectancy, social influence, hedonic motivation, habit, and user trust, with hedonic motivation having the greatest impact. In terms of UB, facilitation conditions, habit, user trust, and BI were all found to have a positive and significant impact. This study contributes to the existing theory on the utilisation of GenAI applications by organising findings pertaining to the use of AI technology for media content creation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Journalism, Media, and Artificial Intelligence: Let Us Define the Journey)

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25 pages, 16485 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Scan-to-BIM Process and Architectural Conservation: Towards an Effective Tool for the Thematic Mapping of Decay and Alteration Phenomena

by Manuela Aricò, Claudia Ferro, Marcello La Guardia, Mauro Lo Brutto, Germana Taranto and Gaspare Massimo Ventimiglia

Heritage 2024, 7(11), 6257-6281; https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage7110294 - 6 Nov 2024

Abstract

Ancient monumental complexes need continuous analysis and monitoring operations to preserve a good conservation status. For this reason, the analysis of decay and alteration phenomena represents one of the main activities for their preservation. At the same time, the diffusion of Heritage Building [...] Read more.

Ancient monumental complexes need continuous analysis and monitoring operations to preserve a good conservation status. For this reason, the analysis of decay and alteration phenomena represents one of the main activities for their preservation. At the same time, the diffusion of Heritage Building Information Modelling (HBIM) methodology opens new scenarios for the management of Architectural Heritage. The paper describes the workflow based on a Scan-to-BIM approach for the generation of a decay map in an HBIM model. The workflow was applied to a significant case study, the church of “Santa Maria della Grotta” in Marsala (Italy). This church, partially excavated in a sandstone bank, is part of a larger heritage site consisting of a series of hypogea and a Punic necropolis dating back more than a thousand years. The Scan-to-BIM process, relying on an integrated survey combining mobile laser scanning and photogrammetric technologies, enabled the achievement of a complete 3D parametric model of the monument and, altogether, a detailed decay map in a BIM environment. The mapping process focused on the production of thematic maps of perimetral walls according to an abacus of decays implemented in a BIM system, useful for the analysis and conservation of the church. The work demonstrates how the Scan-to-BIM process is an efficient approach for 3D data collection and how it could facilitate the identification and mapping of pathogenic phenomena. Furthermore, the inclusion of this kind of information in the BIM model represents an effective tool for the maintenance and restoration of built heritage. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Digital Heritage)

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16 pages, 3647 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Re-Examination of the Sel’kov Model of Glycolysis and Its Symmetry-Breaking Instability Due to the Impact of Diffusion with Implications for Cancer Imitation Caused by the Warburg Effect

by Miljko V. Satarić, Tomas Nemeš and Jack A. Tuszynski

Biophysica 2024, 4(4), 545-560; https://doi.org/10.3390/biophysica4040036 - 6 Nov 2024

Abstract

We revisit the seminal model of glycolysis first proposed by Sel’kov more than fifty years ago. We investigate the onset of instabilities in biological systems described by the Sel’kov model in order to determine the conditions of the model parameters that lead to [...] Read more.

We revisit the seminal model of glycolysis first proposed by Sel’kov more than fifty years ago. We investigate the onset of instabilities in biological systems described by the Sel’kov model in order to determine the conditions of the model parameters that lead to bifurcations. We analyze the glycolysis reaction under the circumstances when the diffusivity of both ATP and ADP reactants are taken into account. We estimate the critical value of the model’s single compact dimensionless parameter, which is responsible for the onset of reaction instability and the system’s symmetry breaking. It appears that it leads to spatial inhomogeneities of reactants, leading to the formation of standing waves instead of a homogeneous distribution of ATP molecules. The consequences of this model and its results are discussed in the context of the Warburg effect, which signifies a transition from oxidative phosphorylation to glycolysis that is correlated with the initiation and progression of cancer. Our analysis may lead to the selection of therapeutic interventions in order to prevent the symmetry-breaking phenomenon described in our work. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Feature Papers in Biophysics)

25 pages, 23247 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Infrared and Visible Camera Integration for Detection and Tracking of Small UAVs: Systematic Evaluation

by Ana Pereira, Stephen Warwick, Alexandra Moutinho and Afzal Suleman

Drones 2024, 8(11), 650; https://doi.org/10.3390/drones8110650 - 6 Nov 2024

Abstract

Given the recent proliferation of Unmanned Aerial Systems (UASs) and the consequent importance of counter-UASs, this project aims to perform the detection and tracking of small non-cooperative UASs using Electro-optical (EO) and Infrared (IR) sensors. Two data integration techniques, at the decision and [...] Read more.

Given the recent proliferation of Unmanned Aerial Systems (UASs) and the consequent importance of counter-UASs, this project aims to perform the detection and tracking of small non-cooperative UASs using Electro-optical (EO) and Infrared (IR) sensors. Two data integration techniques, at the decision and pixel levels, are compared with the use of each sensor independently to evaluate the system robustness in different operational conditions. The data are submitted to a YOLOv7 detector merged with a ByteTrack tracker. For training and validation, additional efforts are made towards creating datasets of spatially and temporally aligned EO and IR annotated Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) frames and videos. These consist of the acquisition of real data captured from a workstation on the ground, followed by image calibration, image alignment, the application of bias-removal techniques, and data augmentation methods to artificially create images. The performance of the detector across datasets shows an average precision of 88.4%, recall of 85.4%, and [email protected] of 88.5%. Tests conducted on the decision-level fusion architecture demonstrate notable gains in recall and precision, although at the expense of lower frame rates. Precision, recall, and frame rate are not improved by the pixel-level fusion design. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Intelligent Image Processing and Sensing for Drones 2nd Edition)

14 pages, 561 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Design of NLOS Communication Scheme Based on SC-FDE with Cyclic Suffix for UAV Payload Communication

by Peng Wang , Xin Xiang , Rui Wang , Pengyu Dong and Qiao Li

Drones 2024, 8(11), 648; https://doi.org/10.3390/drones8110648 - 6 Nov 2024

Abstract

Non-line-of-sight (NLOS) communication with severe loss always leads to performance degradation in unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) payload communication. In this paper, a UAV NLOS communication scheme based on single-carrier frequency domain equalization with cyclic prefix and cyclic suffix (CP/CS-SC-FDE) is designed. First, the [...] Read more.

Non-line-of-sight (NLOS) communication with severe loss always leads to performance degradation in unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) payload communication. In this paper, a UAV NLOS communication scheme based on single-carrier frequency domain equalization with cyclic prefix and cyclic suffix (CP/CS-SC-FDE) is designed. First, the reasons behind the generation of later intersymbol interference (LISI) in UAV NLOS communication are investigated. Then, the frame structure of conventional single-carrier frequency domain equalization with cyclic prefix (CP-SC-FDE) is improved, and the UAV NLOS communication frame structure based on cyclic prefix (CP) and cyclic suffix (CS) is designed. Furthermore, a channel estimation algorithm applicable to this scheme is proposed. The numerical results show that this UAV communication scheme can eliminate intersymbol interference (ISI) in NLOS communication. Compared with the conventional CP-SC-FDE system, this scheme can achieve excellent performance in the Rayleigh channel and other standard NLOS channels. In the CP/CS-SC-FDE system, the BER result is similar to that under ideal synchronization. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Drone Communications)

91 pages, 33995 KiB

Open AccessReview

Cryogenic Impact on Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Epoxy Composites for Hydrogen Storage Vessels

by Omar Dagdag and Hansang Kim

J. Compos. Sci. 2024, 8(11), 459; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs8110459 - 6 Nov 2024

Abstract

Carbon fiber-reinforced epoxy (CF/EP) composites are attractive materials for hydrogen storage tanks due to their high strength-to-weight ratio and outstanding chemical resistance. However, cryogenic temperatures (CTs) have a substantial impact on the tensile strength and interfacial bonding of CF/EP materials, producing problems for [...] Read more.

Carbon fiber-reinforced epoxy (CF/EP) composites are attractive materials for hydrogen storage tanks due to their high strength-to-weight ratio and outstanding chemical resistance. However, cryogenic temperatures (CTs) have a substantial impact on the tensile strength and interfacial bonding of CF/EP materials, producing problems for their long-term performance and safety in hydrogen storage tank applications. This review paper investigates how low temperatures affect the tensile strength, modulus, and fracture toughness of CF/EP materials, as well as the essential interfacial interactions between carbon fibers (CFs) and the epoxy matrix (EP) in cryogenic environments. Material toughening techniques have evolved significantly, including the incorporation of nano-fillers, hybrid fibers, and enhanced resin formulations, to improve the durability and performance of CF/EP materials in cryogenic conditions. This review also assesses the hydrogen barrier properties of various composites, emphasizing the importance of reducing hydrogen permeability in order to retain material integrity. This review concludes by highlighting the importance of optimizing CF/EP composite design and fabrication for long-term performance and safety in hydrogen storage systems. It examines the prospects for using CF/EP composites in hydrogen storage tanks, as well as future research directions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Fiber Composites)

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