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15 pages, 1857 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Bioactive Compounds and Pigmenting Potential of Vaccinium corymbosum Extracts Separated with Aqueous Biphasic Systems Aided by Centrifugation

by Mayra Carranza-Gomez, Salvador Valle-Guadarrama, Ricardo Domínguez-Puerto, Ofelia Sandoval-Castilla and Diana Guerra-Ramírez

Processes 2025, 13(4), 1072; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13041072 (registering DOI) - 3 Apr 2025

Abstract

The blueberry fruit (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) exhibits a high content of bioactive compounds, including anthocyanins, that can be used as pigmenting agents, but they are mixed with sugars, which can hinder their utilization. The objective was to evaluate the use of aqueous [...] Read more.

The blueberry fruit (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) exhibits a high content of bioactive compounds, including anthocyanins, that can be used as pigmenting agents, but they are mixed with sugars, which can hinder their utilization. The objective was to evaluate the use of aqueous two-phase extraction aided by centrifugation to separate bioactive compounds, particularly anthocyanins, from blueberry fruits, considering the reduction of sugars, for their use as pigmenting agents in a food product. A mixture of trisodium citrate (Na₃C₃H₅O(COO)₃; Na₃Cit) and polyethylene glycol ([HO-(CH₂CH₂O)n-CH₂OH]; poly (ethane-1,2-diol); PEG) with a molecular weight of 4 kDa was used. Based on the cloud point method, a binodal diagram was developed. After the evaluation of several systems with composition located on a tie line, conditions were identified to form biphasic systems with phases of equal volume. Passive sedimentation for 0, 15, and 30 min, followed by centrifugation and also passive sedimentation for 24 h without centrifugation, were evaluated. A system with 17.73% Na₃Cit, 21.33% PEG, 30 min of passive sedimentation, and 15 min of centrifugation at 2940× g produced an extract with a high concentration of soluble phenols (0.353 mg/mL) and anthocyanins (0.202 mg/mL) and, likewise, high antioxidant activity (910.0 mmol gallic acid equivalents per mL), with reduced sugar content, which demonstrated to have the potential to pigment food beverages with a reddish tone. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Food Process Engineering)

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11 pages, 221 KiB

Open AccessArticle

“What Do You Get? Nothing”: A Qualitative Analysis of the Financial Impact of Family Caregiving for a Dying Relative at Home in Germany

by Sally Pieper, Alina Kasdorf, Raymond Voltz and Julia Strupp

Healthcare 2025, 13(7), 810; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare13070810 (registering DOI) - 3 Apr 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: As a result of demographic change in Germany, the number of people in need of care is steadily increasing, with a correspondingly larger proportion of care being provided by family members at home. Family caregivers face significant challenges in providing such [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: As a result of demographic change in Germany, the number of people in need of care is steadily increasing, with a correspondingly larger proportion of care being provided by family members at home. Family caregivers face significant challenges in providing such care, particularly when balancing work responsibilities. Many experience a loss of income due to reduced working hours or the necessity of leaving the labor market. Additional caregiving costs, such as medical expenses, transportation, and home modifications, further exacerbate their financial burden. Methods: This study consists of an online survey, which included the German version of the Carer Support Needs Assessment Tool (CSNAT), designed to assess the support needs of family caregivers. Respondents were asked to describe their support needs in open-text responses. To illustrate their experiences, a qualitative content analysis was conducted. Results: Out of the 320 questionnaires, 304 of them contained open-text responses that could be analyzed. Important themes included the need for support in the workplace, financial security, and assistance with administrative barriers. In addition to more flexible working hours and greater understanding from employers, the need for financial compensation for loss of working time was expressed. Conclusions: Despite a growing awareness of the gaps in support, the needs of family caregivers remain inadequately addressed, leaving them financially burdened and unsupported. Ultimately, this study calls for a re-evaluation of societal attitudes toward caring, arguing for greater recognition of the economic contributions of family caregivers and the implementation of supportive policies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Advances in Palliative Care)

15 pages, 386 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

The Washout Resistance of Bioactive Root-End Filling Materials—A Systematic Review

by Joanna Falkowska-Ostrowska and Włodzimierz Dura

J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14(7), 2446; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14072446 (registering DOI) - 3 Apr 2025

Abstract

When performing an apicoectomy avoiding the microleakage is desired. That is why materials used for this procedure should be resistant to washout. Washout refers to the tendency of freshly prepared materials to disintegrate upon contact with fluids. Background/Objectives: The aim [...] Read more.

When performing an apicoectomy avoiding the microleakage is desired. That is why materials used for this procedure should be resistant to washout. Washout refers to the tendency of freshly prepared materials to disintegrate upon contact with fluids. Background/Objectives: The aim of this paper is to provide a literature review on the washout resistance of bioactive root-end filling materials. Methods: This systematic review was conducted following the PRISMA 2020 guidelines. International databases (PubMed, Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, and Wiley Online Library) were searched, and articles published in the last 20 years were selected for analysis. The following keywords were used “antiwashout”, “washout resistance”, “washout in dentistry”, “root-end filling materials”, “calcium silicate-based cements”, “bioceramic materials”. A total of 6 in vitro studies that met all the inclusion criteria were included in the analysis. The overall risk of bias was low in all six studies. Results: Most tested bioceramic materials are Endocem, Capasio, and Ceramicrete-D. Generex-A, MTA-Plus, MTA-AW, Bioaggregate, and MTA HP usually demonstrate very good washout resistance. ProRoot and MTA Angelus performed differently depending on the test; however, generally they showed good washout resistance. The Biodentine material showed significant washout, and requires further research. There is still a lack of a unified method for washout evaluation in dentistry, which makes it difficult to compare different studies. Conclusions: The study the confirmed excellent washout resistance of EndoCem, Capasio, Ceramicrete-D, Generex-A, Bioaggregate, MTA-Plus, and MTA HP. ProRoot, MTA-Angelus, and MTA Angelus White exhibited lower washout resistance. Biodentine shows poor washout resistance, and requires further research. A unified method for assessing washout would be beneficial for comparing different studies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Current Advances in Endodontics and Dental Traumatology)

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19 pages, 3592 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assessment of the Hazards Occurring During the Thermal Decomposition and Combustion Process in a Toothed Belt Transmission

by Łukasz Warguła, Piotr Kaczmarzyk, Bartosz Wieczorek, Daniel Małozięć and Anna Dziechciarz

Materials 2025, 18(7), 1637; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18071637 (registering DOI) - 3 Apr 2025

Abstract

This article demonstrates that machine fires caused by a belt transmission are a fundamental and current research problem. The aim of this work is to identify the hazards during thermal decomposition and combustion of a transmission with a toothed belt, used as a [...] Read more.

This article demonstrates that machine fires caused by a belt transmission are a fundamental and current research problem. The aim of this work is to identify the hazards during thermal decomposition and combustion of a transmission with a toothed belt, used as a drive or conveyor belt to synchronise mechanisms. The analysis distinguished belts in a polyurethane or rubber cushion with a Kevlar, steel, or polyurethane cord. The belts’ composite structure can be a source of unpredictable emissions and toxic substances of varying concentrations and compositions during thermal decomposition and combustion. To evaluate the compared belts, a testing methodology was used to determine the toxicometric indicators (W_LC50SM), according to which it was possible to assess the toxicity of the thermal decomposition and combustion products following EU standards. The analysis was carried out based on the recorded emissions of chemical compounds during the thermal decomposition and combustion of polymer materials at three different temperatures (450, 550, and 750 °C). The least favourable toxicometric indicators (W_LC50SM) are found in rubber cushion belts, which are very toxic (about 13 g/m³) and toxic (about 40 g/m³) materials. The results show that thermoplastic polyurethane cushion belts are moderately toxic materials, with a W_LC50SM index ranging from 411 g/m³ to 598 g/m³. Full article

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22 pages, 1588 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Eye-Tracking Study on Text Comprehension While Listening to Music: Preliminary Results

by Georgia Andreou and Maria Gkantaki

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(7), 3939; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15073939 (registering DOI) - 3 Apr 2025

Abstract

The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of background music on text comprehension using eye-tracking technology. Ten Greek undergraduate students read four texts under the following four reading conditions: preferred music, non-preferred music, café noise, and in silence. Eye [...] Read more.

The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of background music on text comprehension using eye-tracking technology. Ten Greek undergraduate students read four texts under the following four reading conditions: preferred music, non-preferred music, café noise, and in silence. Eye movements were tracked to assess visual patterns, while reading performance and attitudes were also evaluated. The results showed that fixation measures remained stable across conditions, suggesting that early visual processing is not significantly influenced by auditory distractions. However, reading performance significantly declined under non-preferred music, highlighting its disruptive impact on cognitive processing. Participants also reported greater difficulty and fatigue in this condition, consistent with an increased cognitive load. In contrast, preferred music and silence were associated with enhanced understanding, confidence, and immersion, café noise also had a moderate but manageable effect on reading outcomes. These findings underscore the importance of tailoring reading environments to individual preferences in order to optimize reading performance and engagement. Future research studies should focus on the effects of different musical attributes, such as tempo and genre, and use more complex reading tasks, in order to better understand how auditory stimuli interact with cognitive load and visual processing. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Latest Research on Eye Tracking Applications)

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14 pages, 2334 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Brain Volume Measures in Adults with MOG-Antibody-Associated Disease: A Longitudinal Multicenter Study

by Riccardo Orlandi, Sara Mariotto, Francesca Gobbin, Francesca Rossi, Valentina Camera, Massimiliano Calabrese, Francesca Calabria and Alberto Gajofatto

J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14(7), 2445; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14072445 (registering DOI) - 3 Apr 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Little is known about the impact of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease (MOGAD) on brain atrophy. This multicenter longitudinal study compares brain MRI volumes and T2 lesion volume between MOGAD patients, relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS) patients and a healthy control (HC) group [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Little is known about the impact of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease (MOGAD) on brain atrophy. This multicenter longitudinal study compares brain MRI volumes and T2 lesion volume between MOGAD patients, relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS) patients and a healthy control (HC) group with brain MRI scans available from an online repository. Methods: In total, 16 adult MOGAD patients (9 F) were age- and sex-matched with 44 RRMS patients (17 F) recruited in Verona MS Center and 14 HC subjects. The availability of two brain MRI scans performed 18 ± 6 months apart was mandatory for each patient. Annual percentage brain volume change (PBVC/y), baseline global brain, white matter (WM), gray matter (GM) regional brain volumes and T2 lesion volume were compared between groups. Results: PBVC/y was lower in MOGAD than in RRMS patients (p = 0.014) and lower in HC subjects than in MS patients (p = 0.005). Overall, MOGAD showed higher mean global brain (p = 0.012) and WM volume (p = 0.024) but lower median T2 lesion volume at timepoint 1 (p < 0.001); T2 lesion volume increased over time in the RRMS (p < 0.001) but not in the MOGAD cohort (p = 0.262). Conclusions: The structural brain MRI features of MOGAD show higher global brain and WM volumes and lower brain volume loss over time compared to RRMS, suggesting different underlining pathogenetic mechanisms. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multiple Sclerosis and Demyelinating Diseases: Diagnosis, Treatment and Prognosis)

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15 pages, 1819 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Urban Microclimates in Action! High-Resolution Temperature and Humidity Differences Across Diverse Urban Terrain

by Steven R. Schultze, Jade Martin, Katie West, Laken Swinea and Benjamin J. Linzmeier

Atmosphere 2025, 16(4), 416; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos16040416 (registering DOI) - 3 Apr 2025

Abstract

With more than half of the world already living in urban spaces—a number set to increase in the coming decades—the need is clear to understand urban microclimates and extremes. This study placed twenty MX2302a HOBOmobile weather microsensors placed in aerated housings across the [...] Read more.

With more than half of the world already living in urban spaces—a number set to increase in the coming decades—the need is clear to understand urban microclimates and extremes. This study placed twenty MX2302a HOBOmobile weather microsensors placed in aerated housings across the ~4 km² of the campus of the University of South Alabama from September to November 2022 and recorded temperature, relative humidity, and dewpoint every minute during the study period. These sensors were placed in situ, which allowed for the diversity in land cover, canopy cover, and aspect—large microclimatic drivers—to be captured. Sensors were compared to a campus mesonet station, part of the South Alabama Mesonet, a member of the National Mesonet Program. During the study period, temperatures were found to vary as much as 13 °C at the same minute across campus, with substantial changes in humidities and dewpoints also found. For example, the campus mesonet may have read 32 °C, yet the sensors could read as low as 29 °C and as high as 42 °C at the same moment. This study shows that the world is far more complex than what is seen at the mesoscale under idealized conditions, and the implications for society are considered. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Climatology)

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17 pages, 1005 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Preservation and Reuse of Lenticules Extracted via Small Incision Lenticule Extraction (SMILE): A Narrative Review

by Yaohua Zhang, Jing Li, Zhiqing Wu, Yong Li, Guoxi Wu and Shengsheng Wei

Bioengineering 2025, 12(4), 380; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering12040380 (registering DOI) - 3 Apr 2025

Abstract

Small-incision lenticule extraction (SMILE) is a safe and effective procedure to correct myopia and myopic astigmatism. The corneal stromal lenticules extracted from SMILE surgery have good light transmission, mechanical properties, and biocompatibility, which are suitable for the treatment of a variety of corneal [...] Read more.

Small-incision lenticule extraction (SMILE) is a safe and effective procedure to correct myopia and myopic astigmatism. The corneal stromal lenticules extracted from SMILE surgery have good light transmission, mechanical properties, and biocompatibility, which are suitable for the treatment of a variety of corneal diseases and can solve the problem of donor cornea shortage. At present, no single method of preserving corneal stromal lenticules has been universally accepted as ideal, as the preservation of tissue integrity, optical transmittance, cellular viability, and the potential for long-term storage remain key challenges. Current approaches include short-term preservation methods such as the use of dehydrating agents and Optisol GS, and long-term preservation strategies such as cryopreservation, hydrogel nutrient capsules, and silicone oil. Standardized storage methods can improve the use of SMILE-derived lenticules as a substitute for donor corneal tissue in clinical settings. The reuse of corneal stromal lenticules is a highly regarded research area, especially in hyperopia, presbyopia, keratoconus, and some corneal ulcerative diseases, providing new possibilities for addressing corneal tissue shortage and improving surgical outcomes. Here, we review various preservation methods and clinical applications of SMILE-extracted lenticules, highlighting their potential in addressing corneal tissue shortages and the treatment of a variety of corneal diseases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biomedical Engineering and Biomaterials)

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28 pages, 14224 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Rule-Based Control Strategy for a Novel Dual-Motor PHEV Improved by Dynamic Programming

by Shunzhang Zou, Jun Zhang, Yu Yang, Yunshan Zhou, Yunfeng Liu, Jingyang Peng and Xiaokang Feng

Electronics 2025, 14(7), 1450; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14071450 (registering DOI) - 3 Apr 2025

Abstract

Appropriate energy management strategy can further improve the fuel economy of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV). Rule-based control strategies are dominant in actual vehicles because of their fast calculation and easy implementation. However, incorrect parameter settings and suboptimal control strategies may lead to [...] Read more.

Appropriate energy management strategy can further improve the fuel economy of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV). Rule-based control strategies are dominant in actual vehicles because of their fast calculation and easy implementation. However, incorrect parameter settings and suboptimal control strategies may lead to substantial performance variations, preventing optimal fuel efficiency and emissions reduction. In this paper, the dynamic programming algorithm is implemented to design the control strategy for a dual-motor PHEV. The MATLAB/Simulink environment is used to construct models of the key components and powertrain controller, and simulation platforms for both rule-based and optimization-based strategies are established. Through the calculation results of dynamic programming (DP) algorithm, the rule of working mode switching and torque distribution is analyzed to improve the performance of rule-based control strategy. WLTC driving cycle simulation results show that the improved rule control effectively improves the economy of PHEV, and its comprehensive consumption per 100 km decreases by 2.853%. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Electrical and Autonomous Vehicles)

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16 pages, 1827 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Double-Edged Sword Effect of Empathic Concern on Mental Health and Behavioral Outcomes: The Mediating Role of Excessive Adaptation

by Rui Wang, Xuanyu Zhang, Lixin Zhu, Huina Teng, Dengdeng Zhang and Boyu Qiu

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(4), 463; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15040463 (registering DOI) - 3 Apr 2025

Abstract

This study examines the complex effects of empathic concern on mental health and behavioral manifestations and the potential indirect paths through excessive adaptation. A cross-sectional design with 1355 participants was employed. Empathic concern, excessive adaptation, prosocial behaviors, reactive aggression, depression, and positive mental [...] Read more.

This study examines the complex effects of empathic concern on mental health and behavioral manifestations and the potential indirect paths through excessive adaptation. A cross-sectional design with 1355 participants was employed. Empathic concern, excessive adaptation, prosocial behaviors, reactive aggression, depression, and positive mental health were assessed using established scales. Structural equation modeling and Bayesian linear regression were applied to analyze the paths. For direct paths, empathic concern positively predicted prosocial behaviors and positive mental health, whereas it was negatively related to depression and reactive aggression. For indirect paths, excessive adaptation was found to mediate the relationship between empathic concern and the outcome variables with the exception of positive mental health. By elucidating the mediating role of excessive adaptation, the results herein not only deepen our understanding of the dual effect of empathic concern on mental health and behavioral manifestations but also offer important insights for the medical and educational fields. Full article

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16 pages, 691 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Perspectives on an Intensive Hospital-Based Smoking Cessation Intervention in Relation to Transurethral Resection of the Bladder Tumour (TURBT): Interviews with Patients, Relatives, and Clinicians

by Line Noes Lydom, Rie Raffing, Susanne Vahr Lauridsen, Ingrid Egerod, Ulla Nordström Joensen and Hanne Tønnesen

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2025, 22(4), 555; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph22040555 (registering DOI) - 3 Apr 2025

Abstract

Smoking is a major risk factor for bladder cancer and postoperative complications. Therefore, urological guidelines strongly recommend smoking cessation. Notwithstanding, many patients continue to smoke beyond the time of diagnosis. By using the qualitative methodology, this study aimed to explore barriers, facilitators, and [...] Read more.

Smoking is a major risk factor for bladder cancer and postoperative complications. Therefore, urological guidelines strongly recommend smoking cessation. Notwithstanding, many patients continue to smoke beyond the time of diagnosis. By using the qualitative methodology, this study aimed to explore barriers, facilitators, and recommendations related to the intensive smoking cessation Gold Standard Programme (GSP) from the multi-perspective view of patients treated with transurethral resection of the bladder tumour (TURBT), their relatives, and clinicians. We conducted semi-structured individual interviews with eight patients, four relatives, and six clinicians in the urology setting. Data were analysed using the Framework Method. All participants perceived the GSP positively. Across the three groups, five categories emerged describing barriers and facilitators: perceptions of the GSP, pragmatic factors, health-related factors, psychological factors, and relational and communicative factors. Similarly, recommendations were represented in two categories: the GSP and pragmatic factors. While facilitators were relatively similar across the three groups, barriers were dissimilar or contradictory. The clinicians expressed the most challenges related to relational and communicative factors. The patients mainly had recommendations related to the GSP, while the clinicians’ recommendations focused on pragmatic factors for conducting the GSP. The potential involvement of relatives needs to be further investigated. Full article

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14 pages, 4289 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Disulfide Bond Density on the Properties of Polyurethane/Epoxy Interpenetrating Networks

by Gudong You, Xi Li, Kaiwen Ren, Tao Ai and Yanhui Niu

Materials 2025, 18(7), 1636; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18071636 (registering DOI) - 3 Apr 2025

Abstract

Interpenetrating polymer networks (IPNs) are widely used as damping materials across various industries. However, they are susceptible to issues such as microcracking or fracture over long-term service periods. To address these challenges and improve the long-term performance of IPNs, this research focused on [...] Read more.

Interpenetrating polymer networks (IPNs) are widely used as damping materials across various industries. However, they are susceptible to issues such as microcracking or fracture over long-term service periods. To address these challenges and improve the long-term performance of IPNs, this research focused on designing and synthesizing self-healing polyurethane (PU)/epoxy (EP) interpenetrating networks (PU/EP-IPNs) enhanced with dynamic disulfide bonds. The incorporation of these bonds significantly enhanced the damping and self-healing properties of the materials. The shape memory performance was evaluated, demonstrating high shape fixation rates of up to 95.0% and exceptional shape recovery rates of up to 99.7%. These results indicate the materials’ ability to revert to their original shape upon heating above the glass transition temperature (T_g). In addition, the effective damping temperature range of the material reached 61.4 °C, and the loss factor was 0.859. This indicates that the enhancement of damping performance is closely related to the increase in disulfide bond density. The formation of the IPN between PU and EP also contributed to improved mechanical and thermomechanical properties. These PU/EP-IPNs exhibit significant potential as innovative damping materials with self-healing capabilities. Full article

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18 pages, 3245 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Electrical Phenotyping of Aged Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells Using Dielectrophoresis

by Lexi L. C. Simpkins, Tunglin Tsai, Emmanuel Egun and Tayloria N. G. Adams

Micromachines 2025, 16(4), 435; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi16040435 (registering DOI) - 3 Apr 2025

Abstract

Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) are widely used in regenerative medicine, but large-scale in vitro expansion alters their function, impacting proliferation and differentiation potential. Currently, a predictive marker to assess these changes is lacking. Here, we used dielectrophoresis (DEP) to characterize the electrical [...] Read more.

Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) are widely used in regenerative medicine, but large-scale in vitro expansion alters their function, impacting proliferation and differentiation potential. Currently, a predictive marker to assess these changes is lacking. Here, we used dielectrophoresis (DEP) to characterize the electrical phenotype of hMSCs derived from bone marrow (BM), adipose tissue (AT), and umbilical cord (UC) as they aged in vitro from passage 4 (P4) to passage 9 (P9). The electrical phenotype was defined by the DEP spectra, membrane capacitance, and cytoplasm conductivity. Cell morphology and size, growth characteristics, adipogenic differentiation potential, and osteogenic differentiation potential were assessed alongside label-free biomarker membrane capacitance and cytoplasm conductivity. Differentiation was confirmed by histological staining and RT-qPCR. All hMSCs exhibited typical morphology, though cell size varied, with UC-hMSCs displaying the largest variability across all size metrics. Growth analysis revealed that UC-hMSCs proliferated the fastest. The electrical phenotype varied with cell source and in vitro age, with high passage hMSCs showing noticeable shifts in DEP spectra, membrane capacitance, and cytoplasm conductivity. Correlation analysis revealed that population doubling level (PDL) correlated with membrane capacitance and cytoplasm conductivity, indicating PDL as a more precise marker of in vitro aging than passage number. Additionally, we demonstrate that membrane capacitance correlates with the osteogenic marker COL1A1 and that cytoplasm conductivity correlates with the adipogenic markers ADIPOQ and FABP4, suggesting that DEP-derived electrical properties serve as label-free biomarkers of differentiation potential. While DEP has previously been applied to BM-hMSCs and AT-hMSCs, and more recently to UC-hMSCs, few studies have provided a direct comparison across all three sources or tracked changes across continuous expansion. These findings underscore the utility of DEP as a label-free approach for assessing hMSC aging and function, offering practical applications for optimizing stem cell expansion and stem cell banking in clinical settings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Micro/Nanotechnology for Cell Manipulation, Detection and Analysis)

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12 pages, 19411 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Synergistic Effect of Cu Addition and Pre-Straining on the Natural Aging and Artificial Age-Hardening Behavior of AA6111 Alloy

by Shougang Duan, Yizhe Lu, Aiwen Li, Mingkan Tang, Weilun Chen, Chengyi Huang, Jun Du, Yanping Xu and Yan Yan

Materials 2025, 18(7), 1635; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18071635 (registering DOI) - 3 Apr 2025

Abstract

This study systematically investigates the synergistic effects of Cu addition (0–0.7 wt.%) and 2% pre-straining on the artificial aging, natural aging (NA), and bake-hardening response (BHR) of AA6111 alloy. The results reveal that Cu significantly enhances age-hardening capacity and accelerates artificial aging kinetics. [...] Read more.

This study systematically investigates the synergistic effects of Cu addition (0–0.7 wt.%) and 2% pre-straining on the artificial aging, natural aging (NA), and bake-hardening response (BHR) of AA6111 alloy. The results reveal that Cu significantly enhances age-hardening capacity and accelerates artificial aging kinetics. The 0.7Cu alloy achieved a 14% higher peak hardness (106.9 HV) than the Cu-free alloy (93.8 HV) while reducing peak aging time by 50% (from 10 h to 5 h). Pre-straining further promoted hardening rates, shortening peak aging times to 2 h for the 0.7Cu alloy. Natural aging (NA) severely suppressed BHR in non-pre-strained alloys, reducing paint baking (PB) increments by 75–77.5% after 14 days. However, the introduction of pre-straining not only reduces the negative effects of NA but also improves the BHR. TEM analysis demonstrated that Cu addition accelerated the precipitation of fine GP zones and β″ phases while pre-straining introduced dislocations that acted as heterogeneous nucleation sites for Q′ phases, refining precipitates and suppressing NA cluster formation. The synergistic combination of 0.7Cu and pre-straining achieved a superior BHR yield strength increment of 68.1 MPa with retained ductility, highlighting its potential for automotive applications requiring balanced formability and post-forming strength. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microstructure, Mechanical and Corrosion Properties of Metals, Alloys, and Composite Materials)

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20 pages, 3962 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Exploring the Synergy Between Transport Superiority and the Rural Population System in Yunnan Province: A Temporal and Spatial Analysis for 2013 to 2021

by Qiuchen Hong, Zonghan Zhang, Ruijia Wang, Shuyu Zhou, Yao Dai, Jinmin Hao and Dong Ai

Land 2025, 14(4), 762; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14040762 (registering DOI) - 3 Apr 2025

Abstract

Yunnan Province, which is located in the mountainous plateau region of China, faces numerous challenges, including the population decline of rural areas. Achieving coordinated development between the transportation and rural population systems is crucial for fostering sustainable growth. In this study, we developed [...] Read more.

Yunnan Province, which is located in the mountainous plateau region of China, faces numerous challenges, including the population decline of rural areas. Achieving coordinated development between the transportation and rural population systems is crucial for fostering sustainable growth. In this study, we developed a rural population pressure state response (PPSR) model and a comprehensive transport superiority (TS) model that considers the influence of aviation. We quantified the rural population system and horizontal transportation superiority across Yunnan’s districts and counties for the period 2013 to 2021, examining their temporal and spatial heterogeneity. Using a spatial autocorrelation model, we also explored the trade-offs and synergy between Yunnan’s TS and PPSR. The main findings are as follows. (1) From 2013 to 2021, the spatial polarization pattern of PPSR in Yunnan Province gradually weakened, and there were different degrees of rural contraction overall. (2) From 2013 to 2021, Yunnan’s TS significantly increased, with aviation conditions having a notably positive impact, further strengthening Kunming’s position as the regional core. (3) In Yunnan, the relationship between TS and PPSR is significant, with a collaborative pattern emerging across districts and counties, reflecting distinct regional characteristics and a degree of polarization. This study provides valuable insights for integrating urban and rural development in plateau and mountainous areas and offers a new perspective for rural revitalization. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Rural Demographic Changes and Land Use Response)

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15 pages, 470 KiB

Open AccessReview

Implementation of Instrumental Assessment to Assess Dysphagia in Older Adults Receiving Long-Term Care Services: A Scoping Review

by Alvis Ki-Fung Kan, Elaine Kwong, Michael Siu-Wai Chan and Phoebe Tsz-Ching Shek

Geriatrics 2025, 10(2), 53; https://doi.org/10.3390/geriatrics10020053 (registering DOI) - 3 Apr 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Dysphagia, a prevalent condition among older adults, poses significant health risks if not accurately assessed and managed. Instrumental assessments (IAs) like videofluoroscopic swallowing study (VFSS) and fiberoptic endoscopic evaluation of swallowing (FEES) allow detailed examinations of swallowing physiology but are underutilized in [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Dysphagia, a prevalent condition among older adults, poses significant health risks if not accurately assessed and managed. Instrumental assessments (IAs) like videofluoroscopic swallowing study (VFSS) and fiberoptic endoscopic evaluation of swallowing (FEES) allow detailed examinations of swallowing physiology but are underutilized in long-term care settings due to logistical challenges. This study aims to explore the current practice patterns, stakeholder perspectives, and barriers to and facilitators of IA implementation in these settings. Methods: A scoping review was conducted following the PRISMA-ScR guidelines, analyzing the literature from databases including CINAHL Complete, EMBASE, MEDLINE, and SCOPUS. A total of 1339 articles were identified. After the removal of 332 duplications, 1007 articles were screened, with four meeting the inclusion criteria for describing IA implementation or stakeholder perspectives in community-based long-term care settings for older adults. Results: This review identified significant underutilization of IA in long-term care settings, primarily due to logistical barriers and transportation issues. Stakeholders, particularly speech–language pathologists (SLPs), acknowledged the benefits of IA in improving dysphagia management but encountered challenges in accessing these assessments. Mobile FEES (mFEES) emerged as a promising solution, offering on-site assessments that could enhance the accuracy and timeliness of dysphagia care. Conclusions: While IA is crucial for effective dysphagia management in older adults, its implementation in long-term care settings is hindered by various barriers. mFEES presents a viable solution to improve IA accessibility and representativeness. Further research is warranted to develop context-specific implementation strategies and to explore the perspectives of all stakeholders involved in dysphagia care. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Dysphagia)

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16 pages, 7662 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Urban Green Space Inequity, Socioeconomic Disparities, and Potential Health Implications in Metropolitan Melbourne

by Parian Hoseini, Pooriya Mohseni, Piret Veeroja and Greg Foliente

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(7), 3940; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15073940 (registering DOI) - 3 Apr 2025

Abstract

Urban green spaces (UGSs) provide city residents contact with nature, offering mental and physical health benefits. However, residents’ access to green spaces in cities can be associated with their socioeconomic status (SESs). This study utilizes the Kernel Density tool as an innovative method [...] Read more.

Urban green spaces (UGSs) provide city residents contact with nature, offering mental and physical health benefits. However, residents’ access to green spaces in cities can be associated with their socioeconomic status (SESs). This study utilizes the Kernel Density tool as an innovative method to measure UGS inequities and their relationship with cardiovascular disease (CVD) rates. Next, the UGS patterns and their potential implications for CVD are examined across suburbs with a range of SES levels in Melbourne, Australia. The proposed method is tested in conjunction with two commonly used measures of accessibility (Network Analysis) and provision (UGS per capita). The results show that more advantaged suburbs have better access to UGS and lower CVD rates. Moreover, the analysis reveals that a more geographically dispersed UGS pattern, predominantly observed in higher SES suburbs, can be associated with lower CVD than a concentrated pattern, and the integration of the SES and UGS indicators through Kernel Density analysis reveals that inequitable access to green spaces disproportionately impacts the health incomes of socioeconomically disadvantaged communities. Finally, the Kernel Density and Network Analysis tools in ArcGIS can serve as effective supplementary methods for addressing similar considerations in UGS planning and policy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Urban Green Infrastructure and Its Effects)

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17 pages, 9599 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Research on Walnut (Juglans regia L.) Yield Prediction Based on a Walnut Orchard Point Cloud Model

by Heng Chen, Jiale Cao, Jianshuo An, Yangjing Xu, Xiaopeng Bai, Daochun Xu and Wenbin Li

Agriculture 2025, 15(7), 775; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture15070775 (registering DOI) - 3 Apr 2025

Abstract

This study aims to develop a method for predicting walnut (Juglans regia L.) yield based on the walnut orchard point cloud model, addressing issues such as low efficiency, insufficient accuracy, and high costs in traditional methods. The walnut orchard point cloud is [...] Read more.

This study aims to develop a method for predicting walnut (Juglans regia L.) yield based on the walnut orchard point cloud model, addressing issues such as low efficiency, insufficient accuracy, and high costs in traditional methods. The walnut orchard point cloud is reconstructed using unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) images, and the semantic segmentation technique is applied to extract the individual walnut tree point cloud model. Furthermore, the tree height, canopy projection area, and volume of each walnut tree are calculated. By combining these morphological features with statistical models and machine learning methods, a prediction model between tree morphology and yield is established, achieving prediction accuracy with a mean absolute error (MAE) of 2.04 kg, a mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) of 17.24%, a root mean square error (RMSE) of 2.81 kg, and a coefficient of determination (R²) of 0.83. This method provides an efficient, accurate, and economically feasible solution for walnut yield prediction, overcoming the limitations of existing technologies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Smart Agriculture with Remote Sensing as the Core and Its Applications in Crops Field)

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15 pages, 2448 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Autonomous Task Planning of Intelligent Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Swarm Based on Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient

by Qiang Jiang, Yongzhao Yan, Yinxing Dai, Zequan Yang, Huazhen Cao, Bo Wang and Xiaoping Ma

Drones 2025, 9(4), 272; https://doi.org/10.3390/drones9040272 (registering DOI) - 3 Apr 2025

Abstract

Intelligent swarm is a powerful tool for targeting high-value objectives. Within the Anti-Access/Area Denial (A2/AD) context, an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) swarm must leverage its autonomous decision-making capability to execute tasks with independence. This paper focuses on the Suppression of Enemy Air Defenses [...] Read more.

Intelligent swarm is a powerful tool for targeting high-value objectives. Within the Anti-Access/Area Denial (A2/AD) context, an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) swarm must leverage its autonomous decision-making capability to execute tasks with independence. This paper focuses on the Suppression of Enemy Air Defenses (SEAD) mission for intelligent stealth UAV swarms. The current research field mainly faces challenges in fully simulating the complexity of real-world scenarios and in insufficient autonomous task planning capabilities. To address these issues, this paper develops a representative problem model, establishes a six-tier standardized simulation environment, and selects the Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient (DDPG) algorithm as the core intelligent algorithm to enhance the autonomous task planning capabilities of UAV swarms. At the algorithm level, this paper designs reward functions corresponding to UAV swarm behaviors, aiming to motivate UAV swarms to adopt more effective action strategies, thereby achieving autonomous task planning. Simulation results demonstrate that the scenario and architectural design are feasible and that artificial intelligence algorithms can enable the UAV swarm to show a higher level of intelligence. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Swarm Intelligence in Multi-UAVs)

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20 pages, 1322 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic upon Mathematics Assessment in Higher Education

by Eabhnat Ní Fhloinn and Olivia Fitzmaurice

Educ. Sci. 2025, 15(4), 449; https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci15040449 (registering DOI) - 3 Apr 2025

Abstract

Historically, the assessment of mathematics in higher education comprised closed-book, summative, proctored examinations. Related disciplines and subjects like statistics, mathematics education, and the history of mathematics lend themselves to a broader range of assessment techniques that have been reported to provide a more [...] Read more.

Historically, the assessment of mathematics in higher education comprised closed-book, summative, proctored examinations. Related disciplines and subjects like statistics, mathematics education, and the history of mathematics lend themselves to a broader range of assessment techniques that have been reported to provide a more balanced picture of students’ abilities. In 2020, an online environment for the teaching and learning of mathematics was imposed on the academic world globally as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. In an effort to teach and assess remotely while maintaining institutional academic standards, the majority of lecturers were in a situation where closed-book, proctored assessments were not an option. As a result, other methods were adopted. This paper reports on an investigation into how mathematics lecturers worldwide assessed mathematics before the pandemic, during the initial lockdown restrictions, and in the immediate aftermath, while some restrictions were still in place, to see if any changes were sustained. There was a statistically significant difference in the proportion of respondents who used many of the assessment types investigated across the three time periods, including open-book timed, open-book untimed, closed-book, multiple-choice questions, online proctored, in-person proctored, presentations, projects, and assignments. The majority of those who favoured closed-book proctored examinations prior to the pandemic moved to timed open-book assessments. Differences between the weightings of final examinations versus continuous assessments were also statistically significant, with greater weight given to continuous assessment once the pandemic began. Respondents’ satisfaction levels with their assessments were significantly different also, with the highest satisfaction levels prior to the pandemic and the lowest during the initial lockdown restrictions. Academic integrity was a key concern of the majority of respondents when assessing the learning outcomes of their modules and played a role in the vehicle of assessment they chose. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovations in Mathematics Education: Evaluation, Research and Practice)

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18 pages, 2462 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Association Between Periodontal Disease and Acute Coronary Syndrome—A Clinical Analysis

by Marius Rus, Bianca Maria Negruțiu, Cristian Nicolae Sava, Georgeta Pasca, Felicia Liana Andronie-Cioara, Simina Crisan, Mircea-Ioachim Popescu, Claudia Elena Staniș and Claudia Judea Pusta

J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14(7), 2447; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14072447 (registering DOI) - 3 Apr 2025

Abstract

Background: This study investigated the association between periodontal disease and acute coronary syndrome (ACS), while examining periodontitis as an independent predictor of STEMI. Materials and Methods: This study included 166 patients with ACS, of whom 103 had a history of periodontal disease. Results: [...] Read more.

Background: This study investigated the association between periodontal disease and acute coronary syndrome (ACS), while examining periodontitis as an independent predictor of STEMI. Materials and Methods: This study included 166 patients with ACS, of whom 103 had a history of periodontal disease. Results: The results showed that patients with periodontal disease were more likely to have a history of tobacco use (78.6%), diabetes (53.1%), and poor oral hygiene (72.8%). This study also found a significant association between periodontal disease and the severity of ACS (STEMI—44.7%, three-vessel/LM disease—30.1%), with patients experiencing more frequent and severe cardiovascular complications (HF—51.6%, valvulopathy and mechanical complications—22.6%, arrhythmias—19.4%). The findings support previous studies suggesting a link between periodontal disease and cardiovascular risk. This study highlights the importance of considering periodontal disease as a potential risk factor for cardiovascular disease and the need for improved access to oral health care to reduce the burden of cardiovascular events. Conclusions: Periodontal disease was identified as an independent predictor of STEMI, highlighting the need for periodontal health assessments as part of routine management in cardiovascular risk stratification. The precise mechanisms continue to be an area of active investigation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Clinical Perspectives on Acute Coronary Syndrome)

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23 pages, 7172 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Properties of Medium-Density Fiberboards with Different Contents of Recycled Fibers and Urea–Formaldehyde Resin

by Viktor Savov, Petar Antov, Viktoria Dudeva and Christian Panchev

Fibers 2025, 13(4), 40; https://doi.org/10.3390/fib13040040 (registering DOI) - 3 Apr 2025

Abstract

Recycling wood-based panels is essential for promoting the cascading use of wood, advancing the transition to a circular economy, and maximizing the efficient use of natural resources. While recycling particleboard has become a well-established industrial practice, recycling medium density fiberboard (MDF) panels presents [...] Read more.

Recycling wood-based panels is essential for promoting the cascading use of wood, advancing the transition to a circular economy, and maximizing the efficient use of natural resources. While recycling particleboard has become a well-established industrial practice, recycling medium density fiberboard (MDF) panels presents challenges, particularly in preserving material quality. The aim of this research work was to investigate and evaluate the combined effect of recycled MDF fibers and urea–formaldehyde (UF) resin content on the performance characteristics of the panels. MDF recycling was conducted using hydrothermal hydrolysis and hammer mill refinement. Preliminary experiments revealed that the degradation of properties in recycled MDF panels is not uniform with the addition of recycled fibers. The panels retained their properties significantly with up to 20% recycled fiber content, while formaldehyde emissions decreased by 1.2%. Based on these findings, the optimization of recycled fiber and UF resin content was performed, revealing that the maximum allowable recycled fiber content through hydrothermal hydrolysis and hammer mill refinement is 24%, with a minimum UF resin content of 12%. This study highlights the potential for integrating recycled MDF fibers into new panels, contributing to more sustainable production practices. By optimizing the balance between recycled fiber content and UF resin, it is possible to produce MDF panels that meet industry standards while reducing the environmental impact. Full article

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18 pages, 3287 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Mechanistic Insights into 3-Isopropylphenol-Induced Neurotoxicity in Zebrafish: A Network Toxicology and Molecular Docking Approach

by Jie Gu, Huilin Jin, Jun Hu, Jian Wang and Daqiang Yin

Toxics 2025, 13(4), 274; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics13040274 (registering DOI) - 3 Apr 2025

Abstract

Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are exogenous substances discharged into the environment through human activities. 3-Isopropylphenol, a typical alkylphenol-based EDC, has been extensively studied due to its broad application and potential ecological impacts. However, the mechanism of its neurotoxicity remains unclear. In this study, the [...] Read more.

Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are exogenous substances discharged into the environment through human activities. 3-Isopropylphenol, a typical alkylphenol-based EDC, has been extensively studied due to its broad application and potential ecological impacts. However, the mechanism of its neurotoxicity remains unclear. In this study, the neurotoxic effects of 3-isopropylphenol were examined using the zebrafish model. We predicted its potential toxic mechanisms and action targets using network toxicology and molecular docking and verified them via RT-qPCR. Results showed that 3-isopropylphenol exposure inhibits the cAMP/PKA signaling pathway in zebrafish larvae, promoting apoptosis, impairing neural development, and suppressing locomotor behavior. These findings enhance our understanding of the toxic effects and mechanisms of 3-isopropylphenol on zebrafish larval neural development and aid in evaluating its potential ecological hazards. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Neuronal Injury and Disease Induced by Environmental Toxicants)

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17 pages, 254 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Some Properties of Boolean-like Laws in Fuzzy Logic

by Sevilay Demir Sağlam and Gül Karadeniz Gözeri

Symmetry 2025, 17(4), 548; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym17040548 (registering DOI) - 3 Apr 2025

Abstract

This article focuses on the relationships between fuzzy logic and classical logic properties using fuzzy t-norms, t-conorms, and fuzzy implications. It aims to contribute to fuzzy set theory by extending the Boolean laws in classical logic to fuzzy logic. We determine [...] Read more.

This article focuses on the relationships between fuzzy logic and classical logic properties using fuzzy t-norms, t-conorms, and fuzzy implications. It aims to contribute to fuzzy set theory by extending the Boolean laws in classical logic to fuzzy logic. We determine the necessary and sufficient conditions for validating the generalizations of the proposed properties from classical to fuzzy logic. Additionally, we provide examples demonstrating the practical applicability of this approach and its advantages over conventional methodologies, reinforcing its effectiveness. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on Fuzzy Logic and Mathematics with Applications, 3rd Edition)

17 pages, 1604 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Novel Food Wastewater Treatment Approach: Developing a Sustainable Fungicide for Agricultural Use

by Zikhona Tshemese, Laura Buzón-Durán, María Cruz García-González, Nirmala Deenadayalu and Beatriz Molinuevo-Salces

Fermentation 2025, 11(4), 189; https://doi.org/10.3390/fermentation11040189 (registering DOI) - 3 Apr 2025

Abstract

Three wastewater sources, namely slaughterhouse wastewater, cheese whey, and wine lees, were used for volatile fatty acid (VFA) production with the aim of reducing polluted wastewater discharge to the water bodies and creating a useful product. Cheese whey and wine lees were proved [...] Read more.

Three wastewater sources, namely slaughterhouse wastewater, cheese whey, and wine lees, were used for volatile fatty acid (VFA) production with the aim of reducing polluted wastewater discharge to the water bodies and creating a useful product. Cheese whey and wine lees were proved to be good substrates to produce VFAs, obtaining maximum bioconversion percentages in g COD-VFA/g TCOD initial of 90% and 72% for cheese whey and wine lees, respectively. The composition of the VFAs produced from each wastewater stream varied, with acetic, propionic, isobutyric, and isovaleric acids being the most dominant. These VFAs were used as an environmentally friendly fungicide against Fusarium culmorum, resulting in a reduction of the radial mycelial growth of Fusarium culmorum for all the effluents tested. A thermal pretreatment of the VFAs resulted in an improved antifungal efficiency if compared to the untreated VFAs or a UV pretreatment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Treatment of Municipal Wastewater by Anaerobic Biotechnology)

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