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Recent Articles  

29 pages, 643 KiB  
Article
Quality of Reflections on Teaching: Approaches to Its Measurement and Low-Threshold Promotion
by Katrin Arendt, Lisa Stark, Anja Friedrich, Roland Brünken and Robin Stark
Educ. Sci. 2025, 15(7), 884; https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci15070884 (registering DOI) - 10 Jul 2025
Abstract
The present study introduces a multidimensional approach to describing the composition of reflections, addressing previous inconsistencies in operationalization. The multidimensional approach was empirically explored in comparison to unidimensional reflection quality measures and examined in relation to reflection-related dispositions. Given the challenges of promoting [...] Read more.
The present study introduces a multidimensional approach to describing the composition of reflections, addressing previous inconsistencies in operationalization. The multidimensional approach was empirically explored in comparison to unidimensional reflection quality measures and examined in relation to reflection-related dispositions. Given the challenges of promoting reflection in teachers’ daily practice, low-threshold interventions—repeated practice and structuring prompts—were investigated regarding their potential to foster reflective competence. Using an integrated model of reflection, five proposed dimensions—describing, evaluating, naming alternatives, justification, and self-reference—were identified and assessed alongside the quality measures reflection depth and breadth, and holistic grading. N = 29 teachers reflected verbally on two teaching videos, first openly and then with structuring prompts. The transcribed reflections underwent qualitative and evaluative content analysis to extract quantitative data. Compared to existing quality measures, the multidimensional approach provided deeper insights into the complexity of the reflections. The correlations between different approaches to reflection measurement and the reflection-related dispositions were only partially as expected. While repeated practice did not yield a training effect, structuring prompts improved reflection quality. Overall, the findings confirm the usefulness of the multidimensional approach as a valuable means to describe the composition of reflections and highlight its potential for quality measurement. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Reflection in Teaching and Learning)
24 pages, 450 KiB  
Article
On Housing-Related Financial Fears of Baby Boomer Women Living Alone in Switzerland
by Yashka Huggenberger, Antonin Beringhs, Joël Wagner and Gabrielle Wanzenried
Soc. Sci. 2025, 14(7), 427; https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci14070427 (registering DOI) - 10 Jul 2025
Abstract
The ageing population and rising housing costs in Switzerland are increasing the number of older adults facing financial housing concerns. Older women have particularly limited housing choices because they, on average, earn less, live longer, and are more likely to live alone. This [...] Read more.
The ageing population and rising housing costs in Switzerland are increasing the number of older adults facing financial housing concerns. Older women have particularly limited housing choices because they, on average, earn less, live longer, and are more likely to live alone. This study explores potential levers to alleviate housing-related financial fears among baby boomer women (aged 55–75) living alone in Switzerland, a subject with limited academic coverage. Using regression and random forest models on unique 2023 survey data (N=371), we examine the influence of socio-demographic, financial, well-being, and housing factors on fears related to affordability, price increases, and lack of housing supply. Key findings show that ownership status, perceived financial situation, and concerns about maintaining one’s lifestyle significantly drive these fears. The fear of unsuitable housing strongly influences perceived lack of supply. These results highlight the importance of retirement planning and support the consideration of measures such as reverse mortgages, co-housing, subsidies, and rent-controlled units. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Social Economics)
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22 pages, 14050 KiB  
Article
Spinners as Signifiers: Eve, Mary, Sardanapalus, and Hercules
by Carlee A. Bradbury
Arts 2025, 14(4), 74; https://doi.org/10.3390/arts14040074 (registering DOI) - 10 Jul 2025
Abstract
Analyzing how spinners are represented in art is a way to understand the role of women’s work in the medieval and premodern periods. What do spinners signify? How is this work depicted? Who are spinners? Using a selection of imagery from northern European [...] Read more.
Analyzing how spinners are represented in art is a way to understand the role of women’s work in the medieval and premodern periods. What do spinners signify? How is this work depicted? Who are spinners? Using a selection of imagery from northern European medieval manuscripts and premodern prints from the 14th to the 17th centuries allows us to see how pervasive the spinner was as a symbolic device. Characters such as Eve, Mary, Sardanapalus, and Hercules are unified by their spinning. As they work with the spindle and distaff, they are makers in addition to being religious or mythological figures. Though spinning does not always (if at all) appear in their textual narratives, it is part of the established iconography for each and persisted as a way to communicate or demean the value of women’s domestic enterprises. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Early Modern Global Materials, Materiality, and Material Culture)
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31 pages, 4251 KiB  
Review
The Role of Neurohypophysial Hormones in the Endocrine and Paracrine Control of Gametogenesis in Fish
by Maya Zanardini and Hamid R. Habibi
Cells 2025, 14(14), 1061; https://doi.org/10.3390/cells14141061 (registering DOI) - 10 Jul 2025
Abstract
Arginine vasopressin (AVP) and oxytocin (OXT) are neuropeptides traditionally recognized for their roles in the control of osmoregulation, blood pressure, lactation, and parturition in mammals. However, growing evidence suggests that AVPand OXT also regulate gonadal functions in teleost fish. Their expression in both [...] Read more.
Arginine vasopressin (AVP) and oxytocin (OXT) are neuropeptides traditionally recognized for their roles in the control of osmoregulation, blood pressure, lactation, and parturition in mammals. However, growing evidence suggests that AVPand OXT also regulate gonadal functions in teleost fish. Their expression in both male and female gonads, the presence of their receptors in ovaries and testes, and their interactions with steroids and other gonadal factors indicate a role in modulating gametogenesis and steroidogenesis via autocrine and paracrine mechanisms. Here, we review the current findings on AVP and OXT in teleost gonads, compared to the observed functions in mammals, emphasizing their systemic interactions within the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal (HPG) axis. While highlighting the roles of gonadal AVP and OXT in fish reproduction, we underscore the need for further research to unravel their complex multifactorial regulatory networks. Insights into the vasopressinergic system could enhance aquaculture practices by improving spawning success and reproductive efficiency. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Reproductive Cells and Development)
26 pages, 6433 KiB  
Article
A Vision-Based Single-Sensor Approach for Identification and Localization of Unloading Hoppers
by Wuzhen Wang, Tianyu Ji, Qi Xu, Chunyi Su and Guangming Zhang
Sensors 2025, 25(14), 4330; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25144330 (registering DOI) - 10 Jul 2025
Abstract
To promote the automation and intelligence of rail freight, the accurate identification and localization of bulk cargo unloading hoppers have become a key technical challenge. Under the technological wave driven by the deep integration of Industry 4.0 and artificial intelligence, the bulk cargo [...] Read more.
To promote the automation and intelligence of rail freight, the accurate identification and localization of bulk cargo unloading hoppers have become a key technical challenge. Under the technological wave driven by the deep integration of Industry 4.0 and artificial intelligence, the bulk cargo unloading process is undergoing a significant transformation from manual operation to intelligent control. In response to this demand, this paper proposes a vision-based 3D localization system for unloading hoppers, which adopts a single visual sensor architecture and integrates three core modules: object detection, corner extraction, and 3D localization. Firstly, a lightweight hybrid attention mechanism is incorporated into the YOLOv5 network to enable edge deployment and enhance the detection accuracy of unloading hoppers in complex industrial scenarios. Secondly, an image processing approach combining depth consistency constraint (DCC) and geometric structure constraints is designed to achieve sub-pixel level extraction of key corner points. Finally, a real-time 3D localization method is realized by integrating corner-based initialization with an RGB-D SLAM tracking mechanism. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed system achieves an average localization accuracy of 97.07% under challenging working conditions. This system effectively meets the comprehensive requirements of automation, intelligence, and high precision in railway bulk cargo unloading processes, and exhibits strong engineering practicality and application potential. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Industrial Sensors)
15 pages, 723 KiB  
Review
Obesity-Related Kidney Disease: A Growing Threat to Renal Health
by Juan León-Román, Marina López-Martínez, Alexandra Esteves, Andreea Ciudin, Sara Núñez-Delgado, Tiffany Álvarez, Albert Lecube, Jorge Rico-Fontalvo and María José Soler
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(14), 6641; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26146641 (registering DOI) - 10 Jul 2025
Abstract
Obesity represents a serious and growing disease worldwide. The pathophysiological changes secondary to chronic inflammation lead to the development of diseases that increase the morbidity and mortality of individuals. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a condition with deleterious effects that acts bidirectionally with [...] Read more.
Obesity represents a serious and growing disease worldwide. The pathophysiological changes secondary to chronic inflammation lead to the development of diseases that increase the morbidity and mortality of individuals. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a condition with deleterious effects that acts bidirectionally with obesity. From approximately 20% to 30% of individuals share phenotypes of CKD and obesity, increasing their cardiovascular risk and the risk of other complications. Obesity and CKD form a vicious cycle in which inflammation is the central axis of multiorgan damage. Despite increasing the risk of cardiac and renal mortality, CKD progresses in relation to body mass index and albuminuria. Nowadays, the implementation of the new medications aimed at mitigating the peak of inflammation is becoming a cornerstone of treatments for obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and renal disease. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Obesity: From Molecular Mechanisms to Clinical Aspects)
22 pages, 7760 KiB  
Article
Wetland Ecological Restoration and Geomorphological Evolution: A Hydrodynamic-Sediment-Vegetation Coupled Modeling Study
by Haiyang Yan, Bing Shi and Feng Gao
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(7), 1326; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13071326 (registering DOI) - 10 Jul 2025
Abstract
This study developed a coupled hydrodynamic-sediment-vegetation model to investigate the effects of Spartina alterniflora management and Suaeda salsa restoration on coastal wetland geomorphological evolution and vegetation distribution. Special attention is paid to the regulatory roles of tidal dynamics, sea-level rise, sediment supply, and [...] Read more.
This study developed a coupled hydrodynamic-sediment-vegetation model to investigate the effects of Spartina alterniflora management and Suaeda salsa restoration on coastal wetland geomorphological evolution and vegetation distribution. Special attention is paid to the regulatory roles of tidal dynamics, sea-level rise, sediment supply, and sediment characteristics. The study shows that the management of Spartina alterniflora significantly alters the sediment deposition patterns in salt marsh wetlands, leading to intensified local erosion and a decline in the overall stability of the wetland system; meanwhile, the geomorphology of wetlands restored with Suaeda salsa is influenced by tidal range, sediment settling velocity, and suspended sediment concentration, exhibiting different deposition and erosion patterns. Under the scenario of sea-level rise, when sedimentation rates fail to offset the rate of sea-level increase, the wetland ecosystem faces the risk of collapse. This study provides scientific evidence for the ecological restoration and management of coastal wetlands and offers theoretical support for future wetland conservation and restoration policies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Coastal Engineering)
18 pages, 888 KiB  
Article
Performance Evaluation of Static and Dynamic Compressed Air Reservoirs for Energy Storage
by Alfred Rufer
Energies 2025, 18(14), 3666; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18143666 (registering DOI) - 10 Jul 2025
Abstract
The concept of static and dynamic reservoirs is presented, and their performances are evaluated. The static reservoir is a simple reservoir with constant volume, and the dynamic one has a volume which varies as a function of the position of an internal piston [...] Read more.
The concept of static and dynamic reservoirs is presented, and their performances are evaluated. The static reservoir is a simple reservoir with constant volume, and the dynamic one has a volume which varies as a function of the position of an internal piston coupled to a spring. The spring is compressed when the pressure in the chamber rises and exerts a proportional force on it. The two reservoirs are components to be used in compressed air energy storage systems. The study comprises a model of the compression machine as well as models of the two reservoirs. The filling processes are simulated, and the different variables are represented as a function of time. A reduced scale experimentation set-up is presented, and its behavior is first simulated. Then. the results are compared to the experimental records. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Intelligent Concepts for the Modelling, Optimization and Control of Smart Energy Systems)
36 pages, 4581 KiB  
Article
Temporal Trends and Patient Stratification in Lung Cancer: A Comprehensive Clustering Analysis from Timis County, Romania
by Versavia Maria Ancusa, Ana Adriana Trusculescu, Amalia Constantinescu, Alexandra Burducescu, Ovidiu Fira-Mladinescu, Diana Lumita Manolescu, Daniel Traila, Norbert Wellmann and Cristian Iulian Oancea
Cancers 2025, 17(14), 2305; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers17142305 (registering DOI) - 10 Jul 2025
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Lung cancer remains a major cause of cancer-related mortality, with regional differences in incidence and patient characteristics. This study aimed to verify and quantify a perceived dramatic increase in lung cancer cases at a Romanian center, identify distinct patient phenotypes using unsupervised [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Lung cancer remains a major cause of cancer-related mortality, with regional differences in incidence and patient characteristics. This study aimed to verify and quantify a perceived dramatic increase in lung cancer cases at a Romanian center, identify distinct patient phenotypes using unsupervised machine learning, and characterize contributing factors, including demographic shifts, changes in the healthcare system, and geographic patterns. Methods: A comprehensive retrospective analysis of 4206 lung cancer patients admitted between 2013 and 2024 was conducted, with detailed molecular characterization of 398 patients from 2023 to 2024. Temporal trends were analyzed using statistical methods, while k-means clustering on 761 clinical features identified patient phenotypes. The geographic distribution, smoking patterns, respiratory comorbidities, and demographic factors were systematically characterized across the identified clusters. Results: We confirmed an 80.5% increase in lung cancer admissions between pre-pandemic (2013–2020) and post-pandemic (2022–2024) periods, exceeding the 51.1% increase in total hospital admissions and aligning with national Romanian trends. Five distinct patient clusters emerged: elderly never-smokers (28.9%) with the highest metastatic rates (44.3%), heavy-smoking males (27.4%), active smokers with comprehensive molecular testing (31.7%), young mixed-gender cohort (7.3%) with balanced demographics, and extreme heavy smokers (4.8%) concentrated in rural areas (52.6%) with severe comorbidity burden. Clusters demonstrated significant differences in age (p < 0.001), smoking intensity (p < 0.001), geographic distribution (p < 0.001), as well as molecular characteristics. COPD prevalence was exceptionally high (44.8–78.9%) across clusters, while COVID-19 history remained low (3.4–8.3%), suggesting a limited direct association between the pandemic and cancer. Conclusions: This study presents the first comprehensive machine learning-based stratification of lung cancer patients in Romania, confirming genuine epidemiological increases beyond healthcare system artifacts. The identification of five clinically meaningful phenotypes—particularly rural extreme smokers and age-stratified never-smokers—demonstrates the value of unsupervised clustering for regional healthcare planning. These findings establish frameworks for targeted screening programs, personalized treatment approaches, and resource allocation strategies tailored to specific high-risk populations while highlighting the potential of artificial intelligence in identifying actionable clinical patterns for the implementation of precision medicine. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention)
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19 pages, 5010 KiB  
Article
Variety-Dependent Yield and Physiological Responses to Combined Inorganic and Organic Sources of Nitrogen in Wheat
by Eva Herlinawati, Xiaoxiao Lei, Maoling Yang, Changlu Hu, Xueyun Yang and Shulan Zhang
Agronomy 2025, 15(7), 1679; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15071679 (registering DOI) - 10 Jul 2025
Abstract
Integrated application of chemical fertilizers with organic manure might improve crop yields and N-use efficiency (NUE, grain yield per unit N uptake), but the underlying physiological mechanisms are unclear. In this study, we aimed to examine the effects of combined inorganic and organic [...] Read more.
Integrated application of chemical fertilizers with organic manure might improve crop yields and N-use efficiency (NUE, grain yield per unit N uptake), but the underlying physiological mechanisms are unclear. In this study, we aimed to examine the effects of combined inorganic and organic fertilizers on wheat biomass allocation, root growth, water-soluble carbohydrates (WSCs) translocation, leaf senescence, N uptake, and their relationship with yield and NUE. We established a 2-year factorial field experiment with five nutrient treatments with ratios of inorganic: organic fertilizers from 0 to 1, and three varieties—two new: Weilong169 and Zhongmai578; and one reference: Xiaoyan22. The yield ranged from 3469 to 8095 kg ha−1, and it generally declined in response to a higher proportion of organic fertilizer. The NUE increased when there was a higher proportion of organic fertilizer. Weilong169 exhibited higher NUE than Zhongmai578, and both new cultivars outperformed the reference variety in the N harvest index. The yield correlated with leaf senescence traits and harvest index, and NUE was associated with WSC translocation and N uptake. The combination of fertilizers with a low portion of organic maintained yield and improved NUE; Weilong169 had the highest yield, NUE, and N harvest index. A low portion of organic manure substitution for chemical fertilizer suited all varieties. A new variety with a higher yield, N harvest index, and NUE highlights the importance of N traits in breeding programs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Soil and Plant Nutrition)
24 pages, 2410 KiB  
Article
Trends in DNA Methylation over Time Between Parous and Nulliparous Young Women
by Su Chen, John W. Holloway, Wilfried Karmaus, Hongmei Zhang, S. Hasan Arshad and Susan Ewart
Epigenomes 2025, 9(3), 24; https://doi.org/10.3390/epigenomes9030024 (registering DOI) - 10 Jul 2025
Abstract
Background/Objectives: The experience of pregnancy and parturition has been associated with long-term health effects in mothers, imparting protective effects against some diseases while the risk of other diseases is increased. The mechanisms that drive these altered disease risks are unknown. This study examined [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: The experience of pregnancy and parturition has been associated with long-term health effects in mothers, imparting protective effects against some diseases while the risk of other diseases is increased. The mechanisms that drive these altered disease risks are unknown. This study examined DNA methylation (DNAm) changes from pre-pregnancy to several years after giving birth in parous women compared to nulliparous controls over the same time interval. Methods: Using 180 parous-associated CpGs, three analyses were carried out to test DNAm changes from pre-pregnancy at age 18 years to gestation; from gestation to post-pregnancy at age 26 years in parous women; and from 18 to 26 years in nulliparous women using linear mixed models with repeated measures. Results: The directions of DNAm changes were the same between the parous and nulliparous groups. Most CpG dinucleotides (67%, 121 of 180) had a decreasing trend while a small number (7%, 13 of 180) had an increasing trend. Of the CpGs showing increasing or decreasing DNAm, approximately half had DNAm change to a smaller extent in parous women and the other half changed more in parous women than nulliparous controls. 9% (17 of 180) changed significantly in nulliparous women only, leading to a significant difference in DNAm levels in parous women at the post-pregnancy 26 years time point. Conclusions: Pregnancy and parturition may accelerate methylation changes in some CpGs, but slow down or halt methylation changes over time in other CpGs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Longitudinal Studies on Prenatal or Early Life Exposures, Their Associated Epigenetics, and Population Health)
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12 pages, 1526 KiB  
Article
Impact of Aging on Periodontitis Progression: A Murine Model Study of Porphyromonas gingivalis-Induced Alveolar Bone Loss
by Mitsutaka Nishimura, Motohiro Komaki, Shuntaro Sugihara and Toshiro Kodama
Oral 2025, 5(3), 51; https://doi.org/10.3390/oral5030051 (registering DOI) - 10 Jul 2025
Abstract
Background: Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease influenced by host aging, yet the specific effects of aging on disease susceptibility remain unclear. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate whether aging increases susceptibility to Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis)-induced periodontitis in [...] Read more.
Background: Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease influenced by host aging, yet the specific effects of aging on disease susceptibility remain unclear. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate whether aging increases susceptibility to Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis)-induced periodontitis in a murine model. We formulated the null hypothesis that age does not affect susceptibility to periodontal bone loss. Methods: Young (8 weeks) and aged (78 weeks) male C57BL/6 mice were randomly assigned into four groups: young control, young infected, old control, and old infected (n = 8 per group, except for old control, where n = 7). Experimental periodontitis was induced by oral application of P. gingivalis suspended in 5% carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), administered every other day, for a total of three applications. Alveolar bone loss was assessed 39 days after the last inoculation using histomorphometric measurement of buccal distance from the cemento-enamel junction to the alveolar bone crest (CEJ–ABC distance) and micro-computed tomography (μCT) at mesial and distal interdental sites. Bonferroni’s correction was applied to the Mann–Whitney U Test to determine statistical significance. A p-value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Morphometric analysis showed significantly greater buccal bone loss in infected mice versus controls in both age groups (young: 0.193 mm vs. 0.100 mm, p < 0.01; old: 0.262 mm vs. 0.181 mm, p < 0.01). μCT analysis revealed that interdental bone loss was significant only in aged infected mice (mesial: 0.155 mm vs. 0.120 mm, p < 0.05; distal: 0.185 mm vs. 0.100 mm, p < 0.01), and not significant in young infected mice. Conclusions: Aging significantly exacerbates P. gingivalis-induced alveolar bone loss, particularly in interdental regions. These results allowed us to reject the null hypothesis. This study validates a clinically relevant murine model for analyzing age-related periodontitis and provides a foundation for investigating underlying molecular mechanisms and potential therapeutic interventions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Collection Oral and Systemic Health: Border Dentistry and the Borders of Dental Practice)
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45 pages, 4730 KiB  
Review
Hydration Meets Regulation: Insights into Bicarbonate Mineral Water and Acid–Base Balance
by Katharina Mansouri, Thierry Hanh and Andreas Hahn
Nutrients 2025, 17(14), 2291; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17142291 (registering DOI) - 10 Jul 2025
Abstract
Acid–base balance is critical to human health and can be significantly influenced by dietary choices. The Western diet, characterized by high meat and cheese consumption, induces excess acidity, highlighting the need for strategies to mitigate this. Recent studies have focused on bicarbonate-rich mineral [...] Read more.
Acid–base balance is critical to human health and can be significantly influenced by dietary choices. The Western diet, characterized by high meat and cheese consumption, induces excess acidity, highlighting the need for strategies to mitigate this. Recent studies have focused on bicarbonate-rich mineral water as a viable solution. In this context, the present narrative review synthesizes the findings from recent scientific studies on bicarbonate-rich mineral water, specifically those with bicarbonate levels over 1300 mg/L and medium or low PRAL values. This water has been shown to exert beneficial effects on both urinary and blood parameters. The key effects include an increase in the urine pH and a profound reduction in net acid excretion as a sign for a reduced acid load. Additionally, bicarbonate mineral water has been shown to decrease the excretion of nephrolithiasis-related constituents, including calcium and oxalates, as well as inhibitory substances such as magnesium and citrates. In blood, bicarbonate-rich water has been demonstrated to stabilize pH and increase bicarbonate levels, thereby enhancing systemic buffering capacity. Clinically, these changes have been associated with a lowered risk of calcium oxalate stone formation and improved kidney health. Furthermore, bicarbonate-rich water has been shown to support bone health by reducing bone resorption markers. Consequently, the integration of bicarbonate-rich mineral water into the diet has the potential to enhance urinary and blood parameters, mitigate the risk of kidney stones, and strengthen skeletal integrity, thereby serving as a promising strategy for health promotion and disease prevention. While promising, these findings underscore the need for further research to establish long-term recommendations. Future interventional studies should be designed with rigorous randomization, larger sample sizes, cross-over methodologies, and comprehensive dietary assessments to address the methodological limitations of previous research. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Public Health)
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20 pages, 5058 KiB  
Article
Adsorption and Decomposition Mechanisms of Li2S on 2D Thgraphene Modulated by Doping and External Electrical Field
by Ruofeng Zhang, Jiyuan Guo, Lanqing Chen and Fengjie Tao
Materials 2025, 18(14), 3269; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18143269 (registering DOI) - 10 Jul 2025
Abstract
The modification of materials is considered as one of the productive methods to facilitate the better electrochemical behavior of lithium–sulfur battery cathodes and inhibit the shuttle effect. Adopting first-principles calculations in this work, the application potential of pristine and B-, N-, and P-doped [...] Read more.
The modification of materials is considered as one of the productive methods to facilitate the better electrochemical behavior of lithium–sulfur battery cathodes and inhibit the shuttle effect. Adopting first-principles calculations in this work, the application potential of pristine and B-, N-, and P-doped thgraphene as anchoring materials was investigated. The results reveal that pristine and doped substrates have an excellent structural stability, conductivity, and electrochemical activity. In the absence of an electric field, four substrates exhibit a strong anchoring effect on the Li2S cluster, where the adsorption energies fall within 3.10 to 4.48 eV. Even under the external electric field, all substrates exhibit notable structural stability during Li2S adsorption processes and maintain a high electrical conductivity, with adsorption energies exceeding 2.75 eV. Furthermore, it has been observed that the interfacial diffusion energy barriers for Li on all substrates are below 0.35 eV, which effectively enhances Li migration and facilitates reaction kinetics. Additionally, Li2S demonstrates a low decomposition energy barrier (varying from 0.84 to 1.55 eV) on pristine and doped substrates, enabling the efficient regeneration of the active material during the battery cycling. These findings offer a scientific guideline for the design of pristine and doped thgraphene as an excellent anchoring material for advanced lithium–sulfur batteries. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Density Functional Theory (DFT) Studies of Solids (Second Volume))
19 pages, 12093 KiB  
Article
Adaptive Outdoor Cleaning Robot with Real-Time Terrain Perception and Fuzzy Control
by Raul Fernando Garcia Azcarate, Akhil Jayadeep, Aung Kyaw Zin, James Wei Shung Lee, M. A. Viraj J. Muthugala and Mohan Rajesh Elara
Mathematics 2025, 13(14), 2245; https://doi.org/10.3390/math13142245 (registering DOI) - 10 Jul 2025
Abstract
Outdoor cleaning robots must operate reliably across diverse and unstructured surfaces, yet many existing systems lack the adaptability to handle terrain variability. This paper proposes a terrain-aware cleaning framework that dynamically adjusts robot behavior based on real-time surface classification and slope estimation. A [...] Read more.
Outdoor cleaning robots must operate reliably across diverse and unstructured surfaces, yet many existing systems lack the adaptability to handle terrain variability. This paper proposes a terrain-aware cleaning framework that dynamically adjusts robot behavior based on real-time surface classification and slope estimation. A 128-channel LiDAR sensor captures signal intensity images, which are processed by a ResNet-18 convolutional neural network to classify floor types as wood, smooth, or rough. Simultaneously, pitch angles from an onboard IMU detect terrain inclination. These inputs are transformed into fuzzy sets and evaluated using a Mamdani-type fuzzy inference system. The controller adjusts brush height, brush speed, and robot velocity through 81 rules derived from 48 structured cleaning experiments across varying terrain and slopes. Validation was conducted in low-light (night-time) conditions, leveraging LiDAR’s lighting-invariant capabilities. Field trials confirm that the robot responds effectively to environmental conditions, such as reducing speed on slopes or increasing brush pressure on rough surfaces. The integration of deep learning and fuzzy control enables safe, energy-efficient, and adaptive cleaning in complex outdoor environments. This work demonstrates the feasibility and real-world applicability for combining perception and inference-based control in terrain-adaptive robotic systems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research and Applications of Neural Networks and Fuzzy Logic)
17 pages, 29099 KiB  
Article
Impacts of Continuous Damming on Zooplankton Functional Diversity in Karst Rivers of Southwest China: Different Hydrological Periods and Implications for Karst Reservoir Management
by Xiaochuan Song, Qiuhua Li, Yue Long, Jingze Zhang, Heng Wang, Bo Yang and Jing Xiao
Diversity 2025, 17(7), 478; https://doi.org/10.3390/d17070478 (registering DOI) - 10 Jul 2025
Abstract
Continuous damming in karst rivers fragmented the longitudinal structure of river systems, disrupting plankton habitats, limiting dispersal, and reducing biodiversity. This study examined variations in zooplankton functional diversity in a dammed river system during dry and wet seasons. Sampling across both seasons yielded [...] Read more.
Continuous damming in karst rivers fragmented the longitudinal structure of river systems, disrupting plankton habitats, limiting dispersal, and reducing biodiversity. This study examined variations in zooplankton functional diversity in a dammed river system during dry and wet seasons. Sampling across both seasons yielded 44 samples, with 64 zooplankton taxa categorized into seven functional groups based on their traits. Functional diversity indices were calculated. Results revealed significant differences in nutrient concentrations between upstream and downstream sections, particularly during the dry season (R2 = 0.11, p < 0.01). Zooplankton functional diversity decreased from upstream to downstream, with more pronounced differences in the dry season (R2 = 0.94, p < 0.05), driven by reduced dispersal stochasticity (βBC close to −1). Continuous damming primarily affected smaller zooplankton, such as rotifers, while dissolved oxygen, water temperature, and pH influenced distribution patterns related to habitat depth, breeding season, life span, and reproduction. These findings underscored the impact of damming on zooplankton functional diversity and informed dam management strategies for biodiversity conservation. Full article
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60 pages, 2063 KiB  
Systematic Review
Advancements in Antenna and Rectifier Systems for RF Energy Harvesting: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
by Luis Fernando Guerrero-Vásquez, Nathalia Alexandra Chacón-Reino, Segundo Darío Tenezaca-Angamarca, Paúl Andrés Chasi-Pesantez and Jorge Osmani Ordoñez-Ordoñez
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(14), 7773; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15147773 (registering DOI) - 10 Jul 2025
Abstract
This systematic review explores recent advancements in antenna and rectifier systems for radio frequency (RF) energy harvesting within the gigahertz frequency range, aiming to support the development of sustainable and efficient low-power electronic applications. Conducted under the PRISMA methodology, our review filtered 2465 [...] Read more.
This systematic review explores recent advancements in antenna and rectifier systems for radio frequency (RF) energy harvesting within the gigahertz frequency range, aiming to support the development of sustainable and efficient low-power electronic applications. Conducted under the PRISMA methodology, our review filtered 2465 initial records down to 80 relevant studies, addressing three research questions focused on antenna design, operating frequency bands, and rectifier configurations. Key variables such as antenna type, resonant frequency, gain, efficiency, bandwidth, and physical dimensions were examined. Antenna designs including fractal, spiral, bow-tie, slot, and rectangular structures were analyzed, with fractal antennas showing the highest efficiency, while array antennas exhibited lower performance despite their compact dimensions. Frequency band analysis indicated a predominance of 2.4 GHz and 5.8 GHz applications. Evaluation of substrate materials such as FR4, Rogers, RT Duroid, textiles, and unconventional composites highlighted their impact on performance optimization. Rectifier systems including Schottky, full-wave, half-wave, microwave, multi-step, and single-step designs were assessed, with Schottky rectifiers demonstrating the highest energy conversion efficiency. Additionally, correlation analyses using boxplots explored the relationships among antenna area, efficiency, operating frequency, and gain across design variables. The findings identify current trends and design considerations crucial for enhancing RF energy harvesting technologies. Full article
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15 pages, 3598 KiB  
Systematic Review
Frailty, All-Cause Mortality, and Hospitalization in Patients on Maintenance Hemodialysis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
by Maurizio Bossola, Ilaria Mariani, Manuela Antocicco, Gilda Pepe and Enrico Di Stasio
J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14(14), 4914; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14144914 (registering DOI) - 10 Jul 2025
Abstract
Background/Objective: In recent years, three systematic reviews examining the relationship between frailty and mortality in chronic hemodialysis patients have been published; these reviews employed different inclusion criteria and methodologies, leading to conflicting results. The present study aimed to determine whether frailty is [...] Read more.
Background/Objective: In recent years, three systematic reviews examining the relationship between frailty and mortality in chronic hemodialysis patients have been published; these reviews employed different inclusion criteria and methodologies, leading to conflicting results. The present study aimed to determine whether frailty is associated with an increased risk of all-cause mortality and hospitalization in patients on maintenance hemodialysis. Methods: The research was conducted in April 2024 using the following databases: MEDLINE via PubMed (1985 to present) and Web of Science Core Collection via Clarivate (1985 to present), with a combination of keywords to capture hemodialysis, frailty, and mortality. Results: We included 23 studies in the analysis, with a total of 10,333 patients (5592 frail and 4741 non-frail). The number of patients in each individual study ranged from 93 to 1652. Adjusted mortality data that accounted for patient characteristics and treatment variables was available from six studies (1034 patients) with a follow-up period of 12 months and revealed an increased all-cause mortality risk in frail patients in the random effects model (pooled OR, 3.28; 95% CI, 1.72–6.29). Moderate heterogeneity was observed in this analysis (Chi2 = 14.06, df = 5, (p = 0.02); I2 = 64%). Adjusted mortality data that accounted for patient characteristics and treatment variables was available from 21 studies (8757 patients) with any follow-up period and revealed an increased all-cause mortality risk in frail patients in the random effects model (pooled adjusted OR 2.47; 95% CI, 1.85–3.29). Moderate heterogeneity was observed in this analysis (Chi2 = 55.1, df = 20, (p < 0.0001); I2 = 64%). All-cause hospitalization data was available from 15 studies (6349 patients) with any follow-up period and revealed an increased all-cause hospitalization risk in frail patients in the random effects model (pooled adjusted OR 2.19; 95% CI, 1.72–2.78). Moderate heterogeneity was observed in this analysis (Chi2 = 40.9, df = 13; p < 0.0001; I2 = 68%). No obvious asymmetry, indicating no clear evidence of publication bias, was observed. Conclusions: Frailty is a significant risk factor for all-cause mortality and all-cause hospitalization in patients on maintenance hemodialysis and presents clinicians with important challenges in routine clinical practice. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Clinical Advances in Hemodialysis)
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14 pages, 1747 KiB  
Article
Synthesis and Application of a New Cyclic Phosphoric Acid in Enantioselective Three-Component Mannich Reactions
by Giovanni Ghigo, Alessio Robiolio Bose and Stefano Dughera
Molecules 2025, 30(14), 2928; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30142928 (registering DOI) - 10 Jul 2025
Abstract
A novel point-chiral six-membered cyclic phosphoric acid was synthesized starting from an enantiopure precursor via a concise three-step route. Its catalytic performance was evaluated in enantioselective three-component Mannich reactions. Under optimized conditions, the catalyst provided good yields and satisfactory enantiomeric excesses (up to [...] Read more.
A novel point-chiral six-membered cyclic phosphoric acid was synthesized starting from an enantiopure precursor via a concise three-step route. Its catalytic performance was evaluated in enantioselective three-component Mannich reactions. Under optimized conditions, the catalyst provided good yields and satisfactory enantiomeric excesses (up to 89%). The basic mechanism of the catalysis was also studied by the DFT method. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue 30th Anniversary of Molecules—Recent Advances in Organic Chemistry)
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33 pages, 59481 KiB  
Article
Study on the Influencing Factors of UHPC Durability and Its Microscopic Performance Characterization
by Risheng Wang, Yongzhuang Zhang, Hongrui Wu and Xueni Jiang
Materials 2025, 18(14), 3268; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18143268 (registering DOI) - 10 Jul 2025
Abstract
Considering the harsh marine environment characterized by dry–wet cycles, freeze–thaw action, chloride penetration, and sulfate attack, four optimized ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC) mix designs were developed. Durability was assessed via electric flux, dry–wet cycles, and rapid freeze–thaw tests to evaluate the effects of curing [...] Read more.
Considering the harsh marine environment characterized by dry–wet cycles, freeze–thaw action, chloride penetration, and sulfate attack, four optimized ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC) mix designs were developed. Durability was assessed via electric flux, dry–wet cycles, and rapid freeze–thaw tests to evaluate the effects of curing methods, aggregate types, and mineral admixtures on key durability indicators, including chloride ion permeability, compressive strength loss, and mass loss. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) examined microstructural changes under various conditions. Results showed that curing method significantly affected chloride ion permeability and sulfate resistance. High-temperature curing (70 ± 2 °C) reduced 28-day chloride ion electric flux by about 50%, and the compressive strength loss rate of specimens subjected to sulfate attack decreased by 2.7% to 45.7% compared to standard curing. Aggregate type had minimal impact on corrosion resistance, while mineral admixtures improved durability more effectively. Frost resistance was excellent, with mass loss below 0.87% after 500 freeze–thaw cycles. SEM analysis revealed that high-temperature curing decreased free cement particles, and mineral admixtures refined pore structure, enhancing matrix compactness. Among all mixtures, Mix Proportion 4 demonstrated the best overall durability. This study offers valuable insights for UHPC design in aggressive marine conditions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Advanced Materials Characterization)
17 pages, 2424 KiB  
Article
Advanced Spectroscopic Characterization of Synthetic Oil from Oil Sands via Pyrolysis: An FTIR, GC–MSD, and NMR Study
by Ainura Yermekova, Yerbol Tileuberdi, Ainur Seitkan, Anar Gabbassova, Yerlan Zhatkanbayev, Aisha Nurlybayeva, Nurzada Totenova and Stanislav Kotov
Molecules 2025, 30(14), 2927; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30142927 (registering DOI) - 10 Jul 2025
Abstract
This paper presents a modern spectroscopic characterization of the synthetic oil from oil sands of Beke, Munaily-Mola, and Dongeleksor. The pyrolysis process was carried out at temperatures up to 580 °C with a controlled heating rate, and the products obtained were analyzed using [...] Read more.
This paper presents a modern spectroscopic characterization of the synthetic oil from oil sands of Beke, Munaily-Mola, and Dongeleksor. The pyrolysis process was carried out at temperatures up to 580 °C with a controlled heating rate, and the products obtained were analyzed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MSD), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The FTIR spectra showed a predominance of aliphatic hydrocarbons in the sample from Munaily-Mola synthetic oil, while the content of aromatic compounds was higher in the sample from Beke. GC–MSD analysis revealed significant differences in the distribution of hydrocarbons between the samples, with the Munaily-Mola sample containing a higher proportion of heavy hydrocarbons. NMR spectroscopy provided additional information about the structural composition of the extracted oil. The results indicate the potential of pyrolysis as an effective method for processing oil sands, while the composition of the product varies depending on the geological origin of the raw materials. These findings provide valuable information for optimizing oil sands processing technologies and improving the efficiency of synthetic oil production. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Renewable Energy, Fuels and Chemicals from Biomass, 2nd Edition)
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11 pages, 1748 KiB  
Article
pH-Responsive Nanophotosensitizer Boosting Antibacterial Photodynamic Therapy by Hydroxyl Radical Generation
by Peilin Tian, Xianyue Bai, Jing Feng, Luyao Xu, Shihao Xu, Xiaoya Yu, Caiju Fan, Qian Su, Jiaxing Song and Cuixia Lu
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(14), 1075; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15141075 (registering DOI) - 10 Jul 2025
Abstract
In this study, a pH-responsive nanophotosensitizer (MT@Ce6) was rationally developed by strategic integration of MIL-101 (Fe)-NH2 metal–organic framework with tannic acid (TA) and chlorin e6. This nanocomposite exhibits pH-responsive degradation in acidic microenvironments, facilitating Fe3+ release and subsequent reduction to Fe [...] Read more.
In this study, a pH-responsive nanophotosensitizer (MT@Ce6) was rationally developed by strategic integration of MIL-101 (Fe)-NH2 metal–organic framework with tannic acid (TA) and chlorin e6. This nanocomposite exhibits pH-responsive degradation in acidic microenvironments, facilitating Fe3+ release and subsequent reduction to Fe2+ that catalyzes Fenton reaction-mediated hydroxyl radical (•OH) generation. This cascade reaction shifts reactive oxygen species (ROS) predominance from transient singlet oxygen (1O2) to the long-range penetrative •OH, achieving robust biofilm disruption and over 90% eradication of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) under 660 nm irradiation. In vivo evaluations revealed accelerated wound healing with 95% wound closure within 7 days, while species-selective antibacterial studies demonstrated a 2.3-fold enhanced potency against Gram-positive bacteria due to their unique peptidoglycan-rich cell wall architecture. These findings collectively establish a microenvironment-adaptive nanoplatform for precision antimicrobial interventions, providing a translational strategy to address drug-resistant infections. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Nanocomposites: Properties and Applications in Health and Environmental Care)
15 pages, 8387 KiB  
Article
Study on the Sustainability of Carbon Emission Reduction in China’s Cement Industry
by Kui Zhao, Congling Bao and Bingxin Zhang
Sustainability 2025, 17(14), 6349; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17146349 (registering DOI) - 10 Jul 2025
Abstract
Recycled concrete fines (RCFs) have the potential to serve as a supplementary cementitious material (SCM) after carbonation. Traditionally, carbonation of RCFs results in calcium carbonate primarily in the form of calcite, which significantly limits the development of RCFs as an SCM. In this [...] Read more.
Recycled concrete fines (RCFs) have the potential to serve as a supplementary cementitious material (SCM) after carbonation. Traditionally, carbonation of RCFs results in calcium carbonate primarily in the form of calcite, which significantly limits the development of RCFs as an SCM. In this research, a wet grinding carbonation (WGC) technique was introduced to enhance the reactivity of RCFs. The research indicates that RCFs after WGC exhibit a finer particle size and a larger specific surface area. The carbonation products include calcite with smaller grains, metastable calcium carbonate, and nanoscale silica gel and Al-Si gel. When RCF-WGC is used as an SCM in ordinary Portland cement (OPC), it significantly promotes the hydration of the cement paste, as evidenced by the advancement and increased intensity of the exothermic peaks of aluminates and silicates. RCF-WGC can significantly enhance the compressive strength of hydrated samples, particularly at early ages. Specifically, at a curing age of 1 day, the compressive strength of WGC5, WGC10, and WGC20 samples increased by 9.9%, 22.5%, and 7.7%, respectively, compared to the Ref sample (0% RCF-WGC). At a curing age of 3 days, the compressive strength of the WGC5, WGC10, and WGC20 samples showed even more significant improvements, increasing by 20.8%, 21.9%, and 11.8%, respectively. The performance enhancement of the WGC samples is attributed to the chemical reactions involving nanoscale silica gel, Al-Si gel, and calcium carbonate in the RCFs. When RCF-WGC is used as an SCM to replace 5%, 10%, and 20% of cement, it can reduce carbon emissions by 27.5 kg/t, 55 kg/t, and 110 kg/t, respectively. Large-scale application of RCFs as a high-value SCM can significantly reduce the life-cycle carbon emissions of the cement industry, contributing to the achievement of carbon peaking in China’s cement sector. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Sustainable Construction Materials and Structural Systems)
34 pages, 1735 KiB  
Review
Inversion Studies on the Heavy Metal Content of Farmland Soils Based on Spectroscopic Techniques: A Review
by Wenlong Qiu, Ting Tang, Song He, Zeyong Zheng, Jinhong Lv, Jiacheng Guo, Yunfang Zeng, Yifeng Lao and Weibin Wu
Agronomy 2025, 15(7), 1678; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15071678 (registering DOI) - 10 Jul 2025
Abstract
In recent years, heavy metal pollution in farmland soil has become a crisis due to human activities or natural impacts, with particular emphasis on cases from China, where this issue is prominent, greatly affecting crop production and food safety. In the context of [...] Read more.
In recent years, heavy metal pollution in farmland soil has become a crisis due to human activities or natural impacts, with particular emphasis on cases from China, where this issue is prominent, greatly affecting crop production and food safety. In the context of a low heavy metal (HM) content in farmland soil, which is difficult to monitor in real time, effective and rapid monitoring of soil plays a decisive role in subsequent targeted protection measures. To this end, this paper provides a narrative review of the application of spectral sensing technology on the basis of the quantitative inversion of heavy metal content in farmland soil using different platforms (ground, airborne, and spaceborne). The sensing process evaluates the mechanism by which soil produces different weak spectral features from the perspective of the heterogeneity of farmland soil. Different methods used for the quantitative inversion of heavy metals (by studying the correlation between soil heavy metals and organic matter, clay minerals, metal oxides, crop vegetation index, etc.) and their feasibility were clarified. At the same time, relevant research on key technologies used in various processes—such as follow-up pretreatment, spectral feature extraction, and the establishment of inversion models for spectral data of different farmland soil types—was summarized, with a primary focus on cases in China. Finally, the challenges, applications, and research directions related to heavy metal spectral inversion in farmland soil were discussed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Soil and Water Sensor Technologies for Precision Agriculture and Environmental Monitoring)
18 pages, 2623 KiB  
Article
Beta Diversity Patterns and Drivers of Macroinvertebrate Communities in Major Rivers of Ningxia, China
by Qiangqiang Yang, Zeyu Wei, Xiaocong Qiu and Zengfeng Zhao
Animals 2025, 15(14), 2034; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15142034 (registering DOI) - 10 Jul 2025
Abstract
The clarification of community assembly mechanisms in benthic macroinvertebrates and their respective contributions to the development of beta diversity is a fundamental concern in aquatic ecology. Nonetheless, the intrinsic complexity of community alterations and their non-linear reactions to gradients of explanatory variables present [...] Read more.
The clarification of community assembly mechanisms in benthic macroinvertebrates and their respective contributions to the development of beta diversity is a fundamental concern in aquatic ecology. Nonetheless, the intrinsic complexity of community alterations and their non-linear reactions to gradients of explanatory variables present considerable obstacles to measuring the determinants of beta diversity. Fifty sampling points were set up along the major rivers of the Yellow River Irrigation Area (YRIA), the Central Arid Zone (CAZ), and the Southern Mountainous Area (SMA) in Ningxia in April, July, and October 2023. The findings demonstrate that the optimal parameter-based geographical detector (OPGD) model identified a 3000 m circular buffer as the spatial scale at which landscape structure most significantly influences water quality. A degradation in water quality presumably results in diminished differences in species composition among communities. The Sørensen index was determined to be more appropriate for this investigation, and the total beta diversity of the communities was relatively high (βSOR ≥ 0.82), with no identifiable nested spatial patterns detected. Except in the YRIA, environmental variability contributed more significantly to the variance in beta diversity than spatial factors, and deterministic mechanisms dominated the community assembly of benthic macroinvertebrates across all three months. To improve biodiversity and aquatic ecosystem health, the study region should optimize its landscape structure by reducing the amount of bare land and increasing the percentage of forest land within buffer zones. Additionally, a multi-site conservation strategy should be put into place. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Ecology and Conservation)
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16 pages, 1610 KiB  
Article
Energy-Efficient Vacuum Sublimation Drying of Camel Milk: Numerical Simulation and Parametric Analysis
by Arshyn Altybay, Ayaulym Rakhmatulina, Dauren Darkenbayev and Symbat Satybaldy
Energies 2025, 18(14), 3665; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18143665 (registering DOI) - 10 Jul 2025
Abstract
This study describes both experimental and numerical investigations into the heat and mass transfer processes governing the vacuum freeze drying of camel milk, with a specific focus on improving the energy efficiency. A three-dimensional model was developed and solved using the finite element [...] Read more.
This study describes both experimental and numerical investigations into the heat and mass transfer processes governing the vacuum freeze drying of camel milk, with a specific focus on improving the energy efficiency. A three-dimensional model was developed and solved using the finite element method to simulate temperature evolution and sublimation interface progression during drying. The numerical model was validated against experimental data, achieving strong agreement, with an R2 value of 0.94. A detailed parametric analysis examined the effects of the shelf temperature, sample thickness, and chamber pressure on the drying kinetics and energy input. The results indicate that optimising these parameters can significantly reduce the energy consumption and processing time while maintaining product quality. Notably, reducing the sample thickness to 4 mm shortened the drying time by up to 40% and reduced the specific energy consumption (SEC) from 358 to 149 kWh/kg. These findings offer valuable insights for the design of more energy-efficient freeze drying systems, with implications for sustainable milk powder production and industrial-scale process optimisation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section J1: Heat and Mass Transfer)
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