MDPI - Publisher of Open Access Journals

10 pages, 270 KiB

Open AccessReview

Unveiling the Burden of Nephrolithiasis in Low- and Lower-Middle Income Countries: A Review on Its Presentation, Risk Factors, Treatment Practices, and Future Directions

by Murtadha Almusafer, Hussein Issa, Margarita Paraskevopoulou, Evangelos N Symeonidis, Kamran Hassan Bhatti, Mohamad Moussa, Athanasios Papatsoris and Georgios Tsampoukas

Soc. Int. Urol. J. 2024, 5(5), 361-370; https://doi.org/10.3390/siuj5050055 (registering DOI) - 18 Oct 2024

Abstract

Background: Nephrolithiasis, or kidney stone disease, presents a significant global health burden, with global incidence rates and treatment practices varying widely. This study aims to discuss the epidemiology, risk factors, treatment modalities, and challenges for nephrolithiasis in the lower half of the [...] Read more.

Background: Nephrolithiasis, or kidney stone disease, presents a significant global health burden, with global incidence rates and treatment practices varying widely. This study aims to discuss the epidemiology, risk factors, treatment modalities, and challenges for nephrolithiasis in the lower half of the World Bank rankings; that is, in low- and lower-middle-income countries. Methods: A comprehensive literature review was conducted using PubMed for each country on the list, focusing on studies published from January 2000 onwards and reporting data on prevalence, risk factors, treatment practices, and economic implications. Results: Nephrolithiasis represents a significant burden for healthcare systems, with noteworthy geographical variability in prevalence possibly dependent on socioeconomic status and gender. Risk factors include dietary habits, climate, pollution, and infectious diseases. Treatment practices in some regions still rely on open surgery due to limited access to advanced endourological techniques, while other regions demonstrate high proactivity in research. The burden is exacerbated by inadequate healthcare infrastructure and training. Conclusions: Addressing nephrolithiasis in challenging economic circumstances requires targeted interventions, including improved access to modern treatment methods, enhanced training for healthcare professionals, and better socioeconomic and environmental conditions. Future research should focus on region-specific strategies and the development of sustainable healthcare solutions. Full article

16 pages, 1469 KiB

Open AccessReview

Innovations for Holistic and Sustainable Transitions

by Phoebe Koundouri, Angelos Alamanos, Stathis Devves, Conrad Landis and Kostantinos Dellis

Energies 2024, 17(20), 5184; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17205184 (registering DOI) - 18 Oct 2024

Abstract

Energy system planning has evolved from a narrow focus on engineering and supply works towards addressing more complex, multifactorial challenges. Increasingly challenged by climate change, extreme events, economic shocks, and altered supply demand patterns, the analysis of energy systems requires holistic approaches based [...] Read more.

Energy system planning has evolved from a narrow focus on engineering and supply works towards addressing more complex, multifactorial challenges. Increasingly challenged by climate change, extreme events, economic shocks, and altered supply demand patterns, the analysis of energy systems requires holistic approaches based on data-driven models, taking into account key socio-economic factors. We draw insights from reviewing the literature, indicating the need to cover the following major gaps: the shift to transdisciplinary approaches, incorporating environmental system analysis; resilient and sustainable energy designs based on flexible portfolios of renewable mixes; the integration of socio-economic aspects, economic analyses and behavioural models to ensure energy systems are not only technically sound but socially acceptable and viable; the need for stakeholder engagement considering the human angle in energy security and behavioural shifts. Responding to these pressing challenges and emerging needs, the Global Climate Hub (GCH) initiative, operating under the UN Sustainable Development Solutions Network, offers a conceptual framework, leveraging transdisciplinary approaches. In this Concept Paper, we present for the first time the idea of the GCH as a framework that we believe has the potential to address the modern holistic needs for energy system analysis and policymaking. By setting the conceptual/theoretical ground of our suggested approach, we aim to provide guidance for innovative combinations of cutting-edge models, socio-economic narratives, and inclusive interaction with relevant stakeholders for the development and the long-term implementation of sustainable pathways. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy and Environmental Economic Theory and Policy)

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18 pages, 12890 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Dual Shot Peening on Microstructure and Wear Performance of CNT/Al-Cu-Mg Composites

by Wenlong Zhu, Huabing Liu, Shilong Xing, Chuanhai Jiang and Vincent Ji

Materials 2024, 17(20), 5066; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17205066 (registering DOI) - 17 Oct 2024

Abstract

This work systematically investigated the effect of dual shot peening (DSP) and conventional shot peening (CSP) on the microstructure, residual stress and wear performance of the CNT/Al-Cu-Mg composites. The results indicated that compared with CSP, DSP effectively reduced surface roughness (Rz) from 31.30 [...] Read more.

This work systematically investigated the effect of dual shot peening (DSP) and conventional shot peening (CSP) on the microstructure, residual stress and wear performance of the CNT/Al-Cu-Mg composites. The results indicated that compared with CSP, DSP effectively reduced surface roughness (Rz) from 31.30 to 12.04 μm. In parallel, DSP introduced a smaller domain size (33.1 nm) and more dislocations, higher levels compressive residual stress and a stiffer deformation layer with deeper affected zones. Moreover, DSP effectively improved the uniformity of the surface layer’s microstructure and residual stress distribution. The improvement is mainly due to secondary impact deformation by microshots and fine grain strengthening. In addition, the transformation of the hard second phases such as Al₄C₃ and CNT and its effects on improving the surface strength and deformation uniformity were discussed. Significantly, DSP improved the wear resistance by 31.8% under the load of 6 N, which is attributed to the synergistic influence of factors including hardness, compressive residual stress, surface roughness, and grain size. In summary, it can be concluded that DSP is an effective strategy to promote the surface layer characteristics for CNT/Al-Cu-Mg composites. Full article

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19 pages, 301 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Associations Between Body Image, Eating Behaviors, and Diet Quality Among Young Women in New Zealand: The Role of Social Media

by Jessica A. Malloy, Hugo Kazenbroot-Phillips and Rajshri Roy

Nutrients 2024, 16(20), 3517; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16203517 (registering DOI) - 17 Oct 2024

Abstract

Background/Objectives: This study investigates the relationship between diet quality and body image disturbance among young women aged 18–24, a crucial period for establishing lifelong health behaviors. Given the increasing exposure to social media, which often promotes unrealistic beauty standards, this research aims [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: This study investigates the relationship between diet quality and body image disturbance among young women aged 18–24, a crucial period for establishing lifelong health behaviors. Given the increasing exposure to social media, which often promotes unrealistic beauty standards, this research aims to explore associations between eating behaviors, diet quality, and body image disturbance. Methods: A mixed-methods approach was employed, combining qualitative focus group discussions with quantitative analysis. Focus groups (n = 19) explored themes of body image dissatisfaction. The Body Image Disturbance Questionnaire (BIDQ) was administered to 50 participants (young women aged 18–24) to quantitatively assess body image disturbance, while diet quality was evaluated using the Australian Recommended Food Scores (ARFS). The Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire (TFEQ-R18) was also used to assess eating behaviors, including cognitive restraint, uncontrolled eating, and emotional eating. A social influence questionnaire (SIQ) was administered to measure the effect of social influence. Pearson’s correlation coefficient was used to determine the relationship between ARFS, BIDQ, and TFEQ-R18 scores. Results: Qualitative findings revealed persistent dissatisfaction with body shape, largely influenced by social media. Quantitatively, 65% of participants scored above the clinical threshold for body image disturbance (mean BIDQ score = 4.2, SD = 0.8). The correlation between ARFS and BIDQ scores was weak and not statistically significant (r = 0.057, p = 0.711). However, a significant positive correlation was observed between time spent on social media and body image disturbance (r = 0.58, p < 0.01). Additionally, TFEQ-R18 results indicated that 45% of participants displayed moderate levels of uncontrolled eating, and 36.5% demonstrated moderate levels of emotional eating. Conclusions: While social media is associated with body image concerns, its effect on eating behaviors and diet quality shows weak correlations, suggesting that other factors may mediate these outcomes. These results suggest the complexity of the associations between body image, eating behaviors, and diet quality, indicating that interventions should consider psychological drivers behind these concerns alongside social media usage. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition in Women)

11 pages, 1191 KiB

Open AccessReview

Regulation Progression on Ellagic Acid Improving Poultry Production Performance by Regulating Redox Homeostasis, Inflammatory Response, and Cell Apoptosis

by Shengchen Wang, Wenjun Zhang, Bing Tian, Yun Hu, Tingting Li, Xiaoyan Cui, Liyang Zhang and Xugang Luo

Animals 2024, 14(20), 3009; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14203009 (registering DOI) - 17 Oct 2024

Abstract

It has been approximately 2000 years since the medicinal homologous theory, which primarily holds that food has the same therapeutic value as medicine in order to improve the health of both humans and animals. In recent years, this theory has also been proposed [...] Read more.

It has been approximately 2000 years since the medicinal homologous theory, which primarily holds that food has the same therapeutic value as medicine in order to improve the health of both humans and animals. In recent years, this theory has also been proposed to be used in poultry breeding. Ellagic acid (EA), a natural compound primarily extracted from medicinal homologous foods such as raspberries and pomegranates, is reported to have incomparable advantages in improving the production performance and disease resistance of poultry due to its pharmacological properties, which regulate the processes of redox homeostasis, inflammatory response, and cell apoptotic death. However, the application and research of EA in poultry production are still in the initial stage, and the potential mechanisms of its biological functions affecting animal health have not been clearly identified, which requires more attention worldwide. This mini-review collects the latest 10-year achievements of research on the effects of EA on poultry health, aiming to promote the practical application of EA in maintaining animal health and formulating corresponding targeted strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Plant Extracts on Meat Quality, Intestinal Microbiota and Resistance to Diseases and Stresses of Food Animals)

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26 pages, 3745 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Exploring the 3,5-Dibromo-4,6-dimethoxychalcones and Their Flavone Derivatives as Dual α-Glucosidase and α-Amylase Inhibitors with Antioxidant and Anticancer Potential

by Jackson K. Nkoana, Malose J. Mphahlele, Garland K. More and Yee Siew Choong

Antioxidants 2024, 13(10), 1255; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox13101255 - 17 Oct 2024

Abstract

The rising levels of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and the poor medical effects of the commercially available antidiabetic drugs necessitate the development of potent analogs to treat this multifactorial metabolic disorder. It has been demonstrated that targeting two or more biochemical targets [...] Read more.

The rising levels of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and the poor medical effects of the commercially available antidiabetic drugs necessitate the development of potent analogs to treat this multifactorial metabolic disorder. It has been demonstrated that targeting two or more biochemical targets associated with the onset and progression of diabetes along with oxidative stress and/or cancer could be a significant strategy for treating complications related to this metabolic disorder. The 3,5-dibromo-4,6-dimethoxychalcones (2a–f) and the corresponding flavone derivatives (3a–f) were synthesized and characterized using spectroscopic (NMR, HR-MS and FT-IR) techniques. The inhibitory effect of both series of compounds against α-glucosidase and α-amylase was evaluated in vitro through enzymatic assays. Selected compounds were also evaluated for potential to activate or inhibit superoxide dismutase. Compound 3c was selected as a representative model for the flavone series and evaluated spectrophotometrically for potential to coordinate Cu(II) and/or Zn(II) ions implicated in the metal-catalyzed free radical generation. A plausible mechanism for metal-chelation of the test compounds is presented. Furthermore, the most active compounds from each series against the test carbohydrate-hydrolyzing enzymes were selected and evaluated for their antigrowth effect on the human breast (MCF-7) and lung (A549) cancer cell lines and for cytotoxicity against the African Green Monkey kidney (Vero) cell line. The parent chalcone 2a and flavone derivatives 3a, 3c and 3e exhibited relatively high inhibitory activity against the MCF-7 cells with IC₅₀ values of 4.12 ± 0.55, 8.50 ± 0.82, 5.10 ± 0.61 and 6.96 ± 0.66 μM, respectively. The chalcones 2a and 2c exhibited significant cytotoxicity against the A549 cells with IC₅₀ values of 7.40 ± 0.67 and 9.68 ± 0.80 μM, respectively. Only flavone 3c exhibited relatively strong and comparable cytotoxicity against the MCF-7 and A549 cell lines with IC₅₀ values of 6.96 ± 0.66 and 6.42 ± 0.79 μM, respectively. Both series of compounds exhibited strong activity against the MCF-7 and A549 cell lines compared to the analogous quercetin (IC₅₀ = 35.40 ± 1.78 and 35.38 ± 1.78 μM, respectively) though moderate compared to nintedanib (IC₅₀ = 0.53 ± 0.11 and 0.74 ± 0.15 μM, respectively). The test compounds generally exhibited reduced cytotoxicity against the Vero cells compared to this anticancer drug. Molecular docking revealed strong alignment of the test compounds with the enzyme backbone to engage in hydrogen bonding interaction/s and hydrophobic contacts with the residues in the active sites of α-glucosidase and α-amylase. The test compounds possess favorable drug-likeness properties, supporting their potential as therapeutic candidates against T2DM. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue From Natural to Synthetic Small-Molecule Antioxidants: New Candidates in Drug Discovery—Second Edition)

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19 pages, 2027 KiB

Open AccessArticle

T-Smade: A Two-Stage Smart Detector for Evasive Spectre Attacks Under Various Workloads

by Jiajia Jiao, Ran Wen and Yulian Li

Electronics 2024, 13(20), 4090; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13204090 (registering DOI) - 17 Oct 2024

Abstract

Evasive Spectre attacks have used additional nop or memory delay instructions to make effective hardware performance counter based detectors with lower attack detection successful rate. Interestingly, the detection performance gets worse under different workloads. For example, the attack detection successful rate is only [...] Read more.

Evasive Spectre attacks have used additional nop or memory delay instructions to make effective hardware performance counter based detectors with lower attack detection successful rate. Interestingly, the detection performance gets worse under different workloads. For example, the attack detection successful rate is only 59.8% for realistic applications, while it is much lower 27.52% for memory stress test. Therefore, this paper proposes a two-stage smart detector T-Smade designed for evasive Spectre attacks (e.g., evasive Spectre nop and evasive Spectre memory) under various workloads. T-Smade uses the first-stage detector to identify the type of workloads and then selects the appropriate second-stage detector, which uses four hardware performance counter events to characterize the high cache miss rate and low branch miss rate of Spectre attacks. More importantly, the second stage detector adds one dimension of reusing cache miss rate and branch miss rate to exploit the characteristics of various workloads to detect evasive Spectre attacks effectively. Furthermore, to achieve the good generalization for more unseen evasive Spectre attacks, the proposed classification detector T-Smade is trained by the raw data of Spectre attacks and non-attacks in different workloads using simple Multi-Layer Perception models. The comprehensive results demonstrate that T-Smade makes the average attack detection successful rate of evasive Spectre nop under different workload return from 27.52% to 95.42%, and that of evasive Spectre memory from 59.8% up to 100%. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Insights in Information Security and Data Privacy: Challenges and Solutions)

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18 pages, 742 KiB

Open AccessReview

Work Disparities and the Health of Nurses in Long-Term Care: A Scoping Review

by Lynn Shaw, Mehvish Masood, Kimberly Neufeld, Denise Connelly, Meagan Stanley, Nicole A. Guitar, Anna Garnett and Anahita Nikkhou

Healthcare 2024, 12(20), 2065; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare12202065 - 17 Oct 2024

Abstract

Work disparities, such as unfairness in pay or unequal distribution of work experienced by nurses in long-term care (LTC), can impact the retention and health of this workforce. Background: Despite the significant impact of disparities on nurses’ health in LTC, a literature [...] Read more.

Work disparities, such as unfairness in pay or unequal distribution of work experienced by nurses in long-term care (LTC), can impact the retention and health of this workforce. Background: Despite the significant impact of disparities on nurses’ health in LTC, a literature review on work disparities of nurses in LTC has not been conducted. Method: This scoping review aimed to explore the nature and extent of research on meso-level work disparities experienced by nurses in LTC and its links with nurse health and well-being. Five databases were searched: MEDLINE (Ovid), EMBASE (Ovid), PsycINFO (Ovid), SCOPUS, and CINAHL (EBSCO host). Results: Of the 5652 articles retrieved, 16 studies (14 quantitative and 2 qualitative) published between 1997 and 2024 met the inclusion criteria. A total of 53 work disparities were identified. Only four articles investigated the association of a work disparity with a variable of health (e.g., physical, mental, or poor general health). Conclusions: The results suggest that more attention to how disparities impact nurses’ health and lived experiences is warranted. Meso-level disparities from this review provide an initial basis to consider possibilities in the workplace, especially in supporting equity and opportunities for health and well-being at work (e.g., through fair access to professional growth opportunities and a more equitable balance of work expectations and demands of nursing staff). Future studies of the intersection of macro- and meso-level factors are needed to inform better workplace practices and social and economic policies to support the well-being, health, and safety of nurses at work in LTC. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Improving the Health and Well-Being of Groups of Workers Experiencing Work Disparities)

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15 pages, 54058 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of Different Filler Systems on the Thermal Conductivity and Mechanical Properties of Thermosets

by Uta Rösel and Dietmar Drummer

Polymers 2024, 16(20), 2917; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16202917 - 17 Oct 2024

Abstract

The changing demands in terms of the compactness and performance of electronic devices increase the role of thermal management within this application field. Because polymers and especially thermosets have a low thermal conductivity, filler systems have to be used to improve their performance [...] Read more.

The changing demands in terms of the compactness and performance of electronic devices increase the role of thermal management within this application field. Because polymers and especially thermosets have a low thermal conductivity, filler systems have to be used to improve their performance and make thermosets suitable for applications. So far, several factors influencing thermal conductivity have been defined; however, the combined investigation of mechanical properties as another important value in terms of applications has not been realized. Therefore, this paper analyzes thermal conductivity based on the orientation of fillers and a contact path as well as mechanical properties in different material systems. In addition to the matrix material, the filler type and grade and the geometry and size were varied. It was shown that boron nitride provides the best values in terms of thermal conductivity after orientation along the flow path is realized. An aluminum silicate was defined as the best filler system in terms of mechanical properties. However, the boron nitride was found to reveal the greatest potential in terms of applications, since the mechanical properties are likely to be increased by the usage of finishing additives such as silane. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Polymer Processing and Engineering)

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11 pages, 5555 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Introduction of a BaTiO₃ Polarized Coating as an Interface Modification Strategy for Zinc-Ion Batteries: A Theoretical Study

by Diantao Chen, Jiawei Zhang, Qian Liu, Fan Wang, Xin Liu and Minghua Chen

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(20), 11172; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms252011172 (registering DOI) - 17 Oct 2024

Abstract

Aqueous zinc-ion batteries (AZIBs) have become a promising and cost-effective alternative to lithium-ion batteries due to their low cost, high energy, and high safety. However, dendrite growth, hydrogen evolution reactions (HERs), and corrosion significantly restrict the performance and scalability of AZIBs. We propose [...] Read more.

Aqueous zinc-ion batteries (AZIBs) have become a promising and cost-effective alternative to lithium-ion batteries due to their low cost, high energy, and high safety. However, dendrite growth, hydrogen evolution reactions (HERs), and corrosion significantly restrict the performance and scalability of AZIBs. We propose the introduction of a BaTiO₃ (BTO) piezoelectric polarized coating as an interface modification strategy for ZIBs. The low surface energy of the BTO (110) crystal plane ensures its thermodynamic preference during crystal growth in experimental processes and exhibits very low reactivity toward oxidation and corrosion. Calculations of interlayer coupling mechanisms reveal a stable junction between BTO (110) and Zn (002), ensuring system stability. Furthermore, the BTO (110) coating also effectively inhibits HERs. Diffusion kinetics studies of Zn ions demonstrate that BTO effectively suppresses the dendrite growth of Zn due to its piezoelectric effect, ensuring uniform zinc deposition. Our work proposes the introduction of a piezoelectric material coating into AZIBs for interface modification, which provides an important theoretical perspective for the mechanism of inhibiting dendrite growth and side reactions in AZIBs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Physical Chemistry and Chemical Physics)

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22 pages, 2261 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Exploring the Link Between Social Media Engagement, Social Anxiety, and Environmental Preferences in University Students

by Lan Wang, Xia Zhang and Aolin Xie

Buildings 2024, 14(10), 3284; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14103284 (registering DOI) - 17 Oct 2024

Abstract

As mental health issues become increasingly prominent, social anxiety is prevalent among university students and significantly affects their social behaviors and environmental preferences. With the increasing reliance on social media, understanding how these behaviors shape preferences for physical social environments is crucial for [...] Read more.

As mental health issues become increasingly prominent, social anxiety is prevalent among university students and significantly affects their social behaviors and environmental preferences. With the increasing reliance on social media, understanding how these behaviors shape preferences for physical social environments is crucial for designing supportive campus spaces. This study investigates the relationship between social anxiety, social media usage, and environmental preferences in campus settings. We aim to identify the key environmental factors that can promote healthier social interactions for students with varying levels of social anxiety and social media use. Data were collected from university students through a structured questionnaire assessing demographic characteristics, online and offline behavior, social media usage intensity, social anxiety level, and environmental preferences. Using K-means clustering, participants were grouped into four clusters based on their social media usage and social anxiety levels. ANOVA and Multivariate Multiple Regression (MMR) were conducted to examine differences in environmental preferences across these clusters. Significant differences in environmental preferences were observed across the four clusters. Gender and grade influenced social anxiety levels, with females and undergraduate students reporting greater anxiety. Individuals with high social media use, regardless of their anxiety levels, generally exhibited stronger preferences for various environmental dimensions, including openness, convenience, facility provision, safety/comfort, and cultural landscape. However, individuals with higher social anxiety tended to prefer enclosed, facility-rich, and more controlled environments. The relationship between social anxiety and preferences for convenience, safety/comfort, and cultural landscape was minimal or non-significant. This study highlights the importance of considering both behavioral and psychological factors when designing university social environments. By identifying specific environmental preferences of students with high social anxiety, the findings offer evidence-based recommendations for creating more inclusive and supportive campus spaces that promote positive social interactions and well-being. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances of Healthy Environment Design in Urban Development)

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13 pages, 3063 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Elexacaftor, Tezacaftor, and Ivacaftor in Adult People with Cystic Fibrosis

by Susanne Naehrig, Christina Shad, Magdalena Breuling, Melanie Goetschke, Katharina Habler, Sarah Sieber, Johanna Kastenberger, Alexandra Katharina Kunzelmann, Olaf Sommerburg, Uwe Liebchen, Juergen Behr, Michael Vogeser and Michael Paal

J. Pers. Med. 2024, 14(10), 1065; https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm14101065 (registering DOI) - 17 Oct 2024

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Elexacaftor, tezacaftor, and ivacaftor (ETI) have significantly improved lung function in people with cystic fibrosis (pwCF). Despite exceptional improvements in most cases, treatment-related inter-subject variability and drug–drug interactions that complicate modulator therapy have been reported. Methods: This retrospective analysis presents data on [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Elexacaftor, tezacaftor, and ivacaftor (ETI) have significantly improved lung function in people with cystic fibrosis (pwCF). Despite exceptional improvements in most cases, treatment-related inter-subject variability and drug–drug interactions that complicate modulator therapy have been reported. Methods: This retrospective analysis presents data on the serum concentration of ETI in our pwCF with full or reduced dosage from August 2021 to December 2023 via routine therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM). The data were compared with the maximum drug concentrations (Cmax) from the pharmaceutical company’s summary of product characteristics. Results: A total of 786 blood samples from 155 pwCF (41% female, 59% male) were analyzed. The examinations were divided into four groups: full dose within the given tmax (38.5% of all measurements), full dose outside the tmax (29%), reduced dose within the tmax (19.2%), and reduced dose outside the tmax (13.2%). In pwCF receiving the full dose and blood taken within the tmax, 45.3% of serum concentrations of elexacaftor, 51.1% of serum concentrations of ivacaftor, and 8.9% of serum concentrations of tezacaftor were found to be above the Cmax, respectively. For those on reduced doses within the tmax, 24.5% had a serum concentration of elexacaftor, 23.2% had a serum concentration of ivacaftor, and 2.5% had a serum concentration of tezacaftor above the Cmax, respectively. Conclusions: Many pwCF under ETI therapy have Cmax values for elexacaftor and ivacaftor above the recommended range, even on reduced doses or before the tmax was reached. This highlights the value of a TDM program. Further pharmacokinetic studies are necessary. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Personalized Therapy and Drug Delivery)

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15 pages, 11465 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Data-Driven Sparse Sensor Placement Optimization on Wings for Flight-By-Feel: Bioinspired Approach and Application

by Alex C. Hollenbeck, Atticus J. Beachy, Ramana V. Grandhi and Alexander M. Pankonien

Biomimetics 2024, 9(10), 631; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics9100631 (registering DOI) - 17 Oct 2024

Abstract

Flight-by-feel (FBF) is an approach to flight control that uses dispersed sensors on the wings of aircraft to detect flight state. While biological FBF systems, such as the wings of insects, often contain hundreds of strain and flow sensors, artificial systems are highly [...] Read more.

Flight-by-feel (FBF) is an approach to flight control that uses dispersed sensors on the wings of aircraft to detect flight state. While biological FBF systems, such as the wings of insects, often contain hundreds of strain and flow sensors, artificial systems are highly constrained by size, weight, and power (SWaP) considerations, especially for small aircraft. An optimization approach is needed to determine how many sensors are required and where they should be placed on the wing. Airflow fields can be highly nonlinear, and many local minima exist for sensor placement, meaning conventional optimization techniques are unreliable for this application. The Sparse Sensor Placement Optimization for Prediction (SSPOP) algorithm extracts information from a dense array of flow data using singular value decomposition and linear discriminant analysis, thereby identifying the most information-rich sparse subset of sensor locations. In this research, the SSPOP algorithm is evaluated for the placement of artificial hair sensors on a 3D delta wing model with a 45

°

sweep angle and a blunt leading edge. The sensor placement solution, or design point (DP), is shown to rank within the top one percent of all possible solutions by root mean square error in angle of attack prediction. This research is the first to evaluate SSPOP on a 3D model and the first to include variable length hairs for variable velocity sensitivity. A comparison of SSPOP against conventional greedy search and gradient-based optimization shows that SSPOP DP ranks nearest to optimal in over 90 percent of models and is far more robust to model variation. The successful application of SSPOP in complex 3D flows paves the way for experimental sensor placement optimization for artificial hair-cell airflow sensors and is a major step toward biomimetic flight-by-feel. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bio-Inspired Fluid Flows and Fluid Mechanics)

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16 pages, 2961 KiB

Open AccessReview

Advances in Research on the Improvement of Low-Salt Meat Product Through Ultrasound Technology: Quality, Myofibrillar Proteins, and Gelation Properties

by Xiuyun Guo, Shuangyi Xu, Chao Fu and Zengqi Peng

Molecules 2024, 29(20), 4926; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29204926 (registering DOI) - 17 Oct 2024

Abstract

The high sodium content in meat products poses health risks to consumers and does not align with modern green and healthy living standards. Current strategies for directly reducing the sodium content in meat products are limited by their negative impact on the sensory [...] Read more.

The high sodium content in meat products poses health risks to consumers and does not align with modern green and healthy living standards. Current strategies for directly reducing the sodium content in meat products are limited by their negative impact on the sensory or quality attributes of the products. In recent years, there has been great interest in applying ultrasound technology to reduce sodium content. This paper discusses the advantages and disadvantages of current mainstream strategies for reducing the sodium content in meat products, as well as the potential mechanisms by which ultrasound-assisted marination improves the quality of low-salt meat products. The main findings indicate that ultrasound, through its cavitation and mechanical effects, facilitates the transition of proteins from stable insoluble aggregates to stable soluble complexes, exposing more hydrophilic groups and, thus, enhancing protein solubility. At the same time, ultrasound promotes a greater number of proteins to participate in the formation of interfacial layers, thereby increasing emulsifying activity. Furthermore, ultrasound treatment promotes the interaction between proteins and water, leading to partial unfolding of protein chains, which allows polar residues to more readily capture water in the gel, thereby improving the water-holding capacity of the gel. These effects will contribute to the formation of high-quality low-salt meat products. However, variations in the frequency, intensity, and duration of ultrasound treatment can lead to differing effects on the quality improvement of low-salt meat products. Full article

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21 pages, 12855 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Noise Study Auralization of an Open-Rotor Engine

by Qing Zhang, Siyi Jiang, Xiaojun Yang, Yongjia Xu and Maosheng Zhu

Aerospace 2024, 11(10), 857; https://doi.org/10.3390/aerospace11100857 (registering DOI) - 17 Oct 2024

Abstract

Based on the performance and acoustic data files of reduced-size open-rotor engines in low-speed wind tunnels, the static sound pressure level was derived by converting the 1-foot lossless spectral density into sound-pressure-level data, the background noise was removed, and the results were corrected [...] Read more.

Based on the performance and acoustic data files of reduced-size open-rotor engines in low-speed wind tunnels, the static sound pressure level was derived by converting the 1-foot lossless spectral density into sound-pressure-level data, the background noise was removed, and the results were corrected according to the environmental parameters of the low-speed wind tunnels. In accordance with the requirements of Annex 16 of the Convention on International Civil Aviation Organization and Part 36 of the Civil Aviation Regulations of China on noise measurement procedures, the takeoff trajectory was physically modeled; the static noise source was mapped onto the takeoff trajectory to simulate the propagation process of the noise during takeoff; and the 24 one-third-octave center frequencies that corresponded to the SPL data were corrected for geometrical dispersion, atmospheric absorption, and Doppler effects, so that the takeoff noise could be corrected to represent a real environment. In addition, the audible processing of noise data with a 110° source pointing angle was achieved, which can be useful for enabling practical observers to analyze the noise characteristics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Aeronautics)

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16 pages, 1843 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Responses of the Allium cepa L. to Heavy Metals from Contaminated Soil

by Ocsana Opriș, Ildiko Lung, Katalin Gméling, Adina Stegarescu, Noémi Buczkó, Otilia Culicov and Maria-Loredana Soran

Plants 2024, 13(20), 2913; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13202913 (registering DOI) - 17 Oct 2024

Abstract

Heavy metals can accumulate and migrate in soil environments and can negatively affect crops and consumers. Because an increased incidence of chronic diseases can be observed, food security has become a high-priority concern. In the present work, we evaluate the impact of heavy [...] Read more.

Heavy metals can accumulate and migrate in soil environments and can negatively affect crops and consumers. Because an increased incidence of chronic diseases can be observed, food security has become a high-priority concern. In the present work, we evaluate the impact of heavy metals on bioactive compounds and elemental content from onions. Plants were grown in the absence and presence of various concentrations of heavy metal salts (Pb, Mn, Cu, Zn, Ni and Cd). The influence of heavy metal salts on onions was evaluated by analyzing the content of bioactive compounds, antioxidant capacity, and elemental content. The variation of assimilatory pigments, total polyphenols content, and antioxidant capacity increased or decreased depending on the heavy metal added to the soil as well as on the amount added. Regarding the amount of bioactive compounds, it increased between 6.79 and 34.39% or decreased between 4.68 and 62.42%. The content of ten elements in plants was reported, as well as elemental mutual correlation and correlation of element content with biologically active compounds and antioxidant capacity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue In Vivo and In Vitro Studies on Heavy Metal Tolerance in Plants)

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17 pages, 11153 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Microstructural and Mechanical Characterization of the Laser Beam Welded SAF 2507 Super-Duplex Stainless Steel

by Beáta Šimeková, Mária Dománková, Ingrid Kovaříková, Pavel Kovačócy, Maroš Martinkovič, Michal Šimek and Luke Ciuła

Metals 2024, 14(10), 1184; https://doi.org/10.3390/met14101184 (registering DOI) - 17 Oct 2024

Abstract

The influence of laser beam welding parameters (power, welding rate, focusing, head oscillation, shielding gas) on the microstructure, mechanical properties and corrosion resistance of the super-duplex stainless steel SAF 2507 was studied in this paper. The presented results clearly report the effects of [...] Read more.

The influence of laser beam welding parameters (power, welding rate, focusing, head oscillation, shielding gas) on the microstructure, mechanical properties and corrosion resistance of the super-duplex stainless steel SAF 2507 was studied in this paper. The presented results clearly report the effects of welding parameter changes on the character of the steel’s microstructure. The presence of secondary phase M₂N in weld metals has an important influence on their mechanical properties. Optimal mechanical properties, an acceptable ferrite/austenite ratio, and the minimum content of M₂N nitride required in the weld metal were acquired in the case the following application: 1100 W power, welding speed of 10 mm/s, focusing of 4 mm, and pure nitrogen shielding gas (20 L/min). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design, Processing and Characterization of Metals and Alloys)

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26 pages, 1471 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Econometric Analysis of the Sustainability and Development of an Alternative Strategy to Gross Value Added in Kazakhstan’s Agricultural Sector

by Azat Tleubayev, Seyit Kerimkhulle, Manatzhan Tleuzhanova, Aigul Uchkampirova, Zhanat Bulakbay, Raikhan Mugauina, Zhumagul Tazhibayeva, Alibek Adalbek, Yerassyl Iskakov and Daniyar Toleubay

Econometrics 2024, 12(4), 29; https://doi.org/10.3390/econometrics12040029 (registering DOI) - 17 Oct 2024

Abstract

Based on the systematization of relevant problems in the agricultural sector of Kazakhstan and other countries, the purpose of the research is to aid in the development and implementation of a methodology for the econometric analysis of sustainability, the classification of economic growth, [...] Read more.

Based on the systematization of relevant problems in the agricultural sector of Kazakhstan and other countries, the purpose of the research is to aid in the development and implementation of a methodology for the econometric analysis of sustainability, the classification of economic growth, and an alternative strategy for gross value added depending on time phases with time lags of 0, 1, and 2 years, and on the gross fixed capital formation in the agricultural sector of Kazakhstan. The research has used a variety of quantitative techniques, including the logistic growth difference equation, applied statistics, econometric models, operations research, nonlinear mathematical programming models, economic modeling simulations, and sustainability analysis. In the work on three criteria: equilibrium, balanced and optimal growth, we have defined the main trends of growth of Gross added value of agriculture, hunting and forestry. The first, depending on the time phases, the second, depending on the Gross fixed capital formation transactions for equilibrium growth, for the growth of an alternative strategy, for the endogenous growth rate and the growth of exogenous flows. And we also received a classification of the trend of Productive, Moderate and Critical growth for the agricultural industry depending on the correlated linkaged industry of the national economy of Kazakhstan. The results of this work can be used in data analytics and artificial intelligence, digital transformation and technology in agriculture, as well as in the areas of sustainability and environmental impact. Full article

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13 pages, 2316 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimization and Evaluation of a Stand-Alone Hybrid System Consisting of Solar Panels, Biomass, Diesel Generator, and Battery Bank for Rural Communities

by Juan Lata-García, Néstor Zamora Cedeño, Gary Ampuño, Francisco Jurado, M. Lakshmi Swarupa and Wellington Maliza

Sustainability 2024, 16(20), 9012; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16209012 (registering DOI) - 17 Oct 2024

Abstract

In a modern and globalized world, the advances in technology are rapid, especially in terms of energy generation through renewable sources, which is intended to mitigate global warming and reduce all the ravages that are currently occurring around the world. Photovoltaic and biomass [...] Read more.

In a modern and globalized world, the advances in technology are rapid, especially in terms of energy generation through renewable sources, which is intended to mitigate global warming and reduce all the ravages that are currently occurring around the world. Photovoltaic and biomass generation sources are attractive for implementation due to the abundant energy resources they offer; however, the intermittency of these sources is a disadvantage when it comes to the needs of the load, decreasing the reliability of the system. Therefore, it is essential to use a backup and storage system such as a diesel generator and a battery bank to continuously supply the load demand. This work presents a case study to meet the energy needs of a community made up of 17 low-income homes on an island in the Gulf of Guayaquil in Ecuador. The optimization and economic evaluation of the hybrid system is achieved using specialized software, resulting in the optimized architecture of the renewable energy system based on the available resources of the locality. The architecture is made up of a 22 kW photovoltaic generator and a 1.5 kW biomass generator, while the diesel generator is 12 kW, the battery bank is made up of 58 units of 111 Ah, and the dispatch strategy is load tracking. The results of the economic evaluation indicate that the total cost of the system (TNPC) is USD 96,033, the initial cost for the implementation of the system is USD 36,944, and the levelized cost of energy is USD 0.276, which makes it attractive for implementation. The importance of this research lies in its practical approach to solving electrification challenges in isolated and low-income communities through a hybrid renewable energy system. By demonstrating how intermittent sources like solar and biomass can be effectively combined with backup and storage systems, the study provides a reliable, economically viable, and implementable solution, addressing both the global need to mitigate climate change and the local need for accessible energy in vulnerable regions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy Management System and Sustainability)

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24 pages, 774 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Infinitely Old Universe with Planck Fields Before and After the Big Bang

by Dragana Pilipović

Universe 2024, 10(10), 400; https://doi.org/10.3390/universe10100400 - 17 Oct 2024

Abstract

The Robertson–Walker minimum length (RWML) theory considers stochastically perturbed spacetime to describe an expanding universe governed by geometry and diffusion. We explore the possibility of static, torsionless universe eras with conserved energy density. We find that the RWML theory provides asymptotically static equations [...] Read more.

The Robertson–Walker minimum length (RWML) theory considers stochastically perturbed spacetime to describe an expanding universe governed by geometry and diffusion. We explore the possibility of static, torsionless universe eras with conserved energy density. We find that the RWML theory provides asymptotically static equations of state under positive curvature both far in the past and far into the future, with a Big Bang singularity in between. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Probing the Early Universe)

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17 pages, 1823 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Can Environmental Protection Tax Promote Urban Green Transformation? Experimental Evidence from China

by Zhankun Qi, Feng Long, Fenfen Bi, Xue Tian, Ziwei Qian, Xianming Duan and Chazhong Ge

Sustainability 2024, 16(20), 9011; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16209011 (registering DOI) - 17 Oct 2024

Abstract

As one of China’s important environmental and economic policies, the environmental protection tax (EPT) is important in promoting economic and social green transformation. In this study, the green total factor productivity (GTFP) of 283 prefecture-level cities in China from 2013 to 2022 was [...] Read more.

As one of China’s important environmental and economic policies, the environmental protection tax (EPT) is important in promoting economic and social green transformation. In this study, the green total factor productivity (GTFP) of 283 prefecture-level cities in China from 2013 to 2022 was calculated using a Super Slack-Based Model (Super-SBM) and the Malmquist-Luenberger (ML) index, which includes undesirable outputs. Moreover, the implementation effect of environmental tax on promoting urban green transformation is identified through the difference-in-differences (DID) model. This study revealed that (1) an EPT can significantly increase the GTFP of a city and promote its green transformation. (2) Industrial structure optimization and technological innovation are important mechanisms through which EPT drives urban green transformation. (3) The implementation effect of EPT in promoting urban green transformation presents significant policy differences across geographic locations, whether cities are key environmental protection cities or types of resource-based cities. EPT can significantly promote the green transformation of local cities, which in turn can positively affect the green transformation of neighboring cities. Based on this study’s conclusions, suggestions are put forward to improve the EPT system to promote urban green transformation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Environmental Governance and Environmental Responsibility Research)

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14 pages, 2216 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Autoencoder-Driven Training Data Selection Based on Hidden Features for Improved Accuracy of ANN Short-Term Load Forecasting in ADMS

by Zoran Pajić, Zoran Janković and Aleksandar Selakov

Energies 2024, 17(20), 5183; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17205183 (registering DOI) - 17 Oct 2024

Abstract

This paper presents a novel methodology for short-term load forecasting in the context of significant shifts in the daily load curve due to the rapid and extensive adoption of Distributed Energy Resources (DERs). The proposed solution, built upon the Similar Days Method (SDM) [...] Read more.

This paper presents a novel methodology for short-term load forecasting in the context of significant shifts in the daily load curve due to the rapid and extensive adoption of Distributed Energy Resources (DERs). The proposed solution, built upon the Similar Days Method (SDM) and Artificial Neural Network (ANN), introduces several novelties: (1) selection of similar days based on hidden representations of day data using Autoencoder (AE); (2) enhancement of model generalization by utilizing a broader set of training examples; (3) incorporating the relative importance of training examples derived from the similarity measure during training; and (4) mitigation of the influence of outliers by applying an ensemble of ANN models trained with different data splits. The presented AE configuration and procedure for selecting similar days generated a higher-quality training dataset, which led to more robust predictions by the ANN model for days with unexpected deviations. Experiments were conducted on actual load data from a Serbian electrical power system, and the results were compared to predictions obtained by the field-proven STLF tool. The experiments demonstrated an improved performance of the presented solution on test days when the existing STLF tool had poor predictions over the past year. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Power and Energy Management for Distribution Systems with High Penetration of Distributed Energy Resources)

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4 pages, 186 KiB

Open AccessBook Review

Book Review: Heise, M. Chikungunya Virus; Springer Nature Switzerland AG.: Cham, Switzerland, 2022; ISBN: 978-3-030-90610-8

by Isak Roberth Akollo and Vernando Yanry Lameky

Viruses 2024, 16(10), 1629; https://doi.org/10.3390/v16101629 (registering DOI) - 17 Oct 2024

Abstract

Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a type of alphavirus that is transmitted by mosquitoes [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Section General Virology)

8 pages, 400 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

The Co-Design of a Locally Led Health Professional Education Curriculum in Lao People’s Democratic Republic

by Amy Gray, Sysavanh Phommachanh, Niranh Phoumindr and Mayfong Mayxay

Int. Med. Educ. 2024, 3(4), 426-433; https://doi.org/10.3390/ime3040032 - 17 Oct 2024

Abstract

(1) Background: There is a need to scale and transform health professional education (HPE) globally to not only improve the quantity but also the quality of health workers. This paper describes the approach undertaken by a Health University in Lao PDR. (2) Approach: [...] Read more.

(1) Background: There is a need to scale and transform health professional education (HPE) globally to not only improve the quantity but also the quality of health workers. This paper describes the approach undertaken by a Health University in Lao PDR. (2) Approach: The HPE curriculum was designed in an iterative process with key stakeholders from both the institution and government, with external expert advice. (3) Outcomes: The curriculum was successfully developed consisting of nine core modules and one elective module, reflecting both elements seen globally in HPE curricula as well as reflecting local needs. The content and teaching methods were validated and reviewed through piloting with local education leaders. (4) Conclusions: Despite the need to scale HPE globally, there are few examples of how this can be achieved in countries in which large gaps exist in HPE capacity. This paper provides one such example, through recognizing that sustained external partnerships will still be needed for successful future implementation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Health Professions Education Advancements and Innovations—International Perspectives)

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