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7 pages, 516 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Detection of Bartonella Spp. in a Pipistrellus Pipistrellus Bat from Portugal

by Gonçalo Barros, Sara Gomes-Gonçalves, Luísa Rodrigues, Carlos Carrapato, Gabriela Fernandes Silva, Irina Amorim and João Rodrigo Mesquita

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(5), 405; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12050405 (registering DOI) - 26 Apr 2025

Abstract

In recent years, zoonotic pathogens have become increasingly more relevant in scientific research due to their implications on public health. Understanding their pathogenic potential, the pathways they use to infect and their reservoirs enables better care for both human and animal patients, and [...] Read more.

In recent years, zoonotic pathogens have become increasingly more relevant in scientific research due to their implications on public health. Understanding their pathogenic potential, the pathways they use to infect and their reservoirs enables better care for both human and animal patients, and possible infection outbreaks can be more easily contained. Bartonella belongs to a vast list of zoonotic pathogens that can infect mammals, including humans, but also companion animals and wildlife, and is capable of causing disease. Bats are a possible source and reservoir of this bacterial genus, and Bartonella spp. has already been identified in these animals in several countries. Using these premises, skin samples of the pinna and wing of 71 bats (Pipistrellus pipistrellus) collected from southern Portugal were tested through PCR for the presence of Bartonella spp., and positive results were found in 1.41% (1/71). The sequence obtained shared genetic proximity with an already known pathogenic Bartonella strain that affects both humans and animals. From the public health perspective, these findings suggest that bats may play a role in the transmission of this pathogen and provides new insights into the presence of this agent in Portugal. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Microbiology, Parasitology and Immunology)

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24 pages, 7335 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Grid-Connected Harmonic Suppression Strategy Considering Phase-Locked Loop Phase-Locking Error Under Asymmetrical Faults

by Yanjiu Zhang and Shuxin Tian

Energies 2025, 18(9), 2202; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18092202 (registering DOI) - 26 Apr 2025

Abstract

Harmonic distortion caused by phase jumps in the phase-locked loop (PLL) during asymmetric faults poses a significant threat to the secure operation of renewable energy grid-connected systems. A harmonic suppression strategy based on Vague set theory is proposed for offshore wind power AC [...] Read more.

Harmonic distortion caused by phase jumps in the phase-locked loop (PLL) during asymmetric faults poses a significant threat to the secure operation of renewable energy grid-connected systems. A harmonic suppression strategy based on Vague set theory is proposed for offshore wind power AC transmission systems. By employing the three-dimensional membership framework of Vague sets—comprising true, false, and hesitation degrees—phase-locked errors are characterized, and dynamic, real-time PLL proportional-integral (PI) parameters are derived. This approach addresses the inadequacy of harmonic suppression in conventional PLL, where fixed PI parameters limit performance under asymmetric faults. The significance of this research is reflected in the improved power quality of offshore wind power grid integration, the provision of technical solutions supporting efficient clean energy utilization in alignment with “Dual Carbon” objectives, and the introduction of innovative approaches to harmonic suppression in complex grid environments. Firstly, an equivalent circuit model of the offshore wind power AC transmission system is established, and the impact of PLL phase jumps on grid harmonics during asymmetric faults is analyzed in conjunction with PLL locking mechanisms. Secondly, Vague sets are employed to model the phase-locked error interval across three dimensions, enabling adaptive PI parameter tuning to suppress harmonic content during such faults. Finally, time-domain simulations conducted in PSCAD indicate that the proposed Vague set-based control strategy reduces total harmonic distortion (THD) to 1.08%, 1.12%, and 0.97% for single-phase-to-ground, two-phase-to-ground, and two-phase short-circuit faults, respectively. These values correspond to relative reductions of 13.6%, 33.7%, and 80.87% compared to conventional control strategies, thereby confirming the efficacy of the proposed method in minimizing grid-connected harmonic distortions. Full article

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12 pages, 1329 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Development and External Validation of a Nomogram Predicting Early Recurrence of Gallbladder Cancer Using Preoperatively Available Prognosticators: A Korean Multicenter Retrospective Study

by Hyun Jeong Jeon, So Kyung Yoon, Boram Park, Hyeong Seok Kim, Hochang Chae, Hongbeom Kim, Sang Hyun Shin, In Woong Han, Jin Seok Heo, Okjoo Lee and So Jeong Yoon

Cancers 2025, 17(9), 1450; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers17091450 (registering DOI) - 26 Apr 2025

Abstract

Background: Gallbladder cancer (GBC) is a rare and aggressive malignancy with poor prognosis and high recurrence rates, even after curative surgical resection. Early recurrence, defined as recurrence within one year after surgery, remains a major clinical concern. This study aimed to identify preoperative [...] Read more.

Background: Gallbladder cancer (GBC) is a rare and aggressive malignancy with poor prognosis and high recurrence rates, even after curative surgical resection. Early recurrence, defined as recurrence within one year after surgery, remains a major clinical concern. This study aimed to identify preoperative prognostic factors and develop a predictive model for early recurrence and overall survival in resected GBC patients. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed data from 251 patients who underwent curative-intent resection for GBC between 2008 and 2017. Logistic regression was used to identify preoperative factors associated with early recurrence. Significant variables were used to construct a nomogram, which was externally validated using a cohort of 176 patients from three independent tertiary centers. Results: The independent predictors of early recurrence included male sex, chronic liver disease, preoperative symptoms, elevated carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), sarcopenic obesity, clinical T3 or higher stage, and suspected metastatic lymph nodes. The nomogram demonstrated strong predictive performance with an AUC of 0.872 (95% CI: 0.817–0.927) in internal validation and 0.703 (95% CI: 0.613–0.793) in external validation. Conclusions: We developed and externally validated a novel nomogram that predicts early recurrence in GBC using only preoperative factors. This model may support individualized risk assessment and aid surgeons and patients in shared decision-making prior to high-risk surgery. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Cancer Pathophysiology)

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25 pages, 6120 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Are Rain Gardens Resistant to Salinization Stresses? The Consequences of De-Icing Chemicals’ Implementation for Soil Health, Plant Condition, and Groundwater Quality

by Olga Romzaykina, Viacheslav Vasenev, Ekaterina Kozlova, Igor Shchukin, Artem Losev and Andrey Smagin

Land 2025, 14(5), 942; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14050942 (registering DOI) - 26 Apr 2025

Abstract

Rain gardens are efficient nature-based solutions (NBSs) for the sustainable management of surface run-off in urban areas. The functionality of a rain garden in an urban environment depends on the resistance of plant and soil components to anthropogenic stressors. In temperate climates, the [...] Read more.

Rain gardens are efficient nature-based solutions (NBSs) for the sustainable management of surface run-off in urban areas. The functionality of a rain garden in an urban environment depends on the resistance of plant and soil components to anthropogenic stressors. In temperate climates, the negative effects of de-icing chemicals applied in wintertime are one of the major anthropogenic stressors for the rain gardens’ ecosystem. The research aimed to study the effect of a NaCl-based de-icer in the mesocosm experiment, where materials of soil mixtures (seven parts by volume of quartz or carbonate sand and three parts by volume of loam or peat), plants (Hemerocallis hybrida), de-icer dose (529 mg L⁻¹ for Cl⁻ and 472 mg L⁻¹ for Na⁺ concentrations), and irrigation period simulated typical conditions for the Moscow city—the largest world megapolis with permanent snow cover during the wintertime. For all soil mixtures, a short-term negative impact of salinization on soil health included a decrease in microbial biomass (4–7-times) and basal respiration (2–3.6-times). After six months, soil health indicators recovered by 80–90% in the peat and carbonate sand mixture, whereas the negative effects on the quartz sand and loam mixtures remained irreversible (1.3 and 3 times lower than the control, respectively). The chlorophyll content of the plants on all soil mixtures was reduced compared to the control plants (37.1 ± 4.1 vs. 39.9 ± 1.2 SPAD units). The worst plat condition was observed for soil mixtures based on quartz sand. In this variant, the negative effect of salinization coincided with low nutrient content. In our results, the ash content was up to three times less compared to the initial state, as well as to the other materials. Plants grown in mixtures based on loam were more resistant to salinization due to higher nutrient content than peat. Overall, based on soil Na uptake, plant biomass, and recovery of soil microbiota, soil mixtures based on peat, loam, and carbonate sand will be the most resistant to NaCl-based de-icers and could be recommended for the creation of rain gardens in cities with permanent snow cover in winter. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research in Urban Ecology: Application into Landscape Design and Green Infrastructure)

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11 pages, 406 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Exploring How Rheumatic Fever Is Portrayed on TikTok: A Descriptive Content Analysis

by Siobhan Tu’akoi, Malakai Ofanoa, Samuela Ofanoa, Maryann Heather, Hinamaha Lutui and Felicity Goodyear-Smith

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2025, 22(5), 686; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph22050686 (registering DOI) - 26 Apr 2025

Abstract

TikTok is a popular social media platform offering educational opportunities for health issues such as rheumatic fever, which primarily affects 4–19-year-olds globally. This content analysis aimed to explore the type of rheumatic fever content available and popular on TikTok and the role that [...] Read more.

TikTok is a popular social media platform offering educational opportunities for health issues such as rheumatic fever, which primarily affects 4–19-year-olds globally. This content analysis aimed to explore the type of rheumatic fever content available and popular on TikTok and the role that rheumatic fever representation may play in shaping public understanding and attitudes. The top 100 TikTok video posts under the hashtag #rheumaticfever were examined. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize video metrics and deductive thematic analysis enabled the coding of video content. The majority of TikTok users creating rheumatic fever content were patients or family members of people suffering from rheumatic fever (42%), followed by health professionals (30%). Forty-three percent of videos had negative connotations and personal stories were the most commonly coded type of video (42%). In terms of rheumatic fever content, symptoms (n = 59), medications/treatment (n = 37) and disease pathogenesis (n = 36) were the most common themes. Misinformation was identified in 3% of videos. This study provides a unique insight into who is making rheumatic fever-related content on TikTok and the primarily negative framing of narratives people are exposed to. There are opportunities for future health promotion strategies to focus on the gaps identified in this study, including information on where to seek health services, primordial prevention and stories of recovery. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Global Health)

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17 pages, 310 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Eco-Friendly Extraction to Enhance Antioxidants and Nutritional Value in Arthrospira platensis

by Massimo Milia, Viviana Pasquini, Piero Addis and Alberto Angioni

Foods 2025, 14(9), 1510; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods14091510 (registering DOI) - 26 Apr 2025

Abstract

The cyanobacterium Arthrospira platensis (Spirulina) has a global annual production of approximately 18,000 tons. Spirulina has notable nutritional benefits and is a key component of dietary supplements. However, efficiently extracting its bioactive compounds poses challenges. This study aimed to develop an eco-innovative method [...] Read more.

The cyanobacterium Arthrospira platensis (Spirulina) has a global annual production of approximately 18,000 tons. Spirulina has notable nutritional benefits and is a key component of dietary supplements. However, efficiently extracting its bioactive compounds poses challenges. This study aimed to develop an eco-innovative method to enhance Spirulina’s antioxidant and nutritional values. The extraction protocol included a maceration step in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS, pH 7.4) at 5 °C for 48 h, followed by ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) at 400 W and 30 kHz, with a frequency of 30 cycles per min (consisting of 1 s on/off cycles, for a total of 6 extraction cycles). The proposed methodology allowed for the quantitative recovery of high-value compounds from Spirulina raw material (control), with increased yields of total lipids (+20.29%), total fatty acids (+60.48%), allophycocyanin (Apc, +41.41%), phycoerythrin (Pe, +81.42%), carotenoids (+30.84%), and polyphenols (+65.99%), leading to a boost in antioxidant activity (+42.95%). Conversely, the recoveries of proteins (−16.65%), carbohydrates (−18.84%), and phycocyanin (Pc, −0.77%) were incomplete. This study suggests a green extraction approach using PBS coupled with UAE, with promising energy and cost savings and potential applications in the dietary supplement sector. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Discovery and Valorization of New Food Matrices)

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Graphical abstract

14 pages, 5677 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Solidification Window in Al-Based Casting Alloys

by Simone Ferraro, Mauro Palumbo, Marcello Baricco and Alberto Castellero

Metals 2025, 15(5), 489; https://doi.org/10.3390/met15050489 (registering DOI) - 26 Apr 2025

Abstract

Semi-solid processes of aluminium alloys, characterised by the coexistence of solid and liquid phases, offer advantages in terms of mechanical properties and fatigue resistance, thanks to the more globular microstructure. Thermodynamic models can be used to analyse the solidification behaviour and to predict [...] Read more.

Semi-solid processes of aluminium alloys, characterised by the coexistence of solid and liquid phases, offer advantages in terms of mechanical properties and fatigue resistance, thanks to the more globular microstructure. Thermodynamic models can be used to analyse the solidification behaviour and to predict the solidification window, ΔT. The CALPHAD method enables the calculation of the phases formed during solidification and the optimisation of alloy composition to meet specific industrial requirements. This study aims to assess how thermodynamic properties in both liquid and solid phases affect the ΔT. Initially, the influence of thermodynamic properties of pure components and interaction parameters was analysed in simplified regular binary systems. To compare these findings with real industrial systems, Al-based alloys were examined. Using available databases, the ΔT was estimated via the CALPHAD method adding alloying elements commonly found in secondary Al-alloys. Finally, the same minority alloying elements were added to Al-Si 8 and 11 wt.% alloys, and the corresponding ΔT were calculated. Cr, Fe, Mg, Mn, and Ti increase the ΔT, while Cu, Ni, and Zn decrease it. The obtained results may serve as a valuable tool for interpreting phenomenological observations and understanding the role of minority elements in the semi-solid processing of secondary Al-Si casting alloys. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Solidification and Phase Transformation of Light Alloys)

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32 pages, 8354 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Beyond Buildings: How Does Sustainable Campus Design Shape Student Lives? Hail University as a Case Study

by Emad Noaime, Mohammad Alshenaifi, Ghazy Albaqawy, Mohammed Awad Abuhussain, Mohamed Hssan Hassan Abdelhafez and Mohammed Mashary Alnaim

Buildings 2025, 15(9), 1468; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15091468 (registering DOI) - 26 Apr 2025

Abstract

Sustainable campus design plays a vital role in shaping student well-being, academic performance, and institutional adaptability. This study investigates how sustainable design strategies influence student life at Hail University, Saudi Arabia, a campus located in an arid, culturally specific environment that presents unique [...] Read more.

Sustainable campus design plays a vital role in shaping student well-being, academic performance, and institutional adaptability. This study investigates how sustainable design strategies influence student life at Hail University, Saudi Arabia, a campus located in an arid, culturally specific environment that presents unique spatial and climatic challenges. By integrating empirical observations, structured surveys (n = 1186), and semi-structured interviews, the research adopts a mixed-methods approach to examine three core dimensions: social life enhancement, environmental sustainability, and student-centric design. The methodology incorporates both descriptive and inferential analyses, including correlation, regression, and ANOVA, to evaluate the impact of design features on student satisfaction, engagement, and resource efficiency. Results show that a 10% increase in social infrastructure correlates with a 6.5% rise in student satisfaction. The study further identifies gaps in climate-responsive planning, green space utilization, and participatory design practices. It offers a replicable, context-sensitive framework for sustainable campus development that aligns with multiple UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), contributing new insights to the global discourse on higher education environments in arid regions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Human-Centric Space Design: Occupant Comfort, Wellbeing, and Post-occupancy Evaluation of Multi-Scale Built Environment)

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10 pages, 196 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Application Effect of Endoscopic Thyroidectomy via the Gasless Unilateral Axillary Approach in Thyroid Cancer and Its Impact on Postoperative Stress Response

by Jinliang Jia, Jihua Han, Rui Pang, Wen Bi, Bo Liu, Ruinan Sheng and Lingyu Kong

Curr. Oncol. 2025, 32(5), 252; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol32050252 (registering DOI) - 26 Apr 2025

Abstract

Objective: This study aims to evaluate the application effect of endoscopic thyroidectomy via the gasless unilateral axillary (GUA) approach in thyroid cancer and its impact on the postoperative stress response. Methods: Ninety-four thyroid cancer patients were enrolleod and assigned into the open group [...] Read more.

Objective: This study aims to evaluate the application effect of endoscopic thyroidectomy via the gasless unilateral axillary (GUA) approach in thyroid cancer and its impact on the postoperative stress response. Methods: Ninety-four thyroid cancer patients were enrolleod and assigned into the open group (underwent conventional-open-anterior-cervical-approach thyroidectomy) and the endoscopic group (underwent GUA endoscopic thyroidectomy) (n = 47). Perioperative indicators between the two groups were compared. Thyroid function parameters [total triiodothyronine (TT3), total thyroxine (TT4), free triiodothyronine (FT3), free thyroxine (FT4), and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)] were measured preoperatively and on postoperative day 2. Inflammatory markers [interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)] and stress-related hormones [norepinephrine (NE) and cortisol (Cor)] were evaluated preoperatively and on postoperative day 1. The aesthetic appearance of the incision was evaluated at 1 and 3 months postoperatively using the Vancouver Scar Scale (VSS). Postoperative complications were also compared between the two groups. Results: The endoscopic group exhibited less intraoperative blood loss, reduced postoperative drainage, a lower pain degree on 1 day postoperatively, a shorter hospitalization time, and a longer surgical time versus the open group (p < 0.05). The serum levels of TT3, TT4, FT3, and FT4 were lower, while the TSH levels were higher in both groups on postoperative day 2 compared to preoperative values. Additionally, the serum levels of IL-6, TNF-α, NE, and Cor increased on day 1 postoperatively, with the endoscopic group showing lower levels of these markers compared to the open group (p < 0.05). The VSS scores at 1 and 3 months after surgery were lower in the endoscopic group compared to the open group, indicating better cosmetic outcomes (p < 0.05). The incidence of postoperative complications was comparable between the endoscopic and open groups (p > 0.05). Conclusions: Endoscopic thyroidectomy by a GUA offers notable advantages over the conventional-open-anterior-cervical-approach thyroidectomy, including reduced intraoperative blood loss, less postoperative drainage, and a lower postoperative stress response. This approach also results in improved cosmetic outcomes, making it a promising alternative for thyroid cancer surgery. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Head and Neck Oncology)

15 pages, 1935 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Prognostic Role of Magnetic-Resonance-Imaging-Detected Corpus Invasion in Patients with Cervical Carcinoma Who Underwent Definitive or Adjuvant Pelvic Radiotherapy

by Kuan-Ching Huang, Jen-Yu Cheng, Chung-Shih Chen, Chong-Jong Wang and Eng-Yen Huang

Cancers 2025, 17(9), 1449; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers17091449 (registering DOI) - 26 Apr 2025

Abstract

Objectives: In patients undergoing a radical hysterectomy, uterine corpus invasion worsens cervical cancer prognosis. However, the prognostic role of the invasion in locally advanced stages remains elusive. Due to the inadequacy of typical corpus biopsies, corpus invasion is diagnosed using magnetic resonance imaging [...] Read more.

Objectives: In patients undergoing a radical hysterectomy, uterine corpus invasion worsens cervical cancer prognosis. However, the prognostic role of the invasion in locally advanced stages remains elusive. Due to the inadequacy of typical corpus biopsies, corpus invasion is diagnosed using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). In this study, we investigated the prognostic role of MRI-detected uterine corpus invasion in patients undergoing radiotherapy for cervical cancer. Methods: This retrospective analysis involved 259 patients without extrapelvic metastases, diagnosed with FIGO 2009 stages IB–IVA cervical carcinoma from January 2011 to December 2020. The corpus invasion extent was classified as exocervical-confined (group 1), endocervical (group 2), or uterine corpus invasion (group 3). The rates of overall survival, cancer-specific survival, locoregional recurrence, para-aortic lymph node recurrence, and extrapelvic metastases after pelvic radiotherapy were analyzed. Kaplan–Meier and Cox regression analyses were used to determine recurrence-associated risks. Optimal risk stratification was predicted using a receiver operating characteristic curve with the area under the curve. Results: Groups 1, 2, and 3 included 66.0%, 18.9%, and 15.1% of patients, respectively. The 5-year para-aortic lymph node recurrence rates were 6.3%, 17.2%, and 34.2% (p < 0.001). Uterine corpus invasion was an independent factor for overall survival, cancer-specific survival, locoregional recurrence, extrapelvic metastases, and para-aortic lymph node recurrence. Including uterine corpus invasion in the risk stratification led to higher areas under the curve for overall survival, cancer-specific survival, locoregional recurrence, extrapelvic metastases, and para-aortic lymph node recurrence than using single parameters. Conclusions: In cervical cancer, following pelvic radiotherapy, uterine corpus invasion is a significant prognostic factor. More-aggressive treatments such as extended-field radiotherapy, adjuvant chemotherapy, and immune checkpoint inhibitors as an alternative to standard pelvic radiotherapy with concurrent chemotherapy may be considered in these patients. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Cancer Therapy)

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20 pages, 1072 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

A Systematic Review of Developments in Farmland Cover in Chile: Dynamics and Implications for a Sustainable Future in Land Use

by Fabián Argandoña-Castro and Fernando Peña-Cortés

Sustainability 2025, 17(9), 3905; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17093905 (registering DOI) - 26 Apr 2025

Abstract

Farmland covers present diverse characteristics, methods, and techniques to monitor and evaluate crops in other geographic areas. This study systematically reviews Land Use/Land Cover Change (LULCC) in agricultural land in Chile through a systematic review of the scientific literature. Using the PRISMA 2020 [...] Read more.

Farmland covers present diverse characteristics, methods, and techniques to monitor and evaluate crops in other geographic areas. This study systematically reviews Land Use/Land Cover Change (LULCC) in agricultural land in Chile through a systematic review of the scientific literature. Using the PRISMA 2020 method, the Web of Science (WOS) database was consulted using the keywords “Landuse”, “Landcover”, “Agriculture”, and “Chile”. We applied six exclusions criteria and constructed a matrix to select relevant aspects, such as title, year of publication, study area and period, methods used, and principal results. In our review, we identified four studies that focused specifically on agricultural land dynamics, mainly in south-central Chile. Chile was selected as the study area due to its geographical diversity, which poses significant challenges for decision-making in land use regulation. These results underscore the need for more spatially informed data on farmland dynamics to inform decision-making, particularly during the alternatives evaluation stage. In this phase, it is essential to assess the impacts on and potential of the territory in order to define suitable economic activities. Although there are numerous studies on LULCC, most emphasize changes in native forests, underscoring the need to address LULCC more comprehensively by considering other land categories, such as agricultural land, shrublands, grasslands, and others. This evidence is crucial for designing practical land management tools and identifying areas that have been extensively studied but lack sufficient research. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Global Farmland Protection, Food Security and Land Use Planning)

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22 pages, 9184 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Ceria–Zirconia-Supported Pt as an Efficient Catalyst for the Sustainable Synthesis of Hydroxylamines and Primary Amines via the Hydrogenation of Oximes Under Ambient Conditions

by Elena Redina, Inna Ivanova, Olga Tkachenko, Gennady Kapustin, Igor Mishin and Leonid Kustov

Molecules 2025, 30(9), 1926; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30091926 (registering DOI) - 26 Apr 2025

Abstract

Amines and hydroxylamines are essential compounds in the synthesis of pharmaceuticals and other functionalized molecules. However, the synthesis of primary amines and particularly hydroxylamines remains a challenging task. The most common way to obtain amines and hydroxylamines involves the reduction of substances containing [...] Read more.

Amines and hydroxylamines are essential compounds in the synthesis of pharmaceuticals and other functionalized molecules. However, the synthesis of primary amines and particularly hydroxylamines remains a challenging task. The most common way to obtain amines and hydroxylamines involves the reduction of substances containing C-N bonds, such as nitro compounds, nitriles, and oximes. Among these, oximes are the most readily accessible substrates easily derived from ketones and aldehydes. However, oximes are much harder to reduce compared to nitro compounds and nitriles. The catalytic heterogeneous hydrogenation of oximes often requires harsh conditions and catalysts with high precious metal loadings, while hydroxylamines are hard to be obtained by this method. In this work, we showed that Pt supported on a porous ceria–zirconia solid solution enables the selective and atom-efficient synthesis of both hydroxylamines and amines through the hydrogenation of oximes, achieving yields of up to 99% under ambient reaction conditions in a “green” THF:H₂O solvent system. The high activity of the 1% Pt/CeO₂-ZrO₂ catalyst (TOF > 500 h⁻¹) is due to low-temperature hydrogen activation on Pt nanoparticles with the formation of a hydride, Pt-H. The strong influence of electron-donating and electron-withdrawing groups on the hydrogenation of aromatic oximes implies the nucleophilic attack of hydridic hydrogen from Pt to the electrophilic carbon of protonated oximes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Heterogeneous Catalysis)

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14 pages, 6354 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Spent Pleurotus ostreatus Substrate Has Potential for Controlling the Plant-Parasitic Nematode, Radopholus similis in Bananas

by Anthony Fredrick Tazuba, Walter Ocimati, Geofrey Ogwal, Betty Nyangwire, Francis Onyilo and Guy Blomme

Agronomy 2025, 15(5), 1040; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15051040 (registering DOI) - 26 Apr 2025

Abstract

Spent mushroom substrate (SMS), a waste product from mushroom cultivation, in addition to being rich in essential nutrients for crop growth, contains actively growing mushroom mycelia and metabolites that suppress some plant pathogens and pests. SMS thus has potential for fostering the suppressiveness [...] Read more.

Spent mushroom substrate (SMS), a waste product from mushroom cultivation, in addition to being rich in essential nutrients for crop growth, contains actively growing mushroom mycelia and metabolites that suppress some plant pathogens and pests. SMS thus has potential for fostering the suppressiveness of soil-borne pathogens of farms. This study determined the potential of using the spent Pleurotus ostreatus substrate (SPoS) to suppress the plant-parasitic nematode Radopholus similis in bananas. R. similis is the most economically important nematode in bananas worldwide. The effect of SPoS on R. similis was assessed through two in vivo (potted plants) experiments between May 2023 and June 2024. Five-month-old East African highland banana (genome AAA) plantlets that are highly susceptible to R. similis were used. In the first experiment, the plantlets were established in 3 L pots containing (i) pre-sterilized soil, (ii) pre-sterilized soil inoculated with nematodes, (iii) pre-sterilized soil mixed with 30% (v/v) SPoS, (iv) pre-sterilized soil mixed with 30% (v/v) SPoS followed by nematode inoculation, (v) SPoS without soil, and (vi) SPoS without soil inoculated with nematodes. The SPoS was already decomposed; thus, it may or may not have contained active mycelia. The nematodes were introduced two weeks after the SPoS application. In the second experiment, SPoS was introduced two weeks after nematode inoculation. The SPoS treatments without soil were not evaluated in the second experiment. Both experiments were monitored over a three-month period. Each screenhouse treatment contained four plants and was replicated thrice. In the first experiment, data were collected on changes in soil nutrient content, below- and aboveground biomass, root deaths, root necrosis due to nematode damage, and R. similis population in root tissues and soil. In the second experiment, data were collected on root deaths and the number of nematodes in root tissues and the soil. The SPoS improved crop biomass yield, reduced root damage, and colonization by R. similis. The potential of SPoS to improve the management of R. similis and banana production under field conditions needs to be determined. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pest and Disease Management)

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23 pages, 5670 KiB

Open AccessReview

Technical Assistance, Social Practices, and Resilience in Social Housing: An Overview of the Current Scientific Literature

by Jakeline A. G. Valadão and Simone B. Villa

Buildings 2025, 15(9), 1467; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15091467 (registering DOI) - 26 Apr 2025

Abstract

The Social Housing units in the Minha Casa Minha Vida Program (PMCMV), launched in 2009, aimed to reduce the housing deficit in Brazil. However, they resulted in standardized units of low architectural quality, which were disconnected from the diverse Brazilian contexts. These housing [...] Read more.

The Social Housing units in the Minha Casa Minha Vida Program (PMCMV), launched in 2009, aimed to reduce the housing deficit in Brazil. However, they resulted in standardized units of low architectural quality, which were disconnected from the diverse Brazilian contexts. These housing units exhibit low resilience and lack the technical assistance required for renovations, leading residents to undertake self-built modifications. Such interventions, often inadequate, negatively impact environmental comfort and structural safety. The Federal Law on Technical Assistance for Social Housing (TASH) No. 11.888 advanced the provision of technical assistance but still faces challenges regarding its implementation due to significant demand. This article is part of a master’s research project linked to the [CASA RESILIENTE] initiative of the [MORA] Research Group on Housing and, aims to identify and analyze relevant studies, contributing to the analysis and improvement of the pilot platform “[REFORMA] na palma da mão”. The methodology includes a literature review of TASH, resilience in the built environment, social practices in Social Housing (SH), and post-occupancy evaluation (POE), as well as a study of artifacts similar to the proposed platform. The results highlight the importance of POE, the urgency of implementing TASH, and the need to deepen studies on social practices in SH to provide guidelines for more resilient renovations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from the “International Housing Congress in the Lusophone Space–5CIHEL2024”)

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13 pages, 2020 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Protein Source, Dietary Fibre Intake, and Inflammation in Older Adults: A UK Biobank Study

by Mahek Jain, Carlos Celis-Morales, Susan E. Ozanne, Sorrel Burden, Stuart R. Gray and Douglas J. Morrison

Nutrients 2025, 17(9), 1454; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17091454 (registering DOI) - 26 Apr 2025

Abstract

Background: Chronic inflammation is linked to cardiovascular disease, cancer, and other non-communicable diseases. Dietary factors like fibre and protein may affect inflammation, but limited evidence exists exploring how they interact. This study investigated associations between dietary fibre, protein sources, and the inflammatory marker [...] Read more.

Background: Chronic inflammation is linked to cardiovascular disease, cancer, and other non-communicable diseases. Dietary factors like fibre and protein may affect inflammation, but limited evidence exists exploring how they interact. This study investigated associations between dietary fibre, protein sources, and the inflammatory marker C-reactive protein (CRP) in older adults. Methods: This cross-sectional analysis included 128,612 UK Biobank participants aged 60+ years with CRP measurements and dietary data from multiple 24 h recalls. Fibre intake was reported as total fibre (g/day). Protein intake included total, animal, and vegetable protein (g/day). Robust regression analysis examined associations between quintiles of fibre, protein, and CRP, adjusted for demographics, lifestyle factors, and multimorbidity. Analyses were stratified by health status (with and without multimorbidity). Results: Higher fibre and vegetable protein intakes were inversely associated with CRP, while higher animal and total protein were positively associated with CRP in people with no multimorbidity. Specifically, participants in the highest quartile of dietary fibre had CRP levels that were 0.42 mg/L lower compared with the lowest quartiles. In contrast, those with the highest total protein and animal protein intakes had CRP levels that were 0.24 mg/L and 0.40 mg/L higher, respectively. In people with multimorbidity, fibre exhibited an inverted U-shaped association with the strongest association in participants in the highest quintile of intake. Vegetable protein had an inverse association with CRP. Animal and total protein had strong positive linear associations with CRP. Notably, high animal protein coupled with low dietary fibre intake resulted in CRP levels that were 0.65 mg/L higher compared with low animal protein and high dietary fibre intake. Conclusions: Higher fibre and vegetable protein intakes were associated with lower inflammation in older adults. In promoting protein intake to maintain muscle mass and function, future studies should investigate replacing animal with vegetable protein to concomitantly reduce age-related inflammation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Geriatric Nutrition)

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11 pages, 1061 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Regulator of G Protein Signaling 14 Knockout Mouse, a Model of Healthful Longevity Protects Against Obesity and Glucose Intolerance Through a Brown Adipose Tissue Mechanism

by Stephen F. Vatner, Jie Zhang, Marko Oydanich and Dorothy E. Vatner

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(9), 4113; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26094113 (registering DOI) - 26 Apr 2025

Abstract

The Regulator of G Protein Signaling 14 (RGS14) knockout (KO) mouse is a model of healthful longevity, i.e., its lifespan is prolonged and demonstrates enhanced exercise performance and protection against heart disease and hypertension. In this investigation, we found the RGS14 [...] Read more.

The Regulator of G Protein Signaling 14 (RGS14) knockout (KO) mouse is a model of healthful longevity, i.e., its lifespan is prolonged and demonstrates enhanced exercise performance and protection against heart disease and hypertension. In this investigation, we found the RGS14 KO mouse is also protected against obesity and glucose intolerance by promoting a low white adipose tissue (WAT) phenotype with increased brown adipose tissue (BAT). This was confirmed by lower body weight, lower white adipocyte size, increased metabolism and improved glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity. Upon examination of the white adipose tissue, RGS14 KO exhibited increased expression of “beiging” genes as well as significant increase in Uncoupling protein-1 (UCP-1) expression. The mechanism behind this protection was due to its unique brown adipose tissue. This was determined by BAT transplantation, which led to a reversal of phenotype, such that RGS14 BAT recipients developed protection similar to intact RGS14 KO mice, and the RGS14 KO BAT donors lost their protection. Thus, two novel mechanisms mediating obesity and glucose intolerance were found, i.e., inhibition of RGS14 and its BAT. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Research in Obesity and Obesity Related Disorders: 2nd Edition)

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22 pages, 3380 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Exploring the Urban Greening Community in Jakarta’s Urban Kampung: A Tactical Urbanism Perspective

by Husnul Fitri and Annisa Ananda Sari

Sustainability 2025, 17(9), 3904; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17093904 (registering DOI) - 26 Apr 2025

Abstract

This study examines the urban greening community movement through the lens of tactical urbanism as a community-based urban planning model. Tactical urbanism, gaining traction as both a response and an alternative to urban challenges, is defined by active community participation. This approach challenges [...] Read more.

This study examines the urban greening community movement through the lens of tactical urbanism as a community-based urban planning model. Tactical urbanism, gaining traction as both a response and an alternative to urban challenges, is defined by active community participation. This approach challenges traditional top-down planning by offering swift, adaptive, and creative solutions tailored to community needs. By fostering participatory planning, tactical urbanism enhances collective awareness and empowers communities to drive development and address urban issues. The emphasis on grassroots involvement ensures a more inclusive and effective planning process. Despite its potential, tactical urbanism remains under explored within Indonesia’s planning framework. This study analyzes the tactical urbanism process in urban greening communities in Jakarta’s urban kampung, exploring whether tactical urbanism serves as a steppingstone to achieving more strategic long-term goals and examining the role of stakeholders outside the community in this process. In-depth interviews with key members of three urban greening communities and thematic data analysis reveal several key findings: the greening movement is primarily driven by personal initiatives; the formalization of community structures plays a crucial role; government and private sector involvement influences the process of maintaining urban greening community’s needs; empowerment and behavioral changes occur within the community; and organizational sustainability remains a key challenge. Based on the findings, it proposes an “organic tactical urbanism” framework as a practical guide for addressing urban challenges in various contexts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Urban and Rural Development)

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23 pages, 4697 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Blood Flow Restriction Resistance Exercise Versus Traditional Resistance Exercise in Voluntary Exhaustion on Quadriceps Muscle Adaptations in Untrained Young Males: A Randomized Trial

by Mustafa Şakir Akgül, Hüseyin Şahin Uysal, Nevin Köremezli Keskin, Tuğba Çetin, Merve Başdemirci, Melike Nur Akgül, Zehra Yıldız, Ebubekir Çiftçi and Recep Soslu

Medicina 2025, 61(5), 804; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina61050804 (registering DOI) - 26 Apr 2025

Abstract

Background and Objectives: This study compared the effects of blood flow restriction resistance exercise (BFR-RE) and high-load resistance exercise (HL-RE) in voluntary exhaustion on quadriceps muscle adaptations in untrained young males. Materials and Methods: This study used a randomized controlled design that included [...] Read more.

Background and Objectives: This study compared the effects of blood flow restriction resistance exercise (BFR-RE) and high-load resistance exercise (HL-RE) in voluntary exhaustion on quadriceps muscle adaptations in untrained young males. Materials and Methods: This study used a randomized controlled design that included 30 untrained young males (age = 21.42 ± 2.51). The BFR-RE group performed leg extension exercises with 60% occlusion pressure and 30% of one maximum repetition in volitional exhaustion. The same exercise was conducted at 70% 1RM in the HL-RE group. Fourteen variables were used to evaluate the intervention efficacy, including muscle thickness, stiffness, strength, cross-sectional area (CSA), and subcutaneous fat thickness. Analyses were reported using frequentist and Bayesian approaches. The Bayes factor (BF10 and BFincl) was interpreted based on negative and positive values. Results: The results revealed that the main effect of time was statistically significant for muscle strength, thickness, CSA, and stiffness (p < 0.05, BFincl > 1) and, in intragroup comparisons, both groups showed improvements in these parameters (p < 0.05, BF10 > 1). A statistically significant decrease in subcutaneous fat thickness was observed in the BFR-RE group (p < 0.05, BF10 > 1), while this change was not observed in the HL-RE group (p > 0.05, BF10 < 1). Similarly, a statistically significant increase in right rectus femoris muscle stiffness was detected in the BFR-RE group (p < 0.05, BF10 > 1) but not in the HL-RE group (p > 0.05, BF10 < 1). Furthermore, time’s main effect was statistically insignificant for thigh circumference (p > 0.05, BFincl < 1). The group × time interaction was statistically significant only for peak power leg flexion left (p < 0.05, BFincl > 1), and a statistically significant difference in favor of the BFR-RE group was observed in the intergroup comparisons (p < 0.05, BF10 > 1). Conclusions: In conclusion, BF-RE exercise with voluntary exhaustion may be as effective as HL-RE for hypertrophic adaptations in untrained young males. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sports Medicine and Sports Traumatology)

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20 pages, 4561 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Unmodified Hemp Biowaste as a Sustainable Biosorbent for Congo Red and Remazol Brilliant Blue R

by Ljiljana Suručić, Deana Andrić, Ivana Jevtić, Milan Momčilović, Relja Suručić and Jelena Penjišević

Coatings 2025, 15(5), 519; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings15050519 (registering DOI) - 26 Apr 2025

Abstract

Industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) was investigated as a sustainable biosorbent for removing Congo Red (CR) and Remazol Brilliant Blue R (RBBR) from wastewater. The unmodified hemp biosorbent exhibited moderate but practically relevant sorption capacities (4.47 mg/g for CR; 2.44 mg/g for [...] Read more.

Industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) was investigated as a sustainable biosorbent for removing Congo Red (CR) and Remazol Brilliant Blue R (RBBR) from wastewater. The unmodified hemp biosorbent exhibited moderate but practically relevant sorption capacities (4.47 mg/g for CR; 2.44 mg/g for RBBR), outperforming several agricultural waste materials. Kinetic studies revealed rapid uptake, with CR following pseudo-first-order kinetics (t₁/₂ < 15 min) and RBBR fitting the Elovich model, indicating heterogeneous surface interactions. Equilibrium data showed CR adsorption was best described by the Temkin isotherm (R² = 0.983), while RBBR followed the Langmuir model (R² = 0.998), reflecting their distinct binding mechanisms. Thermodynamic analysis confirmed spontaneous (ΔG° < 0), exothermic (ΔH° ≈ −2 kJ/mol), and entropy-driven processes for both dyes. Molecular docking elucidated the structural basis for performance differences: CR’s stronger binding (−7.5 kcal/mol) involved weak noncovalent interaction arising from partial overlap between the π-electron cloud of an aromatic ring and σ-bonds C-C or C-H (π-σ stacking) and hydrogen bonds with cellulose, whereas RBBR’s weaker affinity (−5.4 kcal/mol) relied on weak intermolecular interaction between a hydrogen atom (from a C-H bond) and the π-electron system of an aromatic ring (C-H∙∙∙π interactions). This work establishes industrial hemp as an eco-friendly alternative for dye removal, combining renewable sourcing with multi-mechanism adsorption capabilities suitable for small-scale water treatment applications. Full article

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14 pages, 6076 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Thermally Driven Layered Phase Transition and Decomposition Kinetics of γ-AlH₃: A Multiscale Study Integrating Core-Shell Dynamics and Fluorescence-Guided Analysis

by Mengfan Sun and Leping Dang

Processes 2025, 13(5), 1321; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13051321 (registering DOI) - 26 Apr 2025

Abstract

In this study, the γ → α phase transition and decomposition of AlH₃ were probed using integrated hot-stage polarized microscopy, in situ XRD, DSC, and fluorescence analysis. Phase coexistence at 100 °C and complete transition at 140 °C were demonstrated by in [...] Read more.

In this study, the γ → α phase transition and decomposition of AlH₃ were probed using integrated hot-stage polarized microscopy, in situ XRD, DSC, and fluorescence analysis. Phase coexistence at 100 °C and complete transition at 140 °C were demonstrated by in situ XRD. Meanwhile, synchronized fluorescence decay (ImageJ-quantified) and XRD evolution analysis confirmed the temperature-dependent kinetics, with the isothermal γ → α durations decreasing from 225 min (100 °C) to 5 min (180 °C). The transition involved competing surface nucleation and bulk diffusion, which was accelerated by the reduced diffusion resistance at elevated temperatures. Above 160 °C, α → Al decomposition dominated via interfacial reactions and H₂ release, accompanied by gas-induced crystalline fracturing. DSC analysis revealed heating-rate-dependent core–shell thermal gradients, which caused hysteresis. At the same time, the experiment also shows that the surface oxidation of γ-AlH₃ may have hindered transitions through passivation layer formation. This work validates Gao et al.’s core–shell model, demonstrating that combined fluorescence and conventional techniques elucidate kinetic laws in metastable systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Chemical Processes and Systems)

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30 pages, 5602 KiB

Open AccessReview

A Comprehensive Review on Document Image Binarization

by Bilal Bataineh, Mohamed Tounsi, Nuha Zamzami, Jehan Janbi, Waleed Abdel Karim Abu-ain, Tarik AbuAin and Shaima Elnazer

J. Imaging 2025, 11(5), 133; https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging11050133 (registering DOI) - 26 Apr 2025

Abstract

In today’s digital age, the conversion of hardcopy documents into digital formats is widespread. This process involves electronically scanning and storing large volumes of documents. These documents come from various sources, including records and reports, camera-captured text and screen snapshots, official documents, newspapers, [...] Read more.

In today’s digital age, the conversion of hardcopy documents into digital formats is widespread. This process involves electronically scanning and storing large volumes of documents. These documents come from various sources, including records and reports, camera-captured text and screen snapshots, official documents, newspapers, medical reports, music scores, and more. In the domain of document analysis techniques, an essential step is document image binarization. Its goal is to eliminate unnecessary data from images and preserve only the text. Despite the existence of multiple techniques for binarization, the presence of degradation in document images can hinder their efficacy. The objective of this work is to provide an extensive review and analysis of the document binarization field, emphasizing its importance and addressing the challenges encountered during the image binarization process. Additionally, it provides insights into techniques and methods employed for image binarization. The current paper also introduces benchmark datasets for evaluating binarization accuracy, model training, evaluation metrics, and the effectiveness of recent methods. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Document Analysis and Processing)

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16 pages, 292 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assessing the Quality and Floral Variety Market Value: A Hedonic Price Model for Honey

by Francesco Bimbo, Kristi Nico and Emilio De Meo

Sustainability 2025, 17(9), 3903; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17093903 (registering DOI) - 26 Apr 2025

Abstract

This study quantifies the market values, or implicit prices, of honey quality features (e.g., organic and origin information, package-related features) and floral varieties for supporting beekeepers in differentiating their products to escape from price competition characterizing the Italian honey market. The research employed [...] Read more.

This study quantifies the market values, or implicit prices, of honey quality features (e.g., organic and origin information, package-related features) and floral varieties for supporting beekeepers in differentiating their products to escape from price competition characterizing the Italian honey market. The research employed a sample of sales data, 660 observations collected from the Italian market, and a hedonic price model, estimated via Ordinary Least Squares, to assess the implicit prices of honey characteristics. A high premium price was recorded for honey with added royal jelly and propolis, as well as for “100% Italian” honey. In contrast, moderate price premiums were recorded for Protected Designation of Origin and organic honey. Furthermore, the floral varieties used largely affected the product price: the highest premium prices were estimated for the Manuka, Kanuka, and Tawari floral varieties. Price premiums above +50% were estimated for floral varieties such as Strawberry tree, Pine, Cistus, Tree of Heaven, Sainfoin, Marruca, and Solidago. Results suggest that honey quality features and some floral varieties can effectively differentiate products, supporting beekeepers to achieve higher revenues. This study offers empirical evidence of the extent to which floral varieties and other product characteristics affect the market price of honey using a dataset of secondary data, with the aim to support producers to improve their competitive position in the market. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Food)

30 pages, 515 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Parameter Estimation of the Lomax Lifetime Distribution Based on Middle-Censored Data: Methodology, Applications, and Comparative Analysis

by Peiyao Ren, Wenhao Gui and Shan Liang

Axioms 2025, 14(5), 330; https://doi.org/10.3390/axioms14050330 (registering DOI) - 26 Apr 2025

Abstract

The Lomax distribution has important applications in survival analysis, reliability engineering, insurance, finance, and other fields. Middle-censoring is an important censoring scheme, and data with middle-censoring will produce censoring in random intervals. This paper studies the parameter estimation of the Lomax distribution based [...] Read more.

The Lomax distribution has important applications in survival analysis, reliability engineering, insurance, finance, and other fields. Middle-censoring is an important censoring scheme, and data with middle-censoring will produce censoring in random intervals. This paper studies the parameter estimation of the Lomax distribution based on middle-censored data. The expectation–maximization algorithm is employed to compute the maximum likelihood estimates of the two unknown parameters of the Lomax distribution. After processing the data using the midpoint approach estimation, the parameter estimates are obtained by two computational methods: the Newton–Raphson iteration method and the fixed-point method. Moreover, the calculation methods for the asymptotic confidence intervals of the two parameters are provided, with the confidence interval coverage rate serving as one of the criteria for evaluating the estimation performance. In the Bayesian estimation aspect, the shape parameter is estimated using a Gamma prior distribution, and the Gibbs sampling method is employed for the solution. Finally, both simulation data and real data are used to compare the accuracy of the various estimation methods. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Computational Statistics and Its Applications)

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9 pages, 1300 KiB

Open AccessPerspective

Revealing the Role of Interfacial Charge Transfer in Mechanoluminescence

by Xinyi Huo, Shaoxin Li, Bing Sun, Zhonglin Wang and Di Wei

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(9), 656; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15090656 (registering DOI) - 26 Apr 2025

Abstract

Mechanoluminescence (ML) involves light emission induced by mechanical stress, categorized into triboluminescence (TL), piezoluminescence (PL), sonoluminescence (SL), and triboelectrification-induced electroluminescence (TIEL). The most common is TL, in which crystal fracture generates opposing charges that excite surrounding molecules. In PL, applied pressure induces light [...] Read more.

Mechanoluminescence (ML) involves light emission induced by mechanical stress, categorized into triboluminescence (TL), piezoluminescence (PL), sonoluminescence (SL), and triboelectrification-induced electroluminescence (TIEL). The most common is TL, in which crystal fracture generates opposing charges that excite surrounding molecules. In PL, applied pressure induces light emission via charge recombination. SL occurs in gas-saturated liquids under sudden pressure changes. TIEL has gained increasing attention as it operates without the need for asymmetric crystal structures or strain fields. However, conventional ML faces practical limitations due to its dependence on complex structures or strain fields. In contrast, contact-electro-luminescence (CEL) has emerged as a promising alternative, enabling luminol luminescence via charge transfer and reactive oxygen species generation through contact electrification (CE) between inert dielectrics and water. CEL provides a simpler and more versatile approach than traditional ML techniques, underscoring the pivotal role of charge-transfer processes. This perspective highlights the potential of CEL in expanding ML applications across sensing, energy conversion, and environmental monitoring. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nanoelectronics, Nanosensors and Devices)

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19 pages, 5313 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A New Custom Deep Learning Model Coupled with a Flood Index for Multi-Step-Ahead Flood Forecasting

by Jianming Shen, Moyuan Yang, Juan Zhang, Nan Chen and Binghua Li

Hydrology 2025, 12(5), 104; https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrology12050104 (registering DOI) - 26 Apr 2025

Abstract

Accurate and prompt flood forecasting is essential for effective decision making in flood control to help minimize or prevent flood damage. We propose a new custom deep learning model, IF-CNN-GRU, for multi-step-ahead flood forecasting that incorporates the flood index (

I_{F}

) [...] Read more.

Accurate and prompt flood forecasting is essential for effective decision making in flood control to help minimize or prevent flood damage. We propose a new custom deep learning model, IF-CNN-GRU, for multi-step-ahead flood forecasting that incorporates the flood index (

I_{F}

) to improve the prediction accuracy. The model integrates convolutional neural networks (CNNs) and gated recurrent neural networks (GRUs) to analyze the spatiotemporal characteristics of hydrological data, while using a custom recursive neural network that adjusts the neural unit output at each moment based on the flood index. The IF-CNN-GRU model was applied to forecast floods with a lead time of 1–5 d at the Baihe hydrological station in the middle reaches of the Han River, China, accompanied by an in-depth investigation of model uncertainty. The results showed that incorporating the flood index

I_{F}

improved the forecast precision by up to 20%. The analysis of uncertainty revealed that the contributions of modeling factors, such as the datasets, model structures, and their interactions, varied across the forecast periods. The interaction factors contributed 17–36% of the uncertainty, while the contribution of the datasets increased with the forecast period (32–53%) and that of the model structure decreased (32–28%). The experiment also demonstrated that data samples play a critical role in improving the flood forecasting accuracy, offering actionable insights to reduce the predictive uncertainty and providing a scientific basis for flood early warning systems and water resource management. Full article

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