MDPI - Publisher of Open Access Journals

24 pages, 3356 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Inflows into Wastewater and Stormwater Systems: Sources, Causes, and Assessment

by Maria do Céu Almeida, Rita Salgado Brito and Catarina Jorge

Water 2025, 17(7), 1082; https://doi.org/10.3390/w17071082 (registering DOI) - 4 Apr 2025

Illicit or inappropriate inflows into urban drainage systems cause significant operational issues, impacting utilities, communities, and the environment. The continued deterioration of system assets increases these inflows. Groundwater infiltration, rain-derived inflows, and misconnections contribute to reduced system performance, amongst other detrimental inflows. Climate [...] Read more.

Illicit or inappropriate inflows into urban drainage systems cause significant operational issues, impacting utilities, communities, and the environment. The continued deterioration of system assets increases these inflows. Groundwater infiltration, rain-derived inflows, and misconnections contribute to reduced system performance, amongst other detrimental inflows. Climate change effects and the revised EU Wastewater Treatment Directive put pressure on utilities to reduce combined sewage and polluted stormwater discharges and overflows while promoting carbon neutrality. The effective management of undue inflows requires identifying cause–effect relationships and quantifying their consequences. This paper proposes a performance-based methodology with metrics and reference values to assess and categorise various undue inflows in wastewater, stormwater, or combined systems. This approach allows the tracking of performance over time, the comparing of systems, and requires data commonly available to utilities. The reliable quantification of inflows depends on the availability and accuracy of flow data from relevant system locations, rainfall data, and pertinent contextual information. This paper uses data from eight utilities and the Portuguese regulator to validate its approach, calculate metrics, refine reference values and enable better-targeted control measures. The results enhance the value of a unified approach to this problem in making better decisions to improve the urban water drainage system’s performance, enhance pollution control, and promote sustainable water management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Urban Water Management)

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12 pages, 2091 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Long-Term Management and Monitoring of the Bladder After Spinal Cord Injury in a Rodent Model

by Michael Kleindorfer, Elena Esra Keller, Karin Roider, Evelyn Beyerer, Patrick Heimel, David Hercher, Martha Georgina Brandtner, Lukas Lusuardi, Ludwig Aigner and Sophina Bauer

Biology 2025, 14(4), 373; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology14040373 (registering DOI) - 4 Apr 2025

Abstract

Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a complex clinical condition with a wide range of permanent functional and neurological consequences. A prime factor limiting the patient’s quality of life (QoL) is difficulties in bladder function. Chronic animal models that help to develop novel therapeutic [...] Read more.

Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a complex clinical condition with a wide range of permanent functional and neurological consequences. A prime factor limiting the patient’s quality of life (QoL) is difficulties in bladder function. Chronic animal models that help to develop novel therapeutic strategies are highly demanded, but their availability is scarce and frequently accompanied by substantial limitations. We want to provide our detailed protocols that allow full reproducibility of a novel model for investigating both the acute and chronic condition, and give transparency regarding challenges. The preclinical animal model of female rats with mid-thoracic SCI contusion and a permanently implanted urinary catheter allowed the measuring of bladder function repetitively. Over a period of six months, data were collected weekly from the same, conscious individuals. To our knowledge, this is the first study that obtained a clinically relevant urodynamic dataset seamlessly from the acute to the chronic phase in rats with SCI. The ability to generate a complete data set from one single individual, rather than requiring multiple subjects, has the potential to markedly reduce the number of experimental animals, eliminate group differences, and give more flexibility for therapeutic intervention. Future projects could also benefit from the described optimizations in animal care. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Animal Models for Disease Mechanisms)

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11 pages, 432 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Inclusive Neutrino and Antineutrino Scattering on the ¹²C Nucleus Within the Coherent Density Fluctuation Model

by Martin V. Ivanov and Anton N. Antonov

Universe 2025, 11(4), 119; https://doi.org/10.3390/universe11040119 (registering DOI) - 4 Apr 2025

Abstract

We investigate quasielastic (anti)neutrino scattering on the ¹²C nucleus utilizing a novel scaling variable,

ψ^{*}

. This variable is derived from the interacting relativistic Fermi gas model, which incorporates both scalar and vector interactions, leading to a relativistic effective mass for [...] Read more.

We investigate quasielastic (anti)neutrino scattering on the ¹²C nucleus utilizing a novel scaling variable,

ψ^{*}

. This variable is derived from the interacting relativistic Fermi gas model, which incorporates both scalar and vector interactions, leading to a relativistic effective mass for the interacting nucleons. For inclusive lepton scattering from nuclei, we develop a new scaling function, denoted as

f^{QE} (ψ^{*})

, based on the coherent density fluctuation model (CDFM). This model serves as a natural extension of the relativistic Fermi gas (RFG) model applicable to finite nuclei. In this study, we compute theoretical predictions and compare them with experimental data from Miner

ν

a and T2K for inclusive (anti)neutrino cross-sections. The scaling function is derived within the CDFM framework, employing a relativistic effective mass of

m_{N}^{*} = 0.8 m_{N}

. The findings demonstrate a high degree of consistency with experimental data across all (anti)neutrino energy ranges. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Neutrino Insights: Peering into the Subatomic Universe)

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29 pages, 491 KiB

Open AccessReview

History of Organophosphorus Compounds in the Context of Their Use as Chemical Warfare Agents

by Maciej Boczkowski, Stanisław Popiel, Jakub Nawała and Hubert Suska

Molecules 2025, 30(7), 1615; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30071615 (registering DOI) - 4 Apr 2025

Abstract

This is a broad look at the history of phosphorus—from the element through its inorganic and organic compounds to the applications of organophosphates. In addition to commercial and peaceful applications, they were used as chemical warfare agents (CWA), both in military operations and [...] Read more.

This is a broad look at the history of phosphorus—from the element through its inorganic and organic compounds to the applications of organophosphates. In addition to commercial and peaceful applications, they were used as chemical warfare agents (CWA), both in military operations and for terrorist purposes. This article attempts to provide a concise history of their development and application in this shameful role. The origin of the chemistry of phosphorus compounds to obtain precursors for the production of CWA is presented. Rapid progress in organophosphorus chemistry in the second half of the 20th century is also described. A broad overview of chemical structures is presented, including lesser-known representatives. The mode of action and the associated toxicity of organophosphorus compounds are briefly mentioned. The Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) schedules and their changes during their validity are indicated. They are also demonstrated to be used in proficiency tests organised by the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW). Organophosphates called “Novichok agents”, classified as fourth-generation chemical warfare agents, are also briefly discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Organic Chemistry)

16 pages, 4125 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Photosensitizer and Charge Separator Roles of g-C₃N₄ Integrated into the CuO-Fe₂O₃ p-n Heterojunction Interface for Elevating PEC Water Splitting Potential

by Ramesh Reddy Nallapureddy, Sai Kumar Arla, Andrés Ibáñez, Durga Prasad Pabba, Jae Hak Jung and Sang Woo Joo

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(7), 551; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15070551 (registering DOI) - 4 Apr 2025

Abstract

In sustainable hydrogen generation, photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting stands as a crucial technology, offering solutions to the global energy crisis while tackling environmental challenges. PEC water splitting relies on metal oxide nanostructures due to their unique electronic and optical characteristics. This research highlights [...] Read more.

In sustainable hydrogen generation, photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting stands as a crucial technology, offering solutions to the global energy crisis while tackling environmental challenges. PEC water splitting relies on metal oxide nanostructures due to their unique electronic and optical characteristics. This research highlights the development of a CuO-Fe₂O₃@g-C₃N₄ nanocomposite, created through the integration of three components and fabricated via a one-pot hydrothermal process, precisely engineered to enhance PEC water-splitting efficiency. The combination of CuO, Fe₂O₃, and g-C₃N₄ results in a unified heterojunction structure that efficiently mitigates issues associated with charge carrier recombination and structural stability. Additionally, the analyses of both the structure and composition confirmed the precise synthesis of the composite. The CuO-Fe₂O₃@g-C₃N₄ nanocomposite achieved a photocurrent density of 1.33 mA cm⁻² vs. Ag/AgCl upon exposure to light, demonstrating superior PEC performance and outperforming the individual CuO and Fe₂O₃ components. The enhanced performance is attributed to g-C₃N₄ acting as a photoactive material, generating charge carriers, while the combination of CuO-Fe₂O₃ enables efficient carrier separation and mobility. This synergistic interaction significantly enhances photocurrent generation and ensures long-term stability, positioning the material as a highly promising solution for sustainable hydrogen production. These results highlight the promise of hybrid nanocomposites in driving progress in renewable energy technologies, opening new avenues for the development of more efficient and long-lasting PEC systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Nanoenergetic Materials: Synthesis, Characterization, and Emerging Applications)

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20 pages, 949 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Informational–Entropic Approach to Exoplanet Characterization

by Sara Vannah, Ian D. Stiehl and Marcelo Gleiser

Entropy 2025, 27(4), 385; https://doi.org/10.3390/e27040385 (registering DOI) - 4 Apr 2025

Abstract

In the past, measures of the “Earth-likeness” of exoplanets have been qualitative, considering an abiotic Earth, or requiring discretionary choices of what parameters make a planet Earth-like. With the advent of high-resolution exoplanet spectroscopy, there is a growing need for a method of [...] Read more.

In the past, measures of the “Earth-likeness” of exoplanets have been qualitative, considering an abiotic Earth, or requiring discretionary choices of what parameters make a planet Earth-like. With the advent of high-resolution exoplanet spectroscopy, there is a growing need for a method of quantifying the Earth-likeness of a planet that addresses these issues while making use of the data available from modern telescope missions. In this work, we introduce an informational–entropic metric that makes use of the spectrum of an exoplanet to directly quantify how Earth-like the planet is. To illustrate our method, we generate simulated transmission spectra of a series of Earth-like and super-Earth exoplanets, as well as an exoJupiter and several gas giant exoplanets. As a proof of concept, we demonstrate the ability of the information metric to evaluate how similar a planet is to Earth, making it a powerful tool in the search for a candidate Earth 2.0. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Multidisciplinary Applications)

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26 pages, 3426 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Experimental Study of Dye Degradation in a Single-Jet Cavitation System

by Julius-Alexander Nöpel, Jochen Fröhlich and Frank Rüdiger

Processes 2025, 13(4), 1088; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13041088 (registering DOI) - 4 Apr 2025

Abstract

Fluid mechanical conditions are crucial for cavitation formation, and significantly influence chemical reactivity. This study investigates process conditions such as pressure, degassing, cavitation and reaction volume, and the sound emission of oxidative dye degradation by cavitation. For ensuring comparability and scalability, dimensionless similarity [...] Read more.

Fluid mechanical conditions are crucial for cavitation formation, and significantly influence chemical reactivity. This study investigates process conditions such as pressure, degassing, cavitation and reaction volume, and the sound emission of oxidative dye degradation by cavitation. For ensuring comparability and scalability, dimensionless similarity numbers aligned to the process were introduced. A further focus of the paper is reproducibility with corresponding guidelines. Measurements of dye degradation were carried out without additional chemicals. The oxidation process was assessed by the chemiluminescence of luminol. For this purpose, configurations with three nozzle sizes at different pressure differences were investigated. The generated cavitating jet was captured by imaging techniques and correlated to degradation. The most energy-efficient configuration was obtained by the smallest nozzle diameter of 0.6 mm at a pressure difference of 40 bar. Significant degassing occurred during cavitation. It was more pronounced with smaller nozzle diameters, correlating with higher degradation. Furthermore, discontinuous treatment methods can improve efficiency. Scaling to higher flow rates through multiple reactors in parallel proved more effective, compared to increasing the nozzle diameter or the pressure difference. For the same treated volume, two parallel reactors increased degradation by a factor of 1.35. The insights provide perspectives for optimizing jet cavitation reactors for water treatment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Chemical Processes and Systems)

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19 pages, 2820 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Process Simulation of High-Pressure Nanofiltration (HPNF) for Membrane Brine Concentration (MBC): A Pilot-Scale Case Study

by Abdallatif Satti Abdalrhman, Sangho Lee, Seungwon Ihm, Eslam S. B. Alwaznani, Christopher M. Fellows and Sheng Li

Membranes 2025, 15(4), 113; https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes15040113 (registering DOI) - 4 Apr 2025

Abstract

The growing demand for sustainable water management solutions has prompted the development of membrane brine concentration (MBC) technologies, particularly in the context of desalination and minimum liquid discharge (MLD) applications. This study presents a simple model of high-pressure nanofiltration (HPNF) for MBC. The [...] Read more.

The growing demand for sustainable water management solutions has prompted the development of membrane brine concentration (MBC) technologies, particularly in the context of desalination and minimum liquid discharge (MLD) applications. This study presents a simple model of high-pressure nanofiltration (HPNF) for MBC. The model integrates reverse osmosis (RO) transport equations with mass balance equations, thereby enabling acceptable predictions of water flux and total dissolved solids (TDS) concentration. Considering the limitations of the pilot plant data, the model showed reasonable accuracy in predicting flux and TDS, with R² values above 0.99. The simulation results demonstrated that an increase in feed flow rate improves flux but raises specific energy consumption (SEC) and reduces recovery. In contrast, an increase in feed pressure results in an increased recovery and brine concentration. Increasing feed TDS decreases flux, recovery, and final brine TDS and increases SEC. Response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to optimize process performance across multiple criteria, optimizing flux, SEC, recovery, and final brine concentration. The optimal feed flow rate and pressure vary depending on the criteria in the improvement scenarios, underscoring the importance of systematic process improvement. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Membrane Separation and Water Treatment: Modeling and Application)

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16 pages, 856 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Synergistic Antibacterial Effects of Plant Extracts and Essential Oils Against Drug-Resistant Bacteria of Clinical Interest

by Hoda Helene Shahin, Moomen Baroudi, Fouad Dabboussi, Bassel Ismail, Rayane Salma, Marwan Osman and Khaled El Omari

Pathogens 2025, 14(4), 348; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens14040348 (registering DOI) - 4 Apr 2025

Abstract

Infectious diseases, the second leading cause of death worldwide, have traditionally been treated with antimicrobials. However, the emergence of drug-resistant microorganisms has driven the need for alternative therapies. This study aimed to assess the antibacterial efficacy of Capparis spinosa crude extracts and five [...] Read more.

Infectious diseases, the second leading cause of death worldwide, have traditionally been treated with antimicrobials. However, the emergence of drug-resistant microorganisms has driven the need for alternative therapies. This study aimed to assess the antibacterial efficacy of Capparis spinosa crude extracts and five essential oils (EOs) derived from Salvia officinalis, Eucalyptus globulus, Micromeria barbata, Origanum vulgare, and Juniperus excelsa. The EOs were extracted using hydro-distillation, and C. spinosa extracts were obtained using ethanol and acetone solvents. Microdilution assays revealed that O. vulgare EO exhibited the strongest activity against Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., and Brucella melitensis, while C. spinosa demonstrated significant antibacterial effects against L. monocytogenes and notable inhibition of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The combination of EOs with antibiotics, including M. barbata, J. excelsa, S. officinalis, and E. globulus, enhanced the efficacy of the antibiotics against recalcitrant bacterial strains. The synergistic effects were evaluated through Fractional Inhibitory Concentration Index (FICI) analysis. These findings confirm that the antibacterial efficacy observed in the tested EOs, especially when used in synergy with antibiotics, offers a promising therapeutic strategy to combat antimicrobial resistance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Bacterial Pathogens)

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32 pages, 11378 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Preparation and Characterization of Char Carbon Obtained by Carbonization of Unused Cigarette Filter Rods: The Product Application Assessment

by Bojan Janković, Dejan Cvetinović, Milena Milošević, Filip Veljković, Vladimir Rajić, Marija Janković and Vladimir Dodevski

Materials 2025, 18(7), 1661; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18071661 (registering DOI) - 4 Apr 2025

Abstract

The development of carbonaceous materials such as biochar has triggered a hot spot in materials application. In this study, a new type of char carbon was developed from raw cigarette filter rods (CFRs) via a carbonization process under moderate conditions (T = [...] Read more.

The development of carbonaceous materials such as biochar has triggered a hot spot in materials application. In this study, a new type of char carbon was developed from raw cigarette filter rods (CFRs) via a carbonization process under moderate conditions (T = 550 °C; t_res = 1 h) (CFR char carbon). The produced char was characterized by ATR-FTIR (Attenuated total reflectance—Fourier-transform infrared) spectroscopy, XRD (X-ray diffraction) analysis, GC-MS (Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry), FESEM-EDS (Field-Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy—Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy) technique, XPS (X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy), and N₂ adsorption/desorption (BET) measurements. The obtained carbon material is rich in oxygen-containing functional groups (i.e., C=O, C–O, –C(=O)–CH₃, C–O–C, C–OH, and O=C–O, with chemisorbed oxygen), containing significant amounts of calcium (that originates from CaCO₃) and silicon (Si), generated by reduction of SiO₂. It was found that the formation of char(C)/n-alkane composite material makes that CFR char have a high compressive strength improvement. Moderate carbonization has contributed to the creation of such material that has a fairly high specific surface area (320.93 m²/g), exhibiting a complex hierarchical structure that was characterized by composite Type I/IV(a) isotherm, associated with micro-/mesoporous carbon material. In addition, more directional extensions of this research for future work were proposed, including the implementation of electrochemical research. Full article

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17 pages, 5130 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Enhanced Photocatalytic Activity of CQDs-Modified Layered g-C₃N₄/Flower-Like ZnO Heterojunction for Efficient Degradation of Ciprofloxacin

by Qing Liu, Wei Deng, Hai Zhang, Jiajun Fang, Yushi Xie, Congwen Liu, Xiaochen Han, Xiaoling Xu and Zuowan Zhou

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(7), 550; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15070550 (registering DOI) - 4 Apr 2025

Abstract

Photocatalytic degradation has the advantages of high efficiency and stability compared with traditional antibiotic treatment. Therefore, the development of efficient and stable photocatalysts is essential for antibiotic degradation in water treatment. In this study, layered g-C₃N₄/flower-like ZnO heterojunction loaded [...] Read more.

Photocatalytic degradation has the advantages of high efficiency and stability compared with traditional antibiotic treatment. Therefore, the development of efficient and stable photocatalysts is essential for antibiotic degradation in water treatment. In this study, layered g-C₃N₄/flower-like ZnO heterojunction loaded with different amounts of CQDs (C_x%CNZO (x = 1, 2, 3, 4)) were precisely synthesized at room temperature. The as-prepared photocatalyst showed enhanced performance in degrading ciprofloxacin (CIP). The heterojunction with CQDs loaded at 3 wt% (C_3%CNZO) achieved a 91.0% removal rate of CIP at 120 min under a sunlight simulator illumination, and the photodegradation reaction data were consistent with the first-order kinetic model. In addition, cycling experiments confirmed that the C_3%CNZO heterojunction had good reusability and photocatalytic stability after four cycles. According to the experimental results, superoxide radical (•O₂⁻) was the main active species involved in CIP degradation. Furthermore, C_3%CNZO was found to conform to a type II electron transfer pathway. Finally, the possible degradation pathways of CIP were analyzed. This work may provide an effective strategy for the removal of various antibiotics in water treatment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Energy and Catalysis)

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17 pages, 3980 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Landscape Spatiotemporal Heterogeneity Decreased the Resistance of Alpine Grassland to Soil Droughts

by Yuxin Wang, Hu Liu, Wenzhi Zhao, Jiachang Jiang and Zhibin He

Remote Sens. 2025, 17(7), 1293; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17071293 (registering DOI) - 4 Apr 2025

Abstract

Alpine grasslands face increasing threats from soil droughts due to climate change. While extensive research has focused on the direct impacts of drought on vegetation, the role of landscape fragmentation and spatiotemporal heterogeneity in shaping the response of these ecosystems to drought remains [...] Read more.

Alpine grasslands face increasing threats from soil droughts due to climate change. While extensive research has focused on the direct impacts of drought on vegetation, the role of landscape fragmentation and spatiotemporal heterogeneity in shaping the response of these ecosystems to drought remains inadequately explored. This study aims to fill this gap by examining the Gannan alpine grassland in the northeastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Using remote sensing data, indicators of spatial and temporal heterogeneity were derived, including spatial variance (SCV), spatial autocorrelation (SAC), and temporal autocorrelation (TAC). Two soil drought thresholds (Tr: threshold of rapid resistance loss and Tc: threshold of complete resistance loss) representing percentile-based drought intensities were identified to assess NDVI decline under drought conditions. Our findings indicate that the grassland has low resistance to soil droughts, with mean Tr and Tc of 8.93th and 7.36th percentile, respectively. Both increasing and decreasing spatiotemporal heterogeneity reduced vegetation resistance, with increasing SCV having a more pronounced effect. Specifically, increasing SCV increased Tr and Tc 1.4 times faster and 2.6 time slower than decreasing SCV, respectively. These results underscore the critical role of landscape heterogeneity in modulating grassland responses to drought, suggesting that managing vegetation patches could enhance ecosystem resilience. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Root-Zone Soil Moisture Retrieval and Applications from Remote Sensing Measurements)

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33 pages, 4669 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Genomic Insights into Plant Growth Promotion and Biocontrol of Bacillus velezensis Amfr20, an Olive Tree Endophyte

by Tasos-Nektarios Spantidos, Dimitra Douka, Panagiotis Katinakis and Anastasia Venieraki

Horticulturae 2025, 11(4), 384; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11040384 (registering DOI) - 4 Apr 2025

Abstract

The endophytic strain Amfr20 was isolated from roots of the olive tree var. Amfissa. Based on core-genome phylogenomic analyses, it was classified as Bacillus velezensis. The isolate showed positive results in numerous plant growth promoting traits, as well as in abiotic stress [...] Read more.

The endophytic strain Amfr20 was isolated from roots of the olive tree var. Amfissa. Based on core-genome phylogenomic analyses, it was classified as Bacillus velezensis. The isolate showed positive results in numerous plant growth promoting traits, as well as in abiotic stress tolerance and in colonization related traits in vitro. Furthermore, the strain exhibited antifungal activity in vitro through diffusible and volatile compounds. Whole genome analysis revealed that the strain possesses large and various arsenals of secondary metabolite biosynthetic gene clusters involved in the bioagent’s functional properties, including plant growth promotion, colonization, and plant defense elicitation, as well as having the genomic potential for abiotic stress mediation. Based on TLC-bioautography, the ethyl acetate extracts of secreted agar-diffusible compounds from Amfr20 through single and dual cultures were found to be bioactive independently of the fungal pathogen’s interaction. The bacterial endophyte also proved efficient in suppressing the severity of anthracnose olive rot and gray mold post-harvest diseases on olive fruits and table grape berries, respectively. Lastly, Amfr20 beneficially affected Arabidopsis thaliana growth under normal and saline conditions, while boosting the plant development of Solanum lycopersicum through seed biopriming and root irrigation methods. The results of this multilevel study indicate that the novel endophyte Amfr20 Bacillus velezensis is a promising bioagent that should be exploited in the future as an ecological biopesticide and/or biostimulant. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Pathology and Disease Management (PPDM))

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15 pages, 8576 KiB

Open AccessArticle

How Do Emission Factors Contribute to the Uncertainty in Biomass Burning Emissions in the Amazon and Cerrado?

by Guilherme Mataveli, Matthew W. Jones, Gabriel Pereira, Saulo R. Freitas, Valter Oliveira, Bruno Silva Oliveira and Luiz E. O. C. Aragão

Atmosphere 2025, 16(4), 423; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos16040423 (registering DOI) - 4 Apr 2025

Abstract

Fires drive global ecosystem change, impacting carbon dynamics, atmospheric composition, biodiversity, and human well-being. Biomass burning, a major outcome of fires, significantly contributes to greenhouse gas and aerosol emissions. Among these, fine particulate matter (PM_2.5) is particularly concerning due to its [...] Read more.

Fires drive global ecosystem change, impacting carbon dynamics, atmospheric composition, biodiversity, and human well-being. Biomass burning, a major outcome of fires, significantly contributes to greenhouse gas and aerosol emissions. Among these, fine particulate matter (PM_2.5) is particularly concerning due to its adverse effects on air quality and health, and its substantial yet uncertain role in Earth’s energy balance. Variability in emission factors (EFs) remains a key source of uncertainty in emission estimates. This study evaluates PM_2.5 emission sensitivity to EFs variability in Brazil’s Amazon and Cerrado biomes over 2002–2023 using the 3BEM_FRP model implemented in the PREP-CHEM-SRC tool. We updated the EFs with values and uncertainty ranges from Andreae (2019), which reflect a more comprehensive literature review than earlier datasets. The results reveal that the annual average PM_2.5 emissions varied by up to 162% in the Amazon (1213 Gg yr⁻¹ to 3172 Gg yr⁻¹) and 184% in the Cerrado (601 Gg yr⁻¹ to 1709 Gg yr⁻¹). The Average peak emissions at the grid-cell level reached 5688 Mg yr⁻¹ in the “Arc of Deforestation” region under the High-end EF scenario. Notably, the PM_2.5 emissions from Amazon forest areas increased over time despite shrinking forest cover, indicating that Amazonian forests are becoming more vulnerable to fire. In the Cerrado, savannas are the primary land cover contributing to the total PM_2.5 emissions, accounting for 64% to 80%. These findings underscore the importance of accurate, region-specific EFs for improving emission models and reducing uncertainties. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Air Quality)

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21 pages, 3443 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Determination of the Social Contribution of Sustainable Additives for Asphalt Mixes Through Fuzzy Cognitive Mapping

by Leonardo Sierra-Varela, Alejandra Calabi-Floody, Gonzalo Valdés-Vidal, Víctor Yepes and Álvaro Filun-Santana

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(7), 3994; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15073994 (registering DOI) - 4 Apr 2025

Abstract

Assessing infrastructure sustainability requires an evaluation of technical, economic, environmental, and social dimensions, with the latter often being overlooked. Asphalt mixtures incorporating end-of-life tire textile fiber additives in Chile have emerged as a sustainable alternative to conventional fibers. However, the social sustainability of [...] Read more.

Assessing infrastructure sustainability requires an evaluation of technical, economic, environmental, and social dimensions, with the latter often being overlooked. Asphalt mixtures incorporating end-of-life tire textile fiber additives in Chile have emerged as a sustainable alternative to conventional fibers. However, the social sustainability of these additives remains underexplored. This study develops a model to assess the social sustainability of asphalt additives in Chile using fuzzy cognitive mapping. The methodology includes three stages: (1) qualitative exploration of the conceptual model by information triangulation, (2) construction of a fuzzy cognitive model to estimate social contributions, and (3) dynamic analysis of four additives, including those derived from end-of-life tire textile fiber. The results show that these recycled additives generate distinct social impacts, particularly in terms of consumer interest, innovation, knowledge transfer, and regulatory alignment. Additionally, technical contributions and certifications significantly influence sustainability assessments, exhibiting greater independence from other factors. The findings highlight the potential of repurposed textile fiber as a socially sustainable alternative in asphalt production. This approach supports circular economy initiatives, fosters innovation, and enhances the acceptance of sustainable infrastructure materials in Chile, contributing to a more resilient and responsible construction sector. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Materials for Asphalt Pavements)

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19 pages, 3798 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Swine Gut Lactic Acid Bacteria and Their Exopolysaccharides Differentially Modulate Toll-like Receptor Signaling Depending on the Agave Fructans Used as a Carbon Source

by Enrique A. Sanhueza-Carrera, Cynthia Fernández-Lainez, César Castro-De la Mora, Daniel Ortega-Álvarez, Claudia Mendoza-Camacho, Jesús Manuel Cortéz-Sánchez, Beatriz Pérez-Guillé, Paul de Vos and Gabriel López-Velázquez

Animals 2025, 15(7), 1047; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15071047 (registering DOI) - 4 Apr 2025

Abstract

Exopolysaccharides (EPSs) produced by probiotic bacteria have garnered attention due to their effects on the gut health of humans and animals. The nutrients that probiotics access during their growth are essential for producing beneficial effects on host health. Direct immunomodulatory effects of graminan-type [...] Read more.

Exopolysaccharides (EPSs) produced by probiotic bacteria have garnered attention due to their effects on the gut health of humans and animals. The nutrients that probiotics access during their growth are essential for producing beneficial effects on host health. Direct immunomodulatory effects of graminan-type fructans (GTFs) from Agave tequilana through toll-like receptors (TLRs) have been demonstrated. However, the immunomodulatory effects of these fructans, mediated through the EPSs produced by the probiotics cultivated with them, remain unexplored. We explored the immunomodulatory effects of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strains isolated from swine and their EPSs, based on the GTFs used as carbon sources during their growth. While the LAB strains activated the NF-κB pathway independently of the GTF source, their EPSs activated it in a GTF source-dependent manner. LAB activation through TLR2 showed a GTF source dependency, whereas their EPSs activated TLR2 independently of the GTF source. The LAB and their EPSs activated TLR4 in a GTF source-dependent manner. Both the LAB and their EPSs inhibited the activation of TLR2 and TLR4 agonists, which exhibited a strong dependence on the GTF source. The strength of GTF C’s immunomodulatory effects on LAB illustrates its specificity, its impact on the EPS structure, and its biological effects. Our results support the promising health benefits of this synbiotic model for swine health and lowering inflammation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pigs)

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17 pages, 4759 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Exosome-Modified AAV Gene Therapy Attenuates Autoimmune Hepatitis via Enhanced Regulatory T Cell Targeting and Immune Modulation

by Wenwei Shao, Weilin Huang, Yixuan Wang, Helin Sima, Kai Ma, Rongtao Chen, Heqiao Han, Yixuan Yang, Yuchen Bao, Xiaolei Pei and Lei Zhang

Microorganisms 2025, 13(4), 823; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms13040823 (registering DOI) - 4 Apr 2025

Abstract

Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is a chronic liver disorder driven by immune dysregulation, marked by reduced regulatory T cells (Tregs) and unchecked inflammation. Current therapies lack specificity and efficacy, necessitating novel approaches. This study explores gene therapy using exosome-associated adeno-associated virus (exo-AAV) to deliver [...] Read more.

Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is a chronic liver disorder driven by immune dysregulation, marked by reduced regulatory T cells (Tregs) and unchecked inflammation. Current therapies lack specificity and efficacy, necessitating novel approaches. This study explores gene therapy using exosome-associated adeno-associated virus (exo-AAV) to deliver the Foxp3 gene, aiming to restore Treg-mediated immune tolerance in AIH. We engineered exosomes expressing the CD4-targeting antibody on their surface, encapsulating AAV6/Foxp3, to enhance lymphoid cell specificity. In a ConA-induced murine AIH model, engineered exo-AAV administration significantly increased hepatic Treg proportions while reducing Th17 cells and inflammatory cytokines (IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-6), compared to control groups (unmodified exo-AAV or empty exosomes). Liver histopathology and serum ALT levels also improved in engineered exo-AAV treated mice. Mechanistically, engineered exo-AAV demonstrated superior targeting via CD4 binding, validated by immunofluorescence and nanoparticle tracking. Despite transient reductions in splenic Tregs, localized hepatic immune modulation underscored exo-AAV’s efficacy. These findings highlight engineered exo-AAV as a promising strategy for precision gene therapy in AIH, overcoming limitations of traditional AAV delivery by enhancing lymphocyte-specific transduction and immune balance restoration. This approach presents a novel therapeutic avenue for systemic autoimmune diseases reliant on Treg reinforcement. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Medical Microbiology)

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18 pages, 913 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Which Minimum Indicator Set of Sustainability May Be Utilized in Urban Assessments? Meta-Evidence Gained Through a Systematic Literature Review

by Maria Rosaria Guarini, Giulia Ghiani, Francesco Sica and Francesco Tajani

Sustainability 2025, 17(7), 3221; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17073221 (registering DOI) - 4 Apr 2025

Abstract

The aim of this study is to provide a thorough assessment of the sustainability indicators employed to support the changes related to the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 11, which seeks to make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient, and sustainable. A [...] Read more.

The aim of this study is to provide a thorough assessment of the sustainability indicators employed to support the changes related to the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 11, which seeks to make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient, and sustainable. A selection of scientific articles published from 2013 to 2022 has been meticulously examined, concentrating on those pertinent to the primary study issues. The utilization of assessment methodologies that draw upon the concepts of divergence (systematic literature review) and convergence (cluster analysis) between diverse information sets is paramount. A dataset of critical indicators for measuring urban sustainability has been gathered. The results show the possibility to identify common patterns among the sustainability assessment indicators, driving towards the construction of a Minimum Indicator Set (MIS), that could be a useful support for, e.g., policymakers and urban planners in realizing sustainable transformative solutions through a common and aligned valuation source. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Sustainable Investments in Urban, Peri-Urban and Industrial Areas: Novel Approaches and Methods)

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13 pages, 2091 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

Femoral Fracture in Pregnancy: A Case Report and Review of Data from the Literature

by Ștefan-Dragoș Tîrnovanu, Elena Cojocaru, Bogdan Veliceasa, Norin Forna, Adrian-Claudiu Carp, Bogdan Puha, Alexandru Filip, Awad Dmour, Dragoș-Cristian Popescu, Ovidiu Alexa, Sorana-Caterina Anton and Mihaela-Camelia Tîrnovanu

Life 2025, 15(4), 601; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15040601 (registering DOI) - 4 Apr 2025

Abstract

Background: Orthopedic trauma during pregnancy is a rare yet complex medical challenge, impacting both maternal and fetal health. Among these, femoral fractures are particularly uncommon but require careful management to minimize maternal and fetal risks. Methods: We report the case of a 28-year-old [...] Read more.

Background: Orthopedic trauma during pregnancy is a rare yet complex medical challenge, impacting both maternal and fetal health. Among these, femoral fractures are particularly uncommon but require careful management to minimize maternal and fetal risks. Methods: We report the case of a 28-year-old woman, gravida 4, para 3, at 40 weeks of gestation, who sustained a left mid-femoral diaphyseal fracture following a low-energy fall. A multidisciplinary team approach, including obstetric, orthopedic, anesthetic, and neonatal specialists, was employed. Preoperative imaging by X-ray was performed under lead-apron protection. The patient underwent an emergency C-section, followed by closed reduction and internal fixation with an intramedullary nail. Results: The surgical intervention was successful, with minimal radiation exposure. Postoperative management included thromboprophylaxis, calcium, vitamin D supplementation, and physiotherapy. The patient recovered well, achieving fracture healing within three months. Postpartum bone density assessment was recommended, suspecting pregnancy- and lactation-associated osteoporosis. Conclusions: Managing femoral fractures during pregnancy necessitates a balance between maternal and fetal well-being. A collaborative, multidisciplinary approach ensures optimal outcomes. Early surgical intervention, proper radiation precautions, and postpartum bone health assessment are crucial in these cases. Further research is needed to understand risk factors and preventive strategies for pregnancy-associated osteoporosis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Strategies in Fracture Treatments)

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24 pages, 6252 KiB

Open AccessReview

Flavonoid-Based Nanogels: A Comprehensive Overview

by Sergio Liga and Cristina Paul

Gels 2025, 11(4), 267; https://doi.org/10.3390/gels11040267 (registering DOI) - 4 Apr 2025

Abstract

The growing field of nanotechnology has recently given much attention to nanogels, which are versatile formulas and have promising biomedical applications. Nanogels or nanohydrogels have undergone significant development in various fields of biomedical and industrial research to meet increasing demands, such as in [...] Read more.

The growing field of nanotechnology has recently given much attention to nanogels, which are versatile formulas and have promising biomedical applications. Nanogels or nanohydrogels have undergone significant development in various fields of biomedical and industrial research to meet increasing demands, such as in pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, food, and genetic engineering. Nanogels that contain flavonoids, which are secondary metabolites found in plants, are starting to become distinctive and reveal their unique characteristics. The objective of the article is to provide a comprehensive overview of recent research articles on flavonoid-based nanogels, emphasizing the general aspects regarding nanogel formulation and structural characterization, as well as the advancements made in the biomedical field. In conclusion, this article outlines up-to-date developments in the synthesis, formulation, structural characterization, and therapeutic applications of flavonoid-based nanogels, emphasizing their important role in the field of nanotechnology. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Gels Loaded with Natural Products)

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14 pages, 6650 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Hydrochemistry and Evolutionary Processes During Saltwater Intrusion in the Saline–Fresh Groundwater Transition Zone in Southern Laizhou Bay, China

by Xiaowei Wang, Xingwang Dai, Guangwei Wu, Fan Yang, Yongwei Zhang, Xiaonong Hu, Yingqiang Yao and Yulong Dong

Water 2025, 17(7), 1081; https://doi.org/10.3390/w17071081 (registering DOI) - 4 Apr 2025

Abstract

Saltwater intrusion is one of the most significant groundwater challenges in the southern Laizhou Bay. Previous studies have predominantly focused on regional scales, leaving the vertical saltwater intrusion pattern relatively underexplored. This knowledge gap hinders the effective prevention and control of saltwater intrusion. [...] Read more.

Saltwater intrusion is one of the most significant groundwater challenges in the southern Laizhou Bay. Previous studies have predominantly focused on regional scales, leaving the vertical saltwater intrusion pattern relatively underexplored. This knowledge gap hinders the effective prevention and control of saltwater intrusion. This study utilized hydrochemical and stable isotopic methods combined with hydrochemical facies evolution diagrams to investigate the groundwater evolution and the processes of saltwater intrusion in a typical profile and saline–fresh groundwater transition zones. The results showed that the groundwater types in the study area were complex and diverse, with fresh groundwater, saline groundwater, and brine. Stable isotope and hydrochemical analyses indicated that mixing and evaporation of seawater were the predominant processes governing the evolution and salinity of groundwater. In the south of the typical profile, carbonate dissolution played a significant role, and the silicate dissolution may represent the primary water–rock interaction in the saline–fresh groundwater transition zones. Groundwater samples from various locations within the study area exhibited different stages of hydrochemical facies evolution, and the majority of the typical profile samples were in the salinization phase during the mixing process. The saltwater intrusion in the saline–fresh groundwater transition zone primarily occurred between −20 and −30 m, exhibiting a wedge-shaped saltwater intrusion pattern. This study enhanced the understanding of vertical saltwater intrusion. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Soil-Groundwater Pollution Investigations)

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18 pages, 950 KiB

Open AccessReview

Molecularly Imprinted Polymer Advanced Hydrogels as Tools for Gastrointestinal Diagnostics

by Tatjana Ivaskiene, Greta Kaspute, Arunas Ramanavicius and Urte Prentice

Gels 2025, 11(4), 269; https://doi.org/10.3390/gels11040269 (registering DOI) - 4 Apr 2025

Abstract

Gastroenterology faces significant challenges due to the global burden of gastrointestinal (GI) diseases, driven by socio-economic disparities and their wide-ranging impact on health and healthcare systems. Advances in molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) offer promising opportunities for developing non-invasive, cost-effective diagnostic tools that enhance [...] Read more.

Gastroenterology faces significant challenges due to the global burden of gastrointestinal (GI) diseases, driven by socio-economic disparities and their wide-ranging impact on health and healthcare systems. Advances in molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) offer promising opportunities for developing non-invasive, cost-effective diagnostic tools that enhance the accuracy and accessibility of GI disease detection. This research explores the potential of MIP-based sensors in revolutionizing gastrointestinal diagnostics and improving early detection and disease management. Biomarkers are vital in diagnosing, monitoring, and personalizing disease treatment, particularly in gastroenterology, where advancements like MIPs offer highly selective and non-invasive diagnostic solutions. MIPs mimic natural recognition mechanisms, providing stability and sensitivity even in complex biological environments, making them ideal for early disease detection and real-time monitoring. Their integration with advanced technologies, including conducting polymers, enhances their functionality, enabling rapid, point-of-care diagnostics for gastrointestinal disorders. Despite regulatory approval and scalability challenges, ongoing innovations promise to revolutionize diagnostics and improve patient outcomes through precise approaches. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Functional Hydrogels for Wearable Medical Devices)

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26 pages, 2436 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Score-Based Game Approach Considering Resource Heterogeneity and Social Dynamics for Traffic Optimization in Social IoT Networks

by Muhammad Muneer Umar, Ali F. Almutairi and Shafiullah Khan

Sensors 2025, 25(7), 2297; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25072297 (registering DOI) - 4 Apr 2025

Abstract

The incorporation of human-like social concepts into the Internet of Things (IoT) has given rise to the paradigm of Social IoT (SIoT). In these networks, objects autonomously form social relationships to enhance network scalability in information and service discovery, focusing on their own [...] Read more.

The incorporation of human-like social concepts into the Internet of Things (IoT) has given rise to the paradigm of Social IoT (SIoT). In these networks, objects autonomously form social relationships to enhance network scalability in information and service discovery, focusing on their own benefits. However, social likeness or dislikeness among nodes can result in selfish behavior, adversely affecting network performance. Existing node stimulation mechanisms primarily focus on ad hoc and IoT networks, emphasizing topological structures and traffic patterns, while overlooking the social and behavioral factors crucial to the SIoT. This work proposes a novel node stimulation scheme for the SIoT that incorporates both social and behavioral characteristics and network topology. The mechanism employs a virtual currency-based game to incentivize cooperation by considering parameters such as proximity, energy levels, buffer size, correlated relays, and data quality. Additionally, social factors—including social preference, node importance, interaction history, and the probability of vital data transfer—are integrated into the decision-making process. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed mechanism outperforms existing approaches in terms of energy efficiency, throughput, packet delivery ratio, and end-to-end delay, making it a robust solution for improving cooperation and performance in SIoT networks. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sensor Networks)

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20 pages, 6088 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Therapeutic Potential of ADSC-Secreted LEFTY2 in Treating Alzheimer’s Disease

by Wei-Wu Li, Hsueh-Hui Yang, Tzyy-Wen Chiou, Peng-Yeong Woon, Yue-Xuan Xu, Cynthia Tjandra, Ivan Wijaya, Horng-Jyh Harn and Shinn-Zong Lin

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(7), 3382; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26073382 (registering DOI) - 4 Apr 2025

Abstract

Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADSCs) have exhibited promising therapeutic potential in Alzheimer’s disease (AD), although the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. Previously established Alzheimer’s disease neuron models derived from Ts21-induced pluripotent stem cells (Ts21-iPSCs) have been shown to exhibit progressive amyloid beta accumulation [...] Read more.

Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADSCs) have exhibited promising therapeutic potential in Alzheimer’s disease (AD), although the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. Previously established Alzheimer’s disease neuron models derived from Ts21-induced pluripotent stem cells (Ts21-iPSCs) have been shown to exhibit progressive amyloid beta accumulation during neuronal differentiation. In this study, we employed a Transwell co-culture system to investigate the interaction between neurons derived from Ts21-iPSCs and ADSCs. Our findings revealed that co-culture with ADSCs significantly enhanced the survival rate of AD neurons. Proteomics analysis identified significant upregulation of left–right determination factor 2 (LEFTY2) protein in the co-culture medium. Supplementation with 2 nM LEFTY2 markedly improved the survival and growth of AD neurons. Furthermore, LEFTY2 effectively downregulates the expression of apolipoprotein E4 and amyloid beta 1–42, along with attenuating phosphorylated tau231 levels in AD neurons. These results suggest the potential of LEFTY2 as a promising therapeutic candidate for Alzheimer’s disease. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Editorial Board Members’ Collection Series: New Insights into Neuroproteins)

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24 pages, 5066 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Physicochemical and Mineralogical Characterizations of Two Natural Laterites from Burkina Faso: Assessing Their Potential Usage as Adsorbent Materials

by Corneille Bakouan, Louise Chenoy, Boubié Guel and Anne-Lise Hantson

Minerals 2025, 15(4), 379; https://doi.org/10.3390/min15040379 (registering DOI) - 4 Apr 2025

Abstract

In the framework of lateritic material valorization, we demonstrated how the geological environment determines the mineralogical characterizations of two laterite samples, KN and LA. KN and LA originate from the Birimian and Precambrian environments, respectively. We showed that the geological criterion alone does [...] Read more.

In the framework of lateritic material valorization, we demonstrated how the geological environment determines the mineralogical characterizations of two laterite samples, KN and LA. KN and LA originate from the Birimian and Precambrian environments, respectively. We showed that the geological criterion alone does not determine the applicability of these laterites as potential adsorbents but must be associated with their physicochemical properties. The characterizations were carried out using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Thermal analysis, and Atomic Emission Spectrometry Coupled with an Inductive Plasma Source. The major mineral phases obtained by X-ray diffraction analysis coupled with infrared analysis showed that the KN and LA laterite samples were composed of quartz (33.58% to 45.77%), kaolinite (35.64% to 17.05%), hematite (13.36% to 11.43%), and goethite (7.44% to 6.31%). The anionic exchange capacity of the KN and LA laterites ranged from 86.50 ± 3.40 to 73.91 ± 9.94 cmol(-)·kg⁻¹ and from 73.59 ± 3.02 to 64.56 ± 4.08 cmol(-)·kg⁻¹, respectively, and the cation exchange capacity values are in the order of 52.3 ± 2.3 and 58.7 ± 3.4 cmol(+)/Kg for the KN and LA samples, respectively. The specific surface values determined by the BET method were 58.65 m²/g and 41.15 m²/g for the KN and LA samples, respectively. The effects of adsorbent doses on As(III,V), Pb(II), and Cu(II) adsorption were studied. At 5 mg/L As and 15 g/L adsorbent (pH 6.5–7), arsenate removal was 99.72 ± 0.35% and 99.58 ± 0.45% for KN and LA, respectively, whereas arsenite removal reached 83.52 ± 2.21% and 98.59 ± 0.64% for LA and KN, respectively. The Pb(II) and Cu(II) removal rates were 74.20 ± 0.95% for 2.4 g/L KN and 54.18 ± 0.01% for 8 g/L KN, respectively. Based on their physicochemical and mineralogical characteristics, the KN and LA laterite samples were shown to possess a high potential as adsorbent material candidates for removing heavy metals and/or anionic species from groundwater. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Clay Minerals: From Paleoclimatic and Paleoenvironmental Indicators to Industrial Raw Materials)

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