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14 pages, 5677 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Solidification Window in Al-Based Casting Alloys

by Simone Ferraro, Mauro Palumbo, Marcello Baricco and Alberto Castellero

Metals 2025, 15(5), 489; https://doi.org/10.3390/met15050489 (registering DOI) - 26 Apr 2025

Semi-solid processes of aluminium alloys, characterised by the coexistence of solid and liquid phases, offer advantages in terms of mechanical properties and fatigue resistance, thanks to the more globular microstructure. Thermodynamic models can be used to analyse the solidification behaviour and to predict [...] Read more.

Semi-solid processes of aluminium alloys, characterised by the coexistence of solid and liquid phases, offer advantages in terms of mechanical properties and fatigue resistance, thanks to the more globular microstructure. Thermodynamic models can be used to analyse the solidification behaviour and to predict the solidification window, ΔT. The CALPHAD method enables the calculation of the phases formed during solidification and the optimisation of alloy composition to meet specific industrial requirements. This study aims to assess how thermodynamic properties in both liquid and solid phases affect the ΔT. Initially, the influence of thermodynamic properties of pure components and interaction parameters was analysed in simplified regular binary systems. To compare these findings with real industrial systems, Al-based alloys were examined. Using available databases, the ΔT was estimated via the CALPHAD method adding alloying elements commonly found in secondary Al-alloys. Finally, the same minority alloying elements were added to Al-Si 8 and 11 wt.% alloys, and the corresponding ΔT were calculated. Cr, Fe, Mg, Mn, and Ti increase the ΔT, while Cu, Ni, and Zn decrease it. The obtained results may serve as a valuable tool for interpreting phenomenological observations and understanding the role of minority elements in the semi-solid processing of secondary Al-Si casting alloys. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Solidification and Phase Transformation of Light Alloys)

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15 pages, 1935 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Prognostic Role of Magnetic-Resonance-Imaging-Detected Corpus Invasion in Patients with Cervical Carcinoma Who Underwent Definitive or Adjuvant Pelvic Radiotherapy

by Kuan-Ching Huang, Jen-Yu Cheng, Chung-Shih Chen, Chong-Jong Wang and Eng-Yen Huang

Cancers 2025, 17(9), 1449; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers17091449 (registering DOI) - 26 Apr 2025

Abstract

Objectives: In patients undergoing a radical hysterectomy, uterine corpus invasion worsens cervical cancer prognosis. However, the prognostic role of the invasion in locally advanced stages remains elusive. Due to the inadequacy of typical corpus biopsies, corpus invasion is diagnosed using magnetic resonance imaging [...] Read more.

Objectives: In patients undergoing a radical hysterectomy, uterine corpus invasion worsens cervical cancer prognosis. However, the prognostic role of the invasion in locally advanced stages remains elusive. Due to the inadequacy of typical corpus biopsies, corpus invasion is diagnosed using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). In this study, we investigated the prognostic role of MRI-detected uterine corpus invasion in patients undergoing radiotherapy for cervical cancer. Methods: This retrospective analysis involved 259 patients without extrapelvic metastases, diagnosed with FIGO 2009 stages IB–IVA cervical carcinoma from January 2011 to December 2020. The corpus invasion extent was classified as exocervical-confined (group 1), endocervical (group 2), or uterine corpus invasion (group 3). The rates of overall survival, cancer-specific survival, locoregional recurrence, para-aortic lymph node recurrence, and extrapelvic metastases after pelvic radiotherapy were analyzed. Kaplan–Meier and Cox regression analyses were used to determine recurrence-associated risks. Optimal risk stratification was predicted using a receiver operating characteristic curve with the area under the curve. Results: Groups 1, 2, and 3 included 66.0%, 18.9%, and 15.1% of patients, respectively. The 5-year para-aortic lymph node recurrence rates were 6.3%, 17.2%, and 34.2% (p < 0.001). Uterine corpus invasion was an independent factor for overall survival, cancer-specific survival, locoregional recurrence, extrapelvic metastases, and para-aortic lymph node recurrence. Including uterine corpus invasion in the risk stratification led to higher areas under the curve for overall survival, cancer-specific survival, locoregional recurrence, extrapelvic metastases, and para-aortic lymph node recurrence than using single parameters. Conclusions: In cervical cancer, following pelvic radiotherapy, uterine corpus invasion is a significant prognostic factor. More-aggressive treatments such as extended-field radiotherapy, adjuvant chemotherapy, and immune checkpoint inhibitors as an alternative to standard pelvic radiotherapy with concurrent chemotherapy may be considered in these patients. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Cancer Therapy)

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20 pages, 1072 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

A Systematic Review of Developments in Farmland Cover in Chile: Dynamics and Implications for a Sustainable Future in Land Use

by Fabián Argandoña-Castro and Fernando Peña-Cortés

Sustainability 2025, 17(9), 3905; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17093905 (registering DOI) - 26 Apr 2025

Abstract

Farmland covers present diverse characteristics, methods, and techniques to monitor and evaluate crops in other geographic areas. This study systematically reviews Land Use/Land Cover Change (LULCC) in agricultural land in Chile through a systematic review of the scientific literature. Using the PRISMA 2020 [...] Read more.

Farmland covers present diverse characteristics, methods, and techniques to monitor and evaluate crops in other geographic areas. This study systematically reviews Land Use/Land Cover Change (LULCC) in agricultural land in Chile through a systematic review of the scientific literature. Using the PRISMA 2020 method, the Web of Science (WOS) database was consulted using the keywords “Landuse”, “Landcover”, “Agriculture”, and “Chile”. We applied six exclusions criteria and constructed a matrix to select relevant aspects, such as title, year of publication, study area and period, methods used, and principal results. In our review, we identified four studies that focused specifically on agricultural land dynamics, mainly in south-central Chile. Chile was selected as the study area due to its geographical diversity, which poses significant challenges for decision-making in land use regulation. These results underscore the need for more spatially informed data on farmland dynamics to inform decision-making, particularly during the alternatives evaluation stage. In this phase, it is essential to assess the impacts on and potential of the territory in order to define suitable economic activities. Although there are numerous studies on LULCC, most emphasize changes in native forests, underscoring the need to address LULCC more comprehensively by considering other land categories, such as agricultural land, shrublands, grasslands, and others. This evidence is crucial for designing practical land management tools and identifying areas that have been extensively studied but lack sufficient research. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Global Farmland Protection, Food Security and Land Use Planning)

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22 pages, 9184 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Ceria–Zirconia-Supported Pt as an Efficient Catalyst for the Sustainable Synthesis of Hydroxylamines and Primary Amines via the Hydrogenation of Oximes Under Ambient Conditions

by Elena Redina, Inna Ivanova, Olga Tkachenko, Gennady Kapustin, Igor Mishin and Leonid Kustov

Molecules 2025, 30(9), 1926; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30091926 (registering DOI) - 26 Apr 2025

Abstract

Amines and hydroxylamines are essential compounds in the synthesis of pharmaceuticals and other functionalized molecules. However, the synthesis of primary amines and particularly hydroxylamines remains a challenging task. The most common way to obtain amines and hydroxylamines involves the reduction of substances containing [...] Read more.

Amines and hydroxylamines are essential compounds in the synthesis of pharmaceuticals and other functionalized molecules. However, the synthesis of primary amines and particularly hydroxylamines remains a challenging task. The most common way to obtain amines and hydroxylamines involves the reduction of substances containing C-N bonds, such as nitro compounds, nitriles, and oximes. Among these, oximes are the most readily accessible substrates easily derived from ketones and aldehydes. However, oximes are much harder to reduce compared to nitro compounds and nitriles. The catalytic heterogeneous hydrogenation of oximes often requires harsh conditions and catalysts with high precious metal loadings, while hydroxylamines are hard to be obtained by this method. In this work, we showed that Pt supported on a porous ceria–zirconia solid solution enables the selective and atom-efficient synthesis of both hydroxylamines and amines through the hydrogenation of oximes, achieving yields of up to 99% under ambient reaction conditions in a “green” THF:H₂O solvent system. The high activity of the 1% Pt/CeO₂-ZrO₂ catalyst (TOF > 500 h⁻¹) is due to low-temperature hydrogen activation on Pt nanoparticles with the formation of a hydride, Pt-H. The strong influence of electron-donating and electron-withdrawing groups on the hydrogenation of aromatic oximes implies the nucleophilic attack of hydridic hydrogen from Pt to the electrophilic carbon of protonated oximes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Heterogeneous Catalysis)

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14 pages, 6354 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Spent Pleurotus ostreatus Substrate Has Potential for Controlling the Plant-Parasitic Nematode, Radopholus similis in Bananas

by Anthony Fredrick Tazuba, Walter Ocimati, Geofrey Ogwal, Betty Nyangwire, Francis Onyilo and Guy Blomme

Agronomy 2025, 15(5), 1040; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15051040 (registering DOI) - 26 Apr 2025

Abstract

Spent mushroom substrate (SMS), a waste product from mushroom cultivation, in addition to being rich in essential nutrients for crop growth, contains actively growing mushroom mycelia and metabolites that suppress some plant pathogens and pests. SMS thus has potential for fostering the suppressiveness [...] Read more.

Spent mushroom substrate (SMS), a waste product from mushroom cultivation, in addition to being rich in essential nutrients for crop growth, contains actively growing mushroom mycelia and metabolites that suppress some plant pathogens and pests. SMS thus has potential for fostering the suppressiveness of soil-borne pathogens of farms. This study determined the potential of using the spent Pleurotus ostreatus substrate (SPoS) to suppress the plant-parasitic nematode Radopholus similis in bananas. R. similis is the most economically important nematode in bananas worldwide. The effect of SPoS on R. similis was assessed through two in vivo (potted plants) experiments between May 2023 and June 2024. Five-month-old East African highland banana (genome AAA) plantlets that are highly susceptible to R. similis were used. In the first experiment, the plantlets were established in 3 L pots containing (i) pre-sterilized soil, (ii) pre-sterilized soil inoculated with nematodes, (iii) pre-sterilized soil mixed with 30% (v/v) SPoS, (iv) pre-sterilized soil mixed with 30% (v/v) SPoS followed by nematode inoculation, (v) SPoS without soil, and (vi) SPoS without soil inoculated with nematodes. The SPoS was already decomposed; thus, it may or may not have contained active mycelia. The nematodes were introduced two weeks after the SPoS application. In the second experiment, SPoS was introduced two weeks after nematode inoculation. The SPoS treatments without soil were not evaluated in the second experiment. Both experiments were monitored over a three-month period. Each screenhouse treatment contained four plants and was replicated thrice. In the first experiment, data were collected on changes in soil nutrient content, below- and aboveground biomass, root deaths, root necrosis due to nematode damage, and R. similis population in root tissues and soil. In the second experiment, data were collected on root deaths and the number of nematodes in root tissues and the soil. The SPoS improved crop biomass yield, reduced root damage, and colonization by R. similis. The potential of SPoS to improve the management of R. similis and banana production under field conditions needs to be determined. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pest and Disease Management)

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23 pages, 5670 KiB

Open AccessReview

Technical Assistance, Social Practices, and Resilience in Social Housing: An Overview of the Current Scientific Literature

by Jakeline A. G. Valadão and Simone B. Villa

Buildings 2025, 15(9), 1467; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15091467 (registering DOI) - 26 Apr 2025

Abstract

The Social Housing units in the Minha Casa Minha Vida Program (PMCMV), launched in 2009, aimed to reduce the housing deficit in Brazil. However, they resulted in standardized units of low architectural quality, which were disconnected from the diverse Brazilian contexts. These housing [...] Read more.

The Social Housing units in the Minha Casa Minha Vida Program (PMCMV), launched in 2009, aimed to reduce the housing deficit in Brazil. However, they resulted in standardized units of low architectural quality, which were disconnected from the diverse Brazilian contexts. These housing units exhibit low resilience and lack the technical assistance required for renovations, leading residents to undertake self-built modifications. Such interventions, often inadequate, negatively impact environmental comfort and structural safety. The Federal Law on Technical Assistance for Social Housing (TASH) No. 11.888 advanced the provision of technical assistance but still faces challenges regarding its implementation due to significant demand. This article is part of a master’s research project linked to the [CASA RESILIENTE] initiative of the [MORA] Research Group on Housing and, aims to identify and analyze relevant studies, contributing to the analysis and improvement of the pilot platform “[REFORMA] na palma da mão”. The methodology includes a literature review of TASH, resilience in the built environment, social practices in Social Housing (SH), and post-occupancy evaluation (POE), as well as a study of artifacts similar to the proposed platform. The results highlight the importance of POE, the urgency of implementing TASH, and the need to deepen studies on social practices in SH to provide guidelines for more resilient renovations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from the “International Housing Congress in the Lusophone Space–5CIHEL2024”)

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13 pages, 2020 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Protein Source, Dietary Fibre Intake, and Inflammation in Older Adults: A UK Biobank Study

by Mahek Jain, Carlos Celis-Morales, Susan E. Ozanne, Sorrel Burden, Stuart R. Gray and Douglas J. Morrison

Nutrients 2025, 17(9), 1454; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17091454 (registering DOI) - 26 Apr 2025

Abstract

Background: Chronic inflammation is linked to cardiovascular disease, cancer, and other non-communicable diseases. Dietary factors like fibre and protein may affect inflammation, but limited evidence exists exploring how they interact. This study investigated associations between dietary fibre, protein sources, and the inflammatory marker [...] Read more.

Background: Chronic inflammation is linked to cardiovascular disease, cancer, and other non-communicable diseases. Dietary factors like fibre and protein may affect inflammation, but limited evidence exists exploring how they interact. This study investigated associations between dietary fibre, protein sources, and the inflammatory marker C-reactive protein (CRP) in older adults. Methods: This cross-sectional analysis included 128,612 UK Biobank participants aged 60+ years with CRP measurements and dietary data from multiple 24 h recalls. Fibre intake was reported as total fibre (g/day). Protein intake included total, animal, and vegetable protein (g/day). Robust regression analysis examined associations between quintiles of fibre, protein, and CRP, adjusted for demographics, lifestyle factors, and multimorbidity. Analyses were stratified by health status (with and without multimorbidity). Results: Higher fibre and vegetable protein intakes were inversely associated with CRP, while higher animal and total protein were positively associated with CRP in people with no multimorbidity. Specifically, participants in the highest quartile of dietary fibre had CRP levels that were 0.42 mg/L lower compared with the lowest quartiles. In contrast, those with the highest total protein and animal protein intakes had CRP levels that were 0.24 mg/L and 0.40 mg/L higher, respectively. In people with multimorbidity, fibre exhibited an inverted U-shaped association with the strongest association in participants in the highest quintile of intake. Vegetable protein had an inverse association with CRP. Animal and total protein had strong positive linear associations with CRP. Notably, high animal protein coupled with low dietary fibre intake resulted in CRP levels that were 0.65 mg/L higher compared with low animal protein and high dietary fibre intake. Conclusions: Higher fibre and vegetable protein intakes were associated with lower inflammation in older adults. In promoting protein intake to maintain muscle mass and function, future studies should investigate replacing animal with vegetable protein to concomitantly reduce age-related inflammation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Geriatric Nutrition)

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11 pages, 1061 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Regulator of G Protein Signaling 14 Knockout Mouse, a Model of Healthful Longevity Protects Against Obesity and Glucose Intolerance Through a Brown Adipose Tissue Mechanism

by Stephen F. Vatner, Jie Zhang, Marko Oydanich and Dorothy E. Vatner

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(9), 4113; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26094113 (registering DOI) - 26 Apr 2025

Abstract

The Regulator of G Protein Signaling 14 (RGS14) knockout (KO) mouse is a model of healthful longevity, i.e., its lifespan is prolonged and demonstrates enhanced exercise performance and protection against heart disease and hypertension. In this investigation, we found the RGS14 [...] Read more.

The Regulator of G Protein Signaling 14 (RGS14) knockout (KO) mouse is a model of healthful longevity, i.e., its lifespan is prolonged and demonstrates enhanced exercise performance and protection against heart disease and hypertension. In this investigation, we found the RGS14 KO mouse is also protected against obesity and glucose intolerance by promoting a low white adipose tissue (WAT) phenotype with increased brown adipose tissue (BAT). This was confirmed by lower body weight, lower white adipocyte size, increased metabolism and improved glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity. Upon examination of the white adipose tissue, RGS14 KO exhibited increased expression of “beiging” genes as well as significant increase in Uncoupling protein-1 (UCP-1) expression. The mechanism behind this protection was due to its unique brown adipose tissue. This was determined by BAT transplantation, which led to a reversal of phenotype, such that RGS14 BAT recipients developed protection similar to intact RGS14 KO mice, and the RGS14 KO BAT donors lost their protection. Thus, two novel mechanisms mediating obesity and glucose intolerance were found, i.e., inhibition of RGS14 and its BAT. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Research in Obesity and Obesity Related Disorders: 2nd Edition)

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22 pages, 3380 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Exploring the Urban Greening Community in Jakarta’s Urban Kampung: A Tactical Urbanism Perspective

by Husnul Fitri and Annisa Ananda Sari

Sustainability 2025, 17(9), 3904; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17093904 (registering DOI) - 26 Apr 2025

Abstract

This study examines the urban greening community movement through the lens of tactical urbanism as a community-based urban planning model. Tactical urbanism, gaining traction as both a response and an alternative to urban challenges, is defined by active community participation. This approach challenges [...] Read more.

This study examines the urban greening community movement through the lens of tactical urbanism as a community-based urban planning model. Tactical urbanism, gaining traction as both a response and an alternative to urban challenges, is defined by active community participation. This approach challenges traditional top-down planning by offering swift, adaptive, and creative solutions tailored to community needs. By fostering participatory planning, tactical urbanism enhances collective awareness and empowers communities to drive development and address urban issues. The emphasis on grassroots involvement ensures a more inclusive and effective planning process. Despite its potential, tactical urbanism remains under explored within Indonesia’s planning framework. This study analyzes the tactical urbanism process in urban greening communities in Jakarta’s urban kampung, exploring whether tactical urbanism serves as a steppingstone to achieving more strategic long-term goals and examining the role of stakeholders outside the community in this process. In-depth interviews with key members of three urban greening communities and thematic data analysis reveal several key findings: the greening movement is primarily driven by personal initiatives; the formalization of community structures plays a crucial role; government and private sector involvement influences the process of maintaining urban greening community’s needs; empowerment and behavioral changes occur within the community; and organizational sustainability remains a key challenge. Based on the findings, it proposes an “organic tactical urbanism” framework as a practical guide for addressing urban challenges in various contexts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Urban and Rural Development)

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23 pages, 4697 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Blood Flow Restriction Resistance Exercise Versus Traditional Resistance Exercise in Voluntary Exhaustion on Quadriceps Muscle Adaptations in Untrained Young Males: A Randomized Trial

by Mustafa Şakir Akgül, Hüseyin Şahin Uysal, Nevin Köremezli Keskin, Tuğba Çetin, Merve Başdemirci, Melike Nur Akgül, Zehra Yıldız, Ebubekir Çiftçi and Recep Soslu

Medicina 2025, 61(5), 804; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina61050804 (registering DOI) - 26 Apr 2025

Abstract

Background and Objectives: This study compared the effects of blood flow restriction resistance exercise (BFR-RE) and high-load resistance exercise (HL-RE) in voluntary exhaustion on quadriceps muscle adaptations in untrained young males. Materials and Methods: This study used a randomized controlled design that included [...] Read more.

Background and Objectives: This study compared the effects of blood flow restriction resistance exercise (BFR-RE) and high-load resistance exercise (HL-RE) in voluntary exhaustion on quadriceps muscle adaptations in untrained young males. Materials and Methods: This study used a randomized controlled design that included 30 untrained young males (age = 21.42 ± 2.51). The BFR-RE group performed leg extension exercises with 60% occlusion pressure and 30% of one maximum repetition in volitional exhaustion. The same exercise was conducted at 70% 1RM in the HL-RE group. Fourteen variables were used to evaluate the intervention efficacy, including muscle thickness, stiffness, strength, cross-sectional area (CSA), and subcutaneous fat thickness. Analyses were reported using frequentist and Bayesian approaches. The Bayes factor (BF10 and BFincl) was interpreted based on negative and positive values. Results: The results revealed that the main effect of time was statistically significant for muscle strength, thickness, CSA, and stiffness (p < 0.05, BFincl > 1) and, in intragroup comparisons, both groups showed improvements in these parameters (p < 0.05, BF10 > 1). A statistically significant decrease in subcutaneous fat thickness was observed in the BFR-RE group (p < 0.05, BF10 > 1), while this change was not observed in the HL-RE group (p > 0.05, BF10 < 1). Similarly, a statistically significant increase in right rectus femoris muscle stiffness was detected in the BFR-RE group (p < 0.05, BF10 > 1) but not in the HL-RE group (p > 0.05, BF10 < 1). Furthermore, time’s main effect was statistically insignificant for thigh circumference (p > 0.05, BFincl < 1). The group × time interaction was statistically significant only for peak power leg flexion left (p < 0.05, BFincl > 1), and a statistically significant difference in favor of the BFR-RE group was observed in the intergroup comparisons (p < 0.05, BF10 > 1). Conclusions: In conclusion, BF-RE exercise with voluntary exhaustion may be as effective as HL-RE for hypertrophic adaptations in untrained young males. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sports Medicine and Sports Traumatology)

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20 pages, 4561 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Unmodified Hemp Biowaste as a Sustainable Biosorbent for Congo Red and Remazol Brilliant Blue R

by Ljiljana Suručić, Deana Andrić, Ivana Jevtić, Milan Momčilović, Relja Suručić and Jelena Penjišević

Coatings 2025, 15(5), 519; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings15050519 (registering DOI) - 26 Apr 2025

Abstract

Industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) was investigated as a sustainable biosorbent for removing Congo Red (CR) and Remazol Brilliant Blue R (RBBR) from wastewater. The unmodified hemp biosorbent exhibited moderate but practically relevant sorption capacities (4.47 mg/g for CR; 2.44 mg/g for [...] Read more.

Industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) was investigated as a sustainable biosorbent for removing Congo Red (CR) and Remazol Brilliant Blue R (RBBR) from wastewater. The unmodified hemp biosorbent exhibited moderate but practically relevant sorption capacities (4.47 mg/g for CR; 2.44 mg/g for RBBR), outperforming several agricultural waste materials. Kinetic studies revealed rapid uptake, with CR following pseudo-first-order kinetics (t₁/₂ < 15 min) and RBBR fitting the Elovich model, indicating heterogeneous surface interactions. Equilibrium data showed CR adsorption was best described by the Temkin isotherm (R² = 0.983), while RBBR followed the Langmuir model (R² = 0.998), reflecting their distinct binding mechanisms. Thermodynamic analysis confirmed spontaneous (ΔG° < 0), exothermic (ΔH° ≈ −2 kJ/mol), and entropy-driven processes for both dyes. Molecular docking elucidated the structural basis for performance differences: CR’s stronger binding (−7.5 kcal/mol) involved weak noncovalent interaction arising from partial overlap between the π-electron cloud of an aromatic ring and σ-bonds C-C or C-H (π-σ stacking) and hydrogen bonds with cellulose, whereas RBBR’s weaker affinity (−5.4 kcal/mol) relied on weak intermolecular interaction between a hydrogen atom (from a C-H bond) and the π-electron system of an aromatic ring (C-H∙∙∙π interactions). This work establishes industrial hemp as an eco-friendly alternative for dye removal, combining renewable sourcing with multi-mechanism adsorption capabilities suitable for small-scale water treatment applications. Full article

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14 pages, 6076 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Thermally Driven Layered Phase Transition and Decomposition Kinetics of γ-AlH₃: A Multiscale Study Integrating Core-Shell Dynamics and Fluorescence-Guided Analysis

by Mengfan Sun and Leping Dang

Processes 2025, 13(5), 1321; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13051321 (registering DOI) - 26 Apr 2025

Abstract

In this study, the γ → α phase transition and decomposition of AlH₃ were probed using integrated hot-stage polarized microscopy, in situ XRD, DSC, and fluorescence analysis. Phase coexistence at 100 °C and complete transition at 140 °C were demonstrated by in [...] Read more.

In this study, the γ → α phase transition and decomposition of AlH₃ were probed using integrated hot-stage polarized microscopy, in situ XRD, DSC, and fluorescence analysis. Phase coexistence at 100 °C and complete transition at 140 °C were demonstrated by in situ XRD. Meanwhile, synchronized fluorescence decay (ImageJ-quantified) and XRD evolution analysis confirmed the temperature-dependent kinetics, with the isothermal γ → α durations decreasing from 225 min (100 °C) to 5 min (180 °C). The transition involved competing surface nucleation and bulk diffusion, which was accelerated by the reduced diffusion resistance at elevated temperatures. Above 160 °C, α → Al decomposition dominated via interfacial reactions and H₂ release, accompanied by gas-induced crystalline fracturing. DSC analysis revealed heating-rate-dependent core–shell thermal gradients, which caused hysteresis. At the same time, the experiment also shows that the surface oxidation of γ-AlH₃ may have hindered transitions through passivation layer formation. This work validates Gao et al.’s core–shell model, demonstrating that combined fluorescence and conventional techniques elucidate kinetic laws in metastable systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Chemical Processes and Systems)

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30 pages, 5602 KiB

Open AccessReview

A Comprehensive Review on Document Image Binarization

by Bilal Bataineh, Mohamed Tounsi, Nuha Zamzami, Jehan Janbi, Waleed Abdel Karim Abu-ain, Tarik AbuAin and Shaima Elnazer

J. Imaging 2025, 11(5), 133; https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging11050133 (registering DOI) - 26 Apr 2025

Abstract

In today’s digital age, the conversion of hardcopy documents into digital formats is widespread. This process involves electronically scanning and storing large volumes of documents. These documents come from various sources, including records and reports, camera-captured text and screen snapshots, official documents, newspapers, [...] Read more.

In today’s digital age, the conversion of hardcopy documents into digital formats is widespread. This process involves electronically scanning and storing large volumes of documents. These documents come from various sources, including records and reports, camera-captured text and screen snapshots, official documents, newspapers, medical reports, music scores, and more. In the domain of document analysis techniques, an essential step is document image binarization. Its goal is to eliminate unnecessary data from images and preserve only the text. Despite the existence of multiple techniques for binarization, the presence of degradation in document images can hinder their efficacy. The objective of this work is to provide an extensive review and analysis of the document binarization field, emphasizing its importance and addressing the challenges encountered during the image binarization process. Additionally, it provides insights into techniques and methods employed for image binarization. The current paper also introduces benchmark datasets for evaluating binarization accuracy, model training, evaluation metrics, and the effectiveness of recent methods. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Document Analysis and Processing)

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16 pages, 292 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assessing the Quality and Floral Variety Market Value: A Hedonic Price Model for Honey

by Francesco Bimbo, Kristi Nico and Emilio De Meo

Sustainability 2025, 17(9), 3903; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17093903 (registering DOI) - 26 Apr 2025

Abstract

This study quantifies the market values, or implicit prices, of honey quality features (e.g., organic and origin information, package-related features) and floral varieties for supporting beekeepers in differentiating their products to escape from price competition characterizing the Italian honey market. The research employed [...] Read more.

This study quantifies the market values, or implicit prices, of honey quality features (e.g., organic and origin information, package-related features) and floral varieties for supporting beekeepers in differentiating their products to escape from price competition characterizing the Italian honey market. The research employed a sample of sales data, 660 observations collected from the Italian market, and a hedonic price model, estimated via Ordinary Least Squares, to assess the implicit prices of honey characteristics. A high premium price was recorded for honey with added royal jelly and propolis, as well as for “100% Italian” honey. In contrast, moderate price premiums were recorded for Protected Designation of Origin and organic honey. Furthermore, the floral varieties used largely affected the product price: the highest premium prices were estimated for the Manuka, Kanuka, and Tawari floral varieties. Price premiums above +50% were estimated for floral varieties such as Strawberry tree, Pine, Cistus, Tree of Heaven, Sainfoin, Marruca, and Solidago. Results suggest that honey quality features and some floral varieties can effectively differentiate products, supporting beekeepers to achieve higher revenues. This study offers empirical evidence of the extent to which floral varieties and other product characteristics affect the market price of honey using a dataset of secondary data, with the aim to support producers to improve their competitive position in the market. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Food)

30 pages, 515 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Parameter Estimation of the Lomax Lifetime Distribution Based on Middle-Censored Data: Methodology, Applications, and Comparative Analysis

by Peiyao Ren, Wenhao Gui and Shan Liang

Axioms 2025, 14(5), 330; https://doi.org/10.3390/axioms14050330 (registering DOI) - 26 Apr 2025

Abstract

The Lomax distribution has important applications in survival analysis, reliability engineering, insurance, finance, and other fields. Middle-censoring is an important censoring scheme, and data with middle-censoring will produce censoring in random intervals. This paper studies the parameter estimation of the Lomax distribution based [...] Read more.

The Lomax distribution has important applications in survival analysis, reliability engineering, insurance, finance, and other fields. Middle-censoring is an important censoring scheme, and data with middle-censoring will produce censoring in random intervals. This paper studies the parameter estimation of the Lomax distribution based on middle-censored data. The expectation–maximization algorithm is employed to compute the maximum likelihood estimates of the two unknown parameters of the Lomax distribution. After processing the data using the midpoint approach estimation, the parameter estimates are obtained by two computational methods: the Newton–Raphson iteration method and the fixed-point method. Moreover, the calculation methods for the asymptotic confidence intervals of the two parameters are provided, with the confidence interval coverage rate serving as one of the criteria for evaluating the estimation performance. In the Bayesian estimation aspect, the shape parameter is estimated using a Gamma prior distribution, and the Gibbs sampling method is employed for the solution. Finally, both simulation data and real data are used to compare the accuracy of the various estimation methods. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Computational Statistics and Its Applications)

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9 pages, 1300 KiB

Open AccessPerspective

Revealing the Role of Interfacial Charge Transfer in Mechanoluminescence

by Xinyi Huo, Shaoxin Li, Bing Sun, Zhonglin Wang and Di Wei

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(9), 656; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15090656 (registering DOI) - 26 Apr 2025

Abstract

Mechanoluminescence (ML) involves light emission induced by mechanical stress, categorized into triboluminescence (TL), piezoluminescence (PL), sonoluminescence (SL), and triboelectrification-induced electroluminescence (TIEL). The most common is TL, in which crystal fracture generates opposing charges that excite surrounding molecules. In PL, applied pressure induces light [...] Read more.

Mechanoluminescence (ML) involves light emission induced by mechanical stress, categorized into triboluminescence (TL), piezoluminescence (PL), sonoluminescence (SL), and triboelectrification-induced electroluminescence (TIEL). The most common is TL, in which crystal fracture generates opposing charges that excite surrounding molecules. In PL, applied pressure induces light emission via charge recombination. SL occurs in gas-saturated liquids under sudden pressure changes. TIEL has gained increasing attention as it operates without the need for asymmetric crystal structures or strain fields. However, conventional ML faces practical limitations due to its dependence on complex structures or strain fields. In contrast, contact-electro-luminescence (CEL) has emerged as a promising alternative, enabling luminol luminescence via charge transfer and reactive oxygen species generation through contact electrification (CE) between inert dielectrics and water. CEL provides a simpler and more versatile approach than traditional ML techniques, underscoring the pivotal role of charge-transfer processes. This perspective highlights the potential of CEL in expanding ML applications across sensing, energy conversion, and environmental monitoring. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nanoelectronics, Nanosensors and Devices)

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19 pages, 5313 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A New Custom Deep Learning Model Coupled with a Flood Index for Multi-Step-Ahead Flood Forecasting

by Jianming Shen, Moyuan Yang, Juan Zhang, Nan Chen and Binghua Li

Hydrology 2025, 12(5), 104; https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrology12050104 (registering DOI) - 26 Apr 2025

Abstract

Accurate and prompt flood forecasting is essential for effective decision making in flood control to help minimize or prevent flood damage. We propose a new custom deep learning model, IF-CNN-GRU, for multi-step-ahead flood forecasting that incorporates the flood index (

I_{F}

) [...] Read more.

Accurate and prompt flood forecasting is essential for effective decision making in flood control to help minimize or prevent flood damage. We propose a new custom deep learning model, IF-CNN-GRU, for multi-step-ahead flood forecasting that incorporates the flood index (

I_{F}

) to improve the prediction accuracy. The model integrates convolutional neural networks (CNNs) and gated recurrent neural networks (GRUs) to analyze the spatiotemporal characteristics of hydrological data, while using a custom recursive neural network that adjusts the neural unit output at each moment based on the flood index. The IF-CNN-GRU model was applied to forecast floods with a lead time of 1–5 d at the Baihe hydrological station in the middle reaches of the Han River, China, accompanied by an in-depth investigation of model uncertainty. The results showed that incorporating the flood index

I_{F}

improved the forecast precision by up to 20%. The analysis of uncertainty revealed that the contributions of modeling factors, such as the datasets, model structures, and their interactions, varied across the forecast periods. The interaction factors contributed 17–36% of the uncertainty, while the contribution of the datasets increased with the forecast period (32–53%) and that of the model structure decreased (32–28%). The experiment also demonstrated that data samples play a critical role in improving the flood forecasting accuracy, offering actionable insights to reduce the predictive uncertainty and providing a scientific basis for flood early warning systems and water resource management. Full article

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13 pages, 13660 KiB

Open AccessArticle

In Situ Polymerization of Long Alkyl Chain Functional Groups Enhances the Oil–Water Separation Performance of Porous Organic Polymers

by Hongbo Zhao, Shijie Cai, Ruoting Hua, Cong Li, Chunlong Xia, Bo Cui, Huimin Shao, Naishun Bu and Ye Yuan

Molecules 2025, 30(9), 1925; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30091925 (registering DOI) - 26 Apr 2025

Abstract

The preparation of superhydrophobic functional materials is of great significance for applications in oil pollution control. However, the materials synthesized by traditional post-modification methods usually suffer from problems of limited active sites, uneven distribution, and susceptibility of the surface structure to external factors, [...] Read more.

The preparation of superhydrophobic functional materials is of great significance for applications in oil pollution control. However, the materials synthesized by traditional post-modification methods usually suffer from problems of limited active sites, uneven distribution, and susceptibility of the surface structure to external factors, which may significantly affect their superhydrophobic properties. In this study, the superhydrophobic porous organic polymer LNU-32 was successfully prepared via in situ polymerization with the introduction of green, low-surface-energy, long-alkyl-chain functional groups into the pores, which formed a “brush-like” structure on the pore surface of the polymer and effectively enhanced its hydrophobicity. The LNU-32 material exhibits excellent superhydrophobicity, with a water contact angle of more than 151°. In addition, the superhydrophobic polyester fabric prepared from LNU-32 has an oil–water separation efficiency of more than 90%. The adsorption capacity of the superhydrophobic fabric for dimethicone also reached 7.37 times its own weight. The study shows that the LNU-32 material exhibits good application potential in the field of oil–water separation, especially in the treatment of oily wastewater and oil spills. Full article

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13 pages, 1433 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Relationship Between Alcohol Consumption and Depression: An Analysis of Secondary Affections and Therapeutic Interventions

by Simona Dana Mitincu-Caramfil, Eduard Drima, Loredana Sabina Pascu, Lavinia-Alexandra Moroianu, Florentina Gherghiceanu, Mihaela-Simona Popoviciu and Anca Pantea Stoian

J. Mind Med. Sci. 2025, 12(1), 24; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmms12010024 (registering DOI) - 26 Apr 2025

Abstract

Alcohol use disorders are associated with many negative mental health outcomes such as the aggravation of symptoms of depression and anxiety disorders and, notably, increased suicidality. The nearly reciprocal relationship between the two entities makes treatment much more complex and necessitates care pathways [...] Read more.

Alcohol use disorders are associated with many negative mental health outcomes such as the aggravation of symptoms of depression and anxiety disorders and, notably, increased suicidality. The nearly reciprocal relationship between the two entities makes treatment much more complex and necessitates care pathways that are integrated. The present research addressed linking levels of alcohol use to the common mood disorders depression and anxiety and evaluating the feasibility of psychological interventions in reducing consumption and relieving the associated psychiatric symptoms. The sample comprised 147 patients hospitalized in a psychiatric facility (2021–2023) that were diagnosed according to DSM-5 criteria with alcohol dependence and depressive or anxiety comorbidities. The baseline and follow-up assessments utilized AUDIT (alcohol use), BDI (depression), and GAD-7 (anxiety) questionnaires. The psychological interventions included cognitive-behavioral techniques and motivational interviews. Of the participants, 33.8% presented with comorbid depression, 32.8% with anxiety disorders, and 33.4% with cognitive impairments. The psychological interventions significantly reduced alcohol consumption and the severity of depressive and anxiety symptoms. Superlative clinical outcomes came about with longer intervention time. The results call for the need for co-treating associated alcohol use as well as said mental conditions to optimize therapeutic results and improve quality of life for patients. These major implications lend themselves to the development of public health policies and tailored interventions to combat the concurrent battles between alcohol consumption and depression. Full article

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14 pages, 1529 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Prospects for the Industrialization of Nitride-Based Photocatalytic CO₂ Reduction Research Achievements: A Net Present Value Analysis

by Yingrui Wang, Haiyan Fang, Qianqian Ren, Hengji Li, Xingyu Zhang, Minhong Ye and Fengjun Zhang

Sustainability 2025, 17(9), 3902; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17093902 (registering DOI) - 26 Apr 2025

Abstract

With the annual increase in carbon emissions and the warming of the global temperature, it is imperative to accelerate the construction of a green, low-carbon, circular economic system. The photocatalytic reduction of CO₂ can convert the emitted CO₂ into valuable carbonaceous [...] Read more.

With the annual increase in carbon emissions and the warming of the global temperature, it is imperative to accelerate the construction of a green, low-carbon, circular economic system. The photocatalytic reduction of CO₂ can convert the emitted CO₂ into valuable carbonaceous products, which is of great significance for alleviating the global CO₂ emission problem. In this study, the literature on the “photocatalytic reduction of CO₂” from two Chinese and foreign databases was used as the analysis sample. From the perspective of net present value, nitride-based catalysts were selected as the research object. An in-depth analysis of the costs and economic benefits of the nitride-based photocatalytic reduction of CO₂ was carried out, considering four factors: catalyst efficiency, light conditions, discount rate, and depreciation period. The analysis results show that with a project duration of 10 years and a discount rate of 10%, the net present values of all the catalysts are negative, indicating that from an economic perspective, investment projects using general catalysts to reduce CO₂ are not feasible under current conditions. However, it is worth noting that when the light conditions are changed and sunlight is used as the light source, the net present values corresponding to the Ta₃N₅/Bi and NiOx/Ta₃N₅ catalysts have turned positive, showing a certain economic feasibility. When the yield is increased to 2.64 times and 6.15 times of the original values, the net present values corresponding to the T-CN/ZIS (refers to ZnIn₂S₄ (ZIS) nanosheets grown in situ on tubular g-C₃N₄ microtubes (T-CNs)) catalyst and the Ta₃N₅ cuboid catalyst turn positive, and only the net present value of the g-C₃N₄/Bi₂O₂[BO₂(OH)] catalyst remains negative. Full article

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23 pages, 4146 KiB

Open AccessReview

Human Gut Microbiome: A Connecting Organ Between Nutrition, Metabolism, and Health

by Sandra Valencia, Martha Zuluaga, María Cristina Florian Pérez, Kevin Fernando Montoya-Quintero, Mariana S. Candamil-Cortés and Sebastian Robledo

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(9), 4112; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26094112 (registering DOI) - 26 Apr 2025

Abstract

The gut microbiome plays a vital role in human health, functioning as a metabolic organ that influences nutrient absorption and overall well-being. With growing evidence that dietary interventions can modulate the microbiome and improve health, this review examines whether healthcare systems should prioritize [...] Read more.

The gut microbiome plays a vital role in human health, functioning as a metabolic organ that influences nutrient absorption and overall well-being. With growing evidence that dietary interventions can modulate the microbiome and improve health, this review examines whether healthcare systems should prioritize personalized microbiome-targeted therapies, such as probiotics, prebiotics, and microbiota transplants, over traditional pharmaceutical treatments for chronic diseases like obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular risk, and inflammatory conditions. A systematic review using Web of Science and Scopus databases was conducted, followed by a scientometric analysis. Key metabolic pathways, such as dietary fiber fermentation and short-chain fatty acid production, were explored, focusing on their impact on lipid and glucose metabolism. The interactions between microbial metabolites and the immune system were also investigated. Dietary interventions, including increased fiber and probiotic intake, show potential for addressing dysbiosis linked to conditions, such as type 2 diabetes, obesity, and autoimmune diseases. The review emphasizes the need to incorporate microbiome modulation strategies into clinical practice and research, calling for a multidisciplinary approach that integrates nutrition, microbiology, and biochemistry to better understand the gut microbiome’s complex role in health. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Research of Gut Microbiota and Toxins)

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14 pages, 1515 KiB

Open AccessArticle

PCSK9 Inhibitors “Fast Track” Use Versus “Stepwise” Lipid-Lowering Therapy in Patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome: A Retrospective Single-Center Study in a “Real-World” Population

by Davide D’Andrea, Valentina Capone, Alessandro Bellis, Rossana Castaldo, Monica Franzese, Gerardo Carpinella, Fulvio Furbatto, Fulvio La Rocca, Fabio Marsico, Raffaele Marfella, Giuseppe Paolisso, Pasquale Paolisso, Carlo Fumagalli, Maurizio Cappiello, Eduardo Bossone and Ciro Mauro

J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14(9), 2992; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14092992 (registering DOI) - 26 Apr 2025

Abstract

Background: The “fast track” addition (within 48 h) of proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 inhibitors (PCSK9i) to the optimized oral lipid-lowering therapy (LLT) during hospitalization for acute coronary syndrome (ACS) has been shown to rapidly achieve the low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) therapeutic [...] Read more.

Background: The “fast track” addition (within 48 h) of proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 inhibitors (PCSK9i) to the optimized oral lipid-lowering therapy (LLT) during hospitalization for acute coronary syndrome (ACS) has been shown to rapidly achieve the low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) therapeutic targets. However, so far, its efficacy in real-world settings remains understudied. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed 128 ACS patients treated at our center, comparing “PCSK9i fast track” use within 48 h to standard “stepwise” LLT. Lipid levels and incidence of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs) were evaluated at 30 and 180 days. Results: The “PCSK9i fast track” group achieved significantly lower LDL-C levels at 30 days (41.5 ± 27.5 vs. 85.6 ± 35.9 mg/dL, p < 0.001) and 180 days (29.6 ± 21.0 vs. 59.0 ± 32.4 mg/dL, p < 0.001). Recommended LDL-C targets (<55 mg/dL) were met by 88.3% of the “PCSK9i fast track” group at 180 days, compared with 61.9% of controls (p < 0.001). No significant differences in MACEs were observed between groups. No adverse effects from PCSK9i use were noted. Conclusions: The “PCSK9i fast track” strategy was safe and effective in achieving LDL-C targets more rapidly than conventional approaches in real-world ACS patients. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Myocardial Infarction: Current Status and Future Challenges)

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12 pages, 844 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Weight Teasing and Binge Eating Among Adolescents in Shanghai, China: Role of Anxiety and Unhealthy Weight Control Behaviors

by Landuoduo Du, Yinliang Tan, Wenxin Gu, Zhiping Yu, Zhiruo Zhang and Jingfen Zhu

Nutrients 2025, 17(9), 1453; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17091453 (registering DOI) - 26 Apr 2025

Abstract

Objective: Weight teasing among adolescents is associated with disordered eating behaviors (DEBs), including unhealthy weight control behaviors (UWCBs) and binge eating (BE). This study aimed to explore the relationships between weight teasing and BE, focusing on the mediating roles of anxiety and UWCBs. [...] Read more.

Objective: Weight teasing among adolescents is associated with disordered eating behaviors (DEBs), including unhealthy weight control behaviors (UWCBs) and binge eating (BE). This study aimed to explore the relationships between weight teasing and BE, focusing on the mediating roles of anxiety and UWCBs. Methods: Our survey was conducted on 5875 adolescents from Shanghai, consisting of 2974 boys (50.6%) and 2901 girls (49.4%), with an average age of (13.97 ± 2.06) years. A structural equation model was constructed to examine the indirect effects of weight teasing on BE through anxiety and UWCBs, adjusting for gender, age, and their body mass index (BMI). Results: Weight teasing demonstrated an indirect association with BE, primarily through UWCBs (β = 0.047, p < 0.001) and anxiety (β = 0.038, p < 0.001). The chain mediating effect of anxiety and UWCBs was relatively modest (β = 0.017, p < 0.001). Conclusions: The study highlights the importance of addressing anxiety and weight teasing and promotion of healthy weight control behaviors among adolescents to prevent eating disorders. Future attention to these issues in boys is also warranted. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pediatric Nutrition)

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11 pages, 214 KiB

Open AccessArticle

“The Problem of Speech in Merleau-Ponty: My View of ‘Speaking Speech’ and ‘Spoken Speech’ in Light of Ontogenesis”

by Rajiv Kaushik

Philosophies 2025, 10(3), 50; https://doi.org/10.3390/philosophies10030050 (registering DOI) - 26 Apr 2025

Abstract

The turn away from phenomenology in 20th century French philosophy was in large part due to an increased emphasis on Ferdinand de Saussure’s notion of “linguistic structure”, i.e., that language is the internal system of differences between signs. Thinkers such as Paul Ricoeur [...] Read more.

The turn away from phenomenology in 20th century French philosophy was in large part due to an increased emphasis on Ferdinand de Saussure’s notion of “linguistic structure”, i.e., that language is the internal system of differences between signs. Thinkers such as Paul Ricoeur and Jean-François Lyotard famously offered a “semiological challenge” to phenomenology. The idea was that phenomenology, especially Merleau-Ponty’s phenomenology, reduces to the sensible world and cannot think linguistic structure. Thus, the argument goes that phenomenology leaves out a basic element of human life: not only can it not think linguistic structure, but it also cannot think about elements, e.g., writing and text, which are its result. This paper takes up this challenge, especially in reference to Merleau-Ponty’s terminology in Phenomenology of Perception of “speaking speech” (parole parlante) and “spoken speech” (parole parlée). I point out that, in retrospect of his later work, Merleau-Ponty very clearly did want to take linguistic structure seriously. This, however, means that we need to reconsider some of the basic themes in his work. Taking inspiration from the recently published “problem of speech” lectures, I reconstruct Merleau-Ponty’s idea that speech is a concrete limit situation from which we get both the idea of a language structure in which there are differences and of an ontological difference between being and beings. This is an internal criticism of both linguistic structure and formal ontology. I begin the paper by noting that, in Merleau-Ponty’s descriptions of the tacit and spoken cogito, also in Phenomenology of Perception, Merleau-Ponty criticizes the notion of a subject to which language refers and highlights the notion of a subject that defies representational and denotational structure. I do not, however, go along with Merleau-Ponty’s own criticism of the tacit ego, which he ultimately declared too subjectivistic. Ultimately, I hope to stress the importance of linguistic structure and writing in Merleau-Ponty’s ontology. This is an ontology of that is fragile and requires symbolization. This paper emphasizes under-developed themes in Merleau-Ponty’s work such as bodily event, difference, symbolization, and the writing of philosophy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Merleau-Ponty and Rereading the Phenomenology of Perception)

14 pages, 1810 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Classification of Verticillium dahliae Vegetative Compatibility Groups (VCGs) with Machine Learning and Hyperspectral Imagery

by Sudha GC Upadhaya, Chongyuan Zhang, Sindhuja Sankaran, Timothy Paulitz and David Wheeler

Appl. Microbiol. 2025, 5(2), 41; https://doi.org/10.3390/applmicrobiol5020041 (registering DOI) - 26 Apr 2025

Abstract

Vegetative compatibility groups (VCGs) in fungi like Verticillium dahliae are important for understanding genetic diversity and for informed plant disease management. This study utilized hyperspectral imagery (HSI) and machine learning to differentiate the VCGs of V. dahliae. A total of 194 isolates [...] Read more.

Vegetative compatibility groups (VCGs) in fungi like Verticillium dahliae are important for understanding genetic diversity and for informed plant disease management. This study utilized hyperspectral imagery (HSI) and machine learning to differentiate the VCGs of V. dahliae. A total of 194 isolates from VCGs 2B and 4A and 4B were cultured and imaged across the 533–1719 nm spectral range, and the spectral, textural, and morphological features were extracted. The study documented the spectral profiles of V. dahliae’s isolates and identified specific spectral features that can effectively differentiate among the VCGs. Multiple machine learning algorithms, including random forest and artificial neural networks (ANNs), were trained and evaluated on previously unseen isolates. The results showed that combining spectral, textural, and morphological data provided the highest classification accuracy. The ANN model achieved a 79.4% accuracy overall, with an 87% accuracy for VCG 2B and 88% for VCG 4A, but it had consistently low accuracies for VCG 4B. Although this work utilized only three of the nearly eight known VCGs, the findings underscore the potential of the HSI for fungal group classification. The study also highlights the need for future work to include a wider range of VCGs from multiple regions, larger sample sizes, and careful selection of feature sets to enhance model performance and generalizability. Full article

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