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31 pages, 1781 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Majority Voting Mechanism-Based Ensemble Learning Approach for Financial Distress Prediction in Indian Automobile Industry

by Manoranjitham Muniappan and Nithya Darisini Paruvachi Subramanian

J. Risk Financial Manag. 2025, 18(4), 197; https://doi.org/10.3390/jrfm18040197 (registering DOI) - 4 Apr 2025

Abstract

Financial distress poses a significant risk to companies worldwide, irrespective of their nature or size. It refers to a situation where a company is unable to meet its financial obligations on time, potentially leading to bankruptcy and liquidation. Predicting distress has become a [...] Read more.

Financial distress poses a significant risk to companies worldwide, irrespective of their nature or size. It refers to a situation where a company is unable to meet its financial obligations on time, potentially leading to bankruptcy and liquidation. Predicting distress has become a crucial application in business classification, employing both Statistical approaches and Artificial Intelligence techniques. Researchers often compare the prediction performance of different techniques on specific datasets, but no consistent results exist to establish one model as superior to others. Each technique has its own advantages and drawbacks, depending on the dataset. Recent studies suggest that combining multiple classifiers can significantly enhance prediction performance. However, such ensemble methods inherit both the strengths and weaknesses of the constituent classifiers. This study focuses on analyzing and comparing the financial status of Indian automobile manufacturing companies. Data from a sample of 100 automobile companies between 2013 and 2019 were used. A novel Firm-Feature-Wise three-step missing value imputation algorithm was implemented to handle missing financial data effectively. This study evaluates the performance of 11 individual baseline classifiers and all the 11 baseline algorithm’s combinations by using ensemble method. A manual ranking-based approach was used to evaluate the performance of 2047 models. The results of each combination are inputted to hard majority voting mechanism algorithm for predicting a company’s financial distress. Eleven baseline models are trained and assessed, with Gradient Boosting exhibiting the highest accuracy. Hyperparameter tuning is then applied to enhance individual baseline classifier performance. The majority voting mechanism with hyperparameter-tuned baseline classifiers achieve high accuracy. The robustness of the model is tested through k-fold Cross-Validation, demonstrating its generalizability. After fine-tuning the hyperparameters, the experimental investigation yielded an accuracy of 99.52%, surpassing the performance of previous studies. Furthermore, it results in the absence of Type-I errors. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Machine Learning Applications in Finance, 2nd Edition)

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26 pages, 929 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Content Characteristics and Customer Purchase Behaviors in Nonfungible Token Digital Artwork Trading

by Zi-Hui Bai, Chao Xu and Sung-Eui Cho

J. Theor. Appl. Electron. Commer. Res. 2025, 20(2), 65; https://doi.org/10.3390/jtaer20020065 (registering DOI) - 4 Apr 2025

Abstract

Despite the growing popularity of digital artworks that use nonfungible tokens (NFTs), systematic frameworks for analyzing the content characteristics driving NFT artworks’ creation, sale, and collection remain underdeveloped. Drawing on key insights from a diffusion of innovations, social identity, and value-based adoption theories, [...] Read more.

Despite the growing popularity of digital artworks that use nonfungible tokens (NFTs), systematic frameworks for analyzing the content characteristics driving NFT artworks’ creation, sale, and collection remain underdeveloped. Drawing on key insights from a diffusion of innovations, social identity, and value-based adoption theories, this study constructed a conceptual model that identified six key factors: uniqueness, profitability, prestige, community engagement, collectability, and compatibility. These factors’ effects on consumer purchasing behavior were investigated using perceived value as a mediator. Empirical data were collected from 300 Chinese participants and analyzed using multiple regression analysis. The significant direct effects of profitability, community engagement, collectability, and compatibility on purchasing behavior were identified. Uniqueness and prestige were found to exert indirect effects mediated by perceived value. Furthermore, a fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis uncovered configurations of content characteristics sufficient for driving high purchasing behavior. It highlighted low community engagement as a necessary condition for low purchasing behavior and underscored multiple attributes’ synergistic interplay in shaping consumer decisions. By integrating these attributes into the conceptualization of NFT content characteristics and synthesizing theoretical insights, this study enhances the understanding of consumer behavior. Recommendations are provided for NFT creators and platforms to improve content quality, cater to diverse preferences, and enhance user experiences, thereby promoting adoption and sustainable growth. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Digital Marketing and the Connected Consumer)

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4 pages, 139 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Biosecuring Animal Populations: The Future Is Now

by Scott Dee and Gordon Spronk

Animals 2025, 15(7), 1048; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15071048 (registering DOI) - 4 Apr 2025

Abstract

Dear Colleagues, [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biosecuring Animal Populations)

22 pages, 1620 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Ultralong Carbon Nanotube Yarns Integrated as Electronic Functional Elements in Smart Textiles

by Ayelet Karmon, Ori Topaz, Raman Tandon, Andy Weck, Ortal Tiurin, Sheizaf Rafaeli and Zeev Weissman

Textiles 2025, 5(2), 13; https://doi.org/10.3390/textiles5020013 (registering DOI) - 4 Apr 2025

Abstract

Smart textiles are an evolving field, but challenges in durability, washing, interfacing, and sustainability persist. Widespread adoption requires robust, lightweight, fully integrated fiber-based conductors. This paper proposes using ultralong carbon nanotube (UCNT) yarns with a width-to-length ratio of several orders of magnitude larger [...] Read more.

Smart textiles are an evolving field, but challenges in durability, washing, interfacing, and sustainability persist. Widespread adoption requires robust, lightweight, fully integrated fiber-based conductors. This paper proposes using ultralong carbon nanotube (UCNT) yarns with a width-to-length ratio of several orders of magnitude larger than typical carbon nanotube fibers. These yarns enable the manufacturing of stable, workable structures, composed of a network of twisted fibers (tows), which are suitable for fabric integration. Our research includes the creation of textile prototype demonstrators integrated with coated and non-coated UCNT yarns, tested under military-grade standards for both mechanical durability and electric functionality. The demonstrators were evaluated for their electrical and mechanical properties under washability, abrasion, and weathering. Notably, polymer-coated UCNT yarns demonstrated improved mechanical durability and electrical performance, showing promising results. However, washing tests revealed the presence of UCNT nanofibers in the residue, raising concerns due to their classification as hazards by the World Health Organization. This paper examines the sources of fiber release and discusses necessary improvements to coating formulations and testing protocols to mitigate fiber loss and enhance their practical viability. These findings underscore both the potential and limitations of UCNT yarns in military textile applications. Full article

15 pages, 7221 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Overcoming Barriers in Neurosurgical Education: Introducing a Simulator for Insular Glioma Resection with Fluorescence Imaging (SIGMA)

by Sifian Al-Hamid, Vanessa Magdalena Swiatek, Julius Reiser, Firat Taskaya, Amir Amini, Klaus-Peter Stein, Ali Rashidi, I. Erol Sandalcioglu and Belal Neyazi

J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14(7), 2479; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14072479 (registering DOI) - 4 Apr 2025

Abstract

Background and Objectives: Realistic surgical simulation models are essential for neurosurgical training, particularly in glioma resection. We developed a patient-specific simulation model designed for fluorescence-guided glioma resection, providing an anatomically accurate and reusable platform for surgical education. While insular gliomas were used as [...] Read more.

Background and Objectives: Realistic surgical simulation models are essential for neurosurgical training, particularly in glioma resection. We developed a patient-specific simulation model designed for fluorescence-guided glioma resection, providing an anatomically accurate and reusable platform for surgical education. While insular gliomas were used as an example, the model can be adapted to simulate gliomas in other brain regions, making it a versatile training tool. Methods: Using open-source 3D software, we created a digitally reconstructed skull, brain, and cerebral vessels, including a fluorescent insular glioma. The model was produced through additive manufacturing and designed with input from neurosurgeons to ensure a realistic and reusable representation of the Sylvian fissure and bone structures. The simulator’s educational effectiveness and usability were evaluated by two senior physicians, four assistant physicians, and six medical students using actual microsurgical instruments. Assessments were based on subjective and objective criteria. Results: Subjective evaluations, using a 5-point Likert scale, showed high face and content validity. Objective measures demonstrated strong construct validity, accurately reflecting the participant’s skills. Medical students and resident neurosurgeons showed marked improvement in their learning curve over three attempts, with progressive improvement in performance. Conclusions: This simulation model addresses advanced neurosurgical training needs by providing a highly realistic, cost- effective, and adaptable platform for fluorescence-guided glioma resection. Its effectiveness in enhancing surgical skills suggests significant potential for broader integration into neurosurgical training programs. Further studies are warranted to explore its applications in different glioma localizations and training settings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Oncology)

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26 pages, 11060 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Composition and Potential Industrial Uses of Upper Cretaceous Carbonates of the Wadi Sir Limestone (WSL) and the Amman Silicified Limestone (ASL) Formations, North Jordan

by Islam Al-Dabsheh, Ahmad AlShdaifat, Aseel Almasri, Faten Al-Slaty, Nour Alzoubi, Abdulaziz M. Alsaleh and Hani Shurafat

Geosciences 2025, 15(4), 135; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences15040135 (registering DOI) - 4 Apr 2025

Abstract

Upper Cretaceous carbonate rocks in Jordan are the main resources for construction and paint-related industrial applications. This study evaluates the elemental composition, mineralogy, and petrography of two main geological formations from two localities in northern Jordan (Hallabat, Turonian age, and Ajlun, Santonian–Campanian age) [...] Read more.

Upper Cretaceous carbonate rocks in Jordan are the main resources for construction and paint-related industrial applications. This study evaluates the elemental composition, mineralogy, and petrography of two main geological formations from two localities in northern Jordan (Hallabat, Turonian age, and Ajlun, Santonian–Campanian age) to shed light on their composition, depositional environments, and potential industrial end uses. The elemental composition of the Hallabat Wadi Sir Limestone (WSL) Formation indicates notable variability between the middle and upper parts of the WSL carbonates in the area, with higher CaO content in the middle part (mean 55 wt.%) and higher silica content observed in the upper part (mean 2 wt.%) compared with the middle part (mean 0.9 wt.%). Meanwhile, analysis of the elemental composition of the Ajlun Amman Silicified Limestone (ASL) Formation indicates that the CaO content is relatively higher in the upper part (mean 56 wt.%). In addition, the lower part is more influenced by detrital input when compared with the upper part of the studied section, in contrast to the Hallabat WSL Formation. Petrographic analysis demonstrates that the WSL and ASL samples are predominantly micritic limestone. The XRD results for the Hallabat WSL and Ajlun ASL show that the mineralogical composition is dominated by calcite (CaCO₃). Statistical and PCA analyses also confirm these variabilities between the two sites, indicating that all samples from both sites were deposited under variable hydrodynamic and environmental conditions that affected their physical and chemical composition. The results show that all studied samples are in the range of pure limestone and can be used for specific industrial applications in addition to their current uses, including those in the pottery and porcelain ware, soda ash and caustic soda, steel industry, sugar, and textile production industries, thus contributing to the economic resources in Jordan. Full article

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14 pages, 3801 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Synthesis and Characterization of Silane-Coupled Sodium Silicate Composite Coatings for Enhanced Anticorrosive Performance

by Minghui Liu, Zhiwen Tan, Shengda Xu, Yuantao Zhao, Haoran Wang, Shitao Zhang, Rong Ma, Tao Jiang, Zhen Ma, Ning Zhong and Wenge Li

Coatings 2025, 15(4), 428; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings15040428 (registering DOI) - 4 Apr 2025

Abstract

Ships and offshore equipment operating in marine environments often face issues such as seawater corrosion and biofouling, leading to significant economic losses. To address the corrosion problems of ships and offshore equipment, heavy-duty anticorrosive coatings are widely used for corrosion protection in marine [...] Read more.

Ships and offshore equipment operating in marine environments often face issues such as seawater corrosion and biofouling, leading to significant economic losses. To address the corrosion problems of ships and offshore equipment, heavy-duty anticorrosive coatings are widely used for corrosion protection in marine environments due to their long-term effectiveness, cost-efficiency, and excellent applicability. In this study, silane coupling agent (KH-560) was employed to modify sodium silicate, and the modified sodium silicate was then incorporated as a reinforcing phase into polyurethane to ultimately prepare a modified sodium silicate/polyurethane coating. The feasibility of the modified sodium silicate/polyurethane coating was investigated by characterizing its conventional physicochemical properties, weather resistance, acid and alkali resistance, and salt spray corrosion resistance. Experimental results indicate that the silane coupling agent acts as a bridge between the organic and inorganic interfaces through the hydrolysis and condensation reactions of its bifunctional groups, forming an interfacial layer connected by hydrogen bonds and covalent bonds, thereby improving the compatibility between the organic resin and inorganic sodium silicate. Comprehensive performance analysis revealed that when the content of modified sodium silicate was 60 wt%, the coating hardness reached 4H. Additionally, electrochemical tests demonstrated that the coating exhibited higher impedance (9.62 × 10⁴ Ω/cm²) and lower corrosion current density (5.82 × 10⁻⁷ A/cm²). This study provides a theoretical and experimental basis for the development of high-performance anticorrosive coatings for marine applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Protective Coatings: Materials, Fabrication, Corrosion and Applications)

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16 pages, 4473 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Topical Administration of Vitamin D2 Combined with Colloidal Silver Nanoparticles Promotes Wound Repair and Protection Against Skin Irritation and UVB Irradiation in 3D Reconstructed Human Skin Models

by Francesca Truzzi, Camilla Tibaldi, Silvia Dilloo, Annalisa Saltari, Mitchell P. Levesque, Fabio Arcangeli, Alfredo Garzi, Giuseppe Ruggiero and Giovanni Dinelli

Pharmaceutics 2025, 17(4), 472; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics17040472 (registering DOI) - 4 Apr 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: There is a great demand for novel, multipurpose, natural skin-care products in the global skin repair and sun protection markets. Within this framework, the potential benefits of topical Vitamin D2 (VD2) administration in combination with silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were examined. Methods [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: There is a great demand for novel, multipurpose, natural skin-care products in the global skin repair and sun protection markets. Within this framework, the potential benefits of topical Vitamin D2 (VD2) administration in combination with silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were examined. Methods: Evaluating the efficacy of the VD2+AgNP cream in wound healing, skin irritation and UVB irradiation protection necessitated preclinical testing using reconstructed human skin equivalent models (prepared from human foreskins) containing both a fully stratified epidermal layer and underlying dermis. Results: Application of the cream significantly improved wound healing by stimulating keratinocyte re-epithelialization and dermal fibroblast migration in models subjected to full-thickness (scratch and biopsy punch) wounds, compared to untreated models. The VD2+AgNP cream, administered prior to the induction of skin irritation by 5% sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) afforded protection by ameliorating cell viability epidermal thickness and interleukin-1alpha levels. UVB exposure (50 mJ/cm²) significantly reduced cell viability and epidermal thickness (associated with increased epidermal breakage), as well as basal layer Ki67 and supra-basal layer involucrin expression, compared to the CTRL sham-irradiated models. The cream administered prior to UVB irradiation (protective capacity) showed greater efficacy in minimizing epidermal damage. This was reflected by significantly higher Ki67 and involucrin expression, as well as lower epidermal breakage, compared to models where the cream was applied following UVB irradiation (curative capacity). Conclusions: The VD2+AgNP cream shows multipurpose potential in skin protection. The underlying molecular mechanisms remain to be investigated. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Regenerative Biomaterials with Plant Derivatives for Skin Wound Therapy)

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19 pages, 4769 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Zearalenone Depresses Lactation Capacity Through the ROS-Mediated PI3K/AKT Pathway

by Hong Chen, Di Qiu, Xue Miao, Wenyue Yang, Qi He, Hao Ren, Luyao Zhang, Hongri Ruan, Jiantao Zhang and Na Zhang

Animals 2025, 15(7), 1050; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15071050 (registering DOI) - 4 Apr 2025

Abstract

The effects of zearalenone (ZEA), a fungal toxin in food and feed, remain unclear on the mammary gland and lactation. This study examines ZEA-induced damage in lactating mice and bovine mammary epithelial cells (MAC-T), focusing on the role of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase [...] Read more.

The effects of zearalenone (ZEA), a fungal toxin in food and feed, remain unclear on the mammary gland and lactation. This study examines ZEA-induced damage in lactating mice and bovine mammary epithelial cells (MAC-T), focusing on the role of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/AKT) pathway in regulating cell proliferation and apoptosis. The results demonstrated that exposure to ZEA at different doses (5 mg/kg, 10 mg/kg, and 20 mg/kg) reduced lactation in female mice and slowed weight gain in their offspring. Hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining and CSNK immunofluorescence staining of mammary tissue confirmed ZEA-induced mammary gland damage in vivo. Further analysis using PCNA immunohistochemistry and fluorescent TUNEL staining revealed that ZEA promoted apoptosis and decreased the proliferative capacity of mammary tissues. In vitro, 20 μM ZEA decreased MAC-T cell proliferation, increased apoptosis and oxidative stress, inhibited PI3K/AKT signaling, and decreased κ-casein (CSNK) expression. Pretreatment with a reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenger (NAC) or PI3K/AKT activator (740-Y-P) reversed these effects, with NAC specifically restoring PI3K/AKT activity inhibited by ZEA. Overall, this study concludes that ZEA induces MAC-T cell apoptosis and disrupts proliferation via the ROS-mediated PI3K/AKT pathway, ultimately impairing lactation function. These findings highlight potential targets for managing ZEA contamination in food and its impact on lactation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Animal Physiology)

14 pages, 3766 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Development and Performance Testing of a Combined Cultivating Implement and Organic Fertilizer Applicator for Sugarcane Ratooning

by Wanrat Abdullakasim, Kawee Khongman, Watcharachan Sukcharoenvipharat and Prathuang Usaborisut

AgriEngineering 2025, 7(4), 105; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriengineering7040105 (registering DOI) - 4 Apr 2025

Abstract

Efficient sugarcane ratooning management requires maintaining soil organic carbon (SOC) balance and improving soil physical properties. Retaining agricultural residues and applying organic fertilizers are essential for sustaining SOC levels. However, excessive soil compaction caused by heavy machinery remains a challenge, and no existing [...] Read more.

Efficient sugarcane ratooning management requires maintaining soil organic carbon (SOC) balance and improving soil physical properties. Retaining agricultural residues and applying organic fertilizers are essential for sustaining SOC levels. However, excessive soil compaction caused by heavy machinery remains a challenge, and no existing implements are specifically designed to alleviate soil compaction and apply organic fertilizers in sugarcane ratoon fields. This study aimed to design, develop, and evaluate an organic fertilizer applicator capable of performing a single-step operation that integrates subsoiling, fertilizer application, and soil mixing. The developed implement consists of four main components: (1) a pyramid-shaped hopper, (2) a two-way horizontal screw conveyor, (3) a subsoiler, and (4) a disk harrow set. The results indicated that the specific mass flow rate is directly proportional to screw size and inversely proportional to PTO shaft speed. The optimal configuration for the organic fertilizer applicator included an 18-inch harrow set, a 10-degree harrow angle, an inclined-leg subsoiler, and the Low3 gear at 1900 rpm, which required a draft force of 12.75 kN. Field performance tests demonstrated an actual field capacity of 0.89 ha·h⁻¹ and a field efficiency of 66.17%, confirming the implement’s effectiveness in improving soil conditions and integrating tillage with fertilizer application. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Agricultural Mechanization and Machinery)

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15 pages, 299 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Risk Management Practices and Financial Performance: Analysing Credit and Liquidity Risk Management and Disclosures by Nigerian Banks

by Omobolade Stephen Ogundele and Lethiwe Nzama

J. Risk Financial Manag. 2025, 18(4), 198; https://doi.org/10.3390/jrfm18040198 (registering DOI) - 4 Apr 2025

Abstract

Nigerian banks encounter persistent difficulties in efficiently managing and disclosing credit and liquidity risks, considerably affecting their financial performance and shareholders’ confidence. This study, therefore, examined the effect of risk-management practices and disclosures on the financial performance of Nigerian commercial banks. The population [...] Read more.

Nigerian banks encounter persistent difficulties in efficiently managing and disclosing credit and liquidity risks, considerably affecting their financial performance and shareholders’ confidence. This study, therefore, examined the effect of risk-management practices and disclosures on the financial performance of Nigerian commercial banks. The population of the study comprised 13 Nigerian commercial banks, of which 12 were purposively chosen, subject to data availability. The data explored in this study originate from World Development Indicators and the annual reports and accounts of the selected Nigerian commercial banks from 2012 to 2023. The data analysis technique used was panel regression analysis, which was further extended to the generalized method of moments in a bid to account for potential endogeneity. The study made use of EViews 12 software to analyse the data. The results reveal that liquidity risk disclosure and firm size had significant and positive effects on financial performance, while credit risk disclosure, credit risk, firm age, and leverage had significant and negative effects. This study concludes that credit risks significantly undermine commercial banks’ financial performance, as an upsurge in non-performing loans results in reduced financial performance. Conversely, effective liquidity risk disclosure characterized by transparent reporting on liquidity position was found to enhance financial performance. This study, therefore, recommends, among others, that banks should strengthen their credit risk assessment framework and enhance transparent risk reporting to improve performance and financial stability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Financial Management)

11 pages, 406 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Validity and Reliability of Jumping and Linear Sprinting Tests to Assess Neuromuscular Performance in Professional Basketball Players

by Álvaro de Pedro-Múñez, Tania Álvarez-Yates, Virginia Serrano-Gómez and Oscar García-García

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(7), 3997; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15073997 (registering DOI) - 4 Apr 2025

Abstract

Basketball neuromuscular demands are highly position-dependent, making it important to consider this factor in performance assessment. This study aimed to analyze the validity and reliability of jumping and linear sprinting tests for professional basketball players based on their playing position. A total of [...] Read more.

Basketball neuromuscular demands are highly position-dependent, making it important to consider this factor in performance assessment. This study aimed to analyze the validity and reliability of jumping and linear sprinting tests for professional basketball players based on their playing position. A total of 102 professional basketball players, classified as Bigs and Guards, were assessed during the preseason through Squat Jump (SJ), Countermovement Jump (CMJ), Single-Leg CMJ (SL-CMJ), Arm Swing CMJ (CMJA), and linear sprinting over 5, 10, and 20 m. Relative reliability analysis was carried out by calculating the Intraclass Correlation Index (ICC), and the coefficient of variation (CV) was used as an absolute reliability indicator. The jumping and linear sprinting tests showed good to excellent relative reliability (ICC: 0.81–0.97) and absolute reliability (CV: 0.1–2.6) with a minimum detectable change ranging from 5.38 to 20.82% and from 4.76 to 10.43% for jumping and linear sprinting tests, respectively. Both Bigs and Guards showed excellent absolute reliability in all tests. Bigs showed greater ICC than Guards in SJ, CMJ, CMJA, and the 10 and 20 m sprints, while Guards outperformed in the 5 m sprint. SL-CMJ showed greater absolute reliability for Bigs, while relative reliability was higher for Guards. In conclusion, these findings may aid basketball physical coaches in the selection of the most suitable jumping and sprinting tests for preseason neuromuscular performance monitoring based on players’ playing position. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Applied Biosciences and Bioengineering)

19 pages, 2932 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Transcriptome Analysis Reveals the Requirement of the TGFβ Pathway in Ascidian Tail Regression

by Wenjie Shi, Penghui Liu, Dongyu Yang, Yuan Zhuang, Boyan Lin and Bo Dong

Cells 2025, 14(7), 546; https://doi.org/10.3390/cells14070546 (registering DOI) - 4 Apr 2025

Abstract

Metamorphosis is a common developmental process in invertebrate development. It is essential for the degeneration of larval organs, formation of adult organs, and adaptation transformation of the living environment. However, the underlying molecular regulatory mechanism remains to be elucidated. In this study, we [...] Read more.

Metamorphosis is a common developmental process in invertebrate development. It is essential for the degeneration of larval organs, formation of adult organs, and adaptation transformation of the living environment. However, the underlying molecular regulatory mechanism remains to be elucidated. In this study, we used tail regression of ascidian Styela clava as a model to understand the gene regulation pathway and molecular mechanism in organ metamorphosis. The TGFβ signaling pathway was screened and demonstrated to be involved in tail regression based on RNA sequencing on the different larval stages and verification with inhibitor treatment experiments. We further investigated the downstream gene network of the TGFβ signaling pathway through comparative transcriptome data analysis on the TGFβ pathway inhibition samples. Together with qRT-PCR verification, we identified four critical gene functional categories, including ion transporters/water channel, extracellular matrix structural constituent, extracellular matrix organization, and cell polarity establishment. Furthermore, a cross-species comparative analysis between Ciona robusta and S. clava was performed to understand the conservation and divergence of gene regulation in ascidians. Overall, our work identifies a crucial gene regulation pathway in ascidian tail regression and provides several potential downstream targets for understanding the molecular mechanism of larval metamorphosis. Full article

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23 pages, 2155 KiB

Open AccessReview

Risk of Permanent Corneal Injury in Microgravity: Spaceflight-Associated Hazards, Challenges to Vision Restoration, and Role of Biotechnology in Long-Term Planetary Missions

by Jainam Shah, Joshua Ong, Ryung Lee, Alex Suh, Ethan Waisberg, C. Robert Gibson, John Berdahl and Thomas H. Mader

Life 2025, 15(4), 602; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15040602 (registering DOI) - 4 Apr 2025

Abstract

Human space exploration presents an unparalleled opportunity to study life in extreme environments—but it also exposes astronauts to physiological stressors that jeopardize key systems like vision. Corneal health, essential for maintaining precise visual acuity, is threatened by microgravity-induced fluid shifts, cosmic radiation, and [...] Read more.

Human space exploration presents an unparalleled opportunity to study life in extreme environments—but it also exposes astronauts to physiological stressors that jeopardize key systems like vision. Corneal health, essential for maintaining precise visual acuity, is threatened by microgravity-induced fluid shifts, cosmic radiation, and the confined nature of spacecraft living environments. These conditions elevate the risk of corneal abrasions, infections, and structural damage. In addition, Spaceflight-Associated Neuro-Ocular Syndrome (SANS)—while primarily affecting the posterior segment—has also been potentially linked to anterior segment alterations such as corneal edema and tear film instability. This review examines these ocular challenges and assesses current mitigation strategies. Traditional approaches, such as terrestrial eye banking and corneal transplantation, are impractical for spaceflight due to the limited viability of preserved tissues, surgical complexities, anesthetic risks, infection potential, and logistical constraints. The paper explores emerging technologies like 3D bioprinting and stem cell-based tissue engineering, which offer promising solutions by enabling the on-demand production of personalized corneal constructs. Complementary advancements, including adaptive protective eyewear, bioengineered tear substitutes, telemedicine, and AI-driven diagnostic tools, also show potential in autonomously managing ocular health during long-duration missions. By addressing the complex interplay of environmental stressors and biological vulnerabilities, these innovations not only safeguard astronaut vision and mission performance but also catalyze new pathways for regenerative medicine on Earth. The evolution of space-based ophthalmic care underscores the dual impact of space medicine investments across planetary exploration and terrestrial health systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Space Medicine Ophthalmology: Insights from Molecular Observations to the Clinical Management of Ocular Risks in Microgravity)

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20 pages, 7474 KiB

Open AccessReview

Harnessing the Power of Antimicrobial Peptides: From Mechanisms to Delivery Optimization for Topical Infections

by Songhita Mukhopadhyay, Souha H. Youssef, Yunmei Song, Usha Y. Nayak and Sanjay Garg

Antibiotics 2025, 14(4), 379; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics14040379 (registering DOI) - 4 Apr 2025

Abstract

Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have emerged as promising agents for treating topical infections due to their enhanced biocompatibility and resistance to systemic degradation. AMPs possess host immunomodulatory effects and disintegrate bacterial cell membranes, a mechanism less prone to microbial resistance compared to conventional antibiotics, [...] Read more.

Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have emerged as promising agents for treating topical infections due to their enhanced biocompatibility and resistance to systemic degradation. AMPs possess host immunomodulatory effects and disintegrate bacterial cell membranes, a mechanism less prone to microbial resistance compared to conventional antibiotics, making AMPs potential candidates for antimicrobial delivery. The review discusses the challenges posed by antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and explores the mechanisms by which bacteria develop resistance to AMPs. The authors provide a detailed analysis of the mechanisms of action of AMPs, their limitations, and strategies to improve their efficacy. Conventional AMP delivery systems, including polymeric, synthetic, and lipid-based nanoparticles and cubosomes, face challenges of microbial resistance mechanisms via efflux pump systems, bacterial cell membrane modifications, and protease enzyme release. This review explores strategies to optimize these delivery systems. Furthermore, market statistics and the growing interest in peptide antibiotics have been explored in this review. The authors provide future research directions, such as exploring gene-targeting approaches to combat emerging bacterial resistance against AMPs, and emphasize considering the conformational stability of peptides, the skin microbiome’s nature at the infection site, and proteolytic stability for developing efficient AMP delivery systems for topical infections. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Synthetic and Natural Products-Based Antimicrobial and Antiparasitic Agents)

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24 pages, 4412 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Integrating Vehicle-to-Infrastructure Communication for Safer Lane Changes in Smart Work Zones

by Mariam Nour, Mayar Nour and Mohamed H. Zaki

World Electr. Veh. J. 2025, 16(4), 215; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj16040215 (registering DOI) - 4 Apr 2025

Abstract

As transportation systems evolve, ensuring safe and efficient mobility in Intelligent Transportation Systems remains a priority. Work zones, in particular, pose significant safety challenges due to lane closures, which can lead to abrupt braking and sudden lane changes. Most previous research on Connected [...] Read more.

As transportation systems evolve, ensuring safe and efficient mobility in Intelligent Transportation Systems remains a priority. Work zones, in particular, pose significant safety challenges due to lane closures, which can lead to abrupt braking and sudden lane changes. Most previous research on Connected and Autonomous Vehicles (CAVs) assumes ideal communication conditions, overlooking the effects of message loss and network unreliability. This study presents a comprehensive smart work zone (SWZ) framework that enhances lane-change safety by the integration of both Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) and Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I) communication. Sensor-equipped SWZ barrels and Roadside Units (RSUs) collect and transmit real-time hazard alerts to approaching CAVs, ensuring coverage of critical roadway segments. In this study, a co-simulation framework combining VEINS, OMNeT++, and SUMO is implemented to assess lane-change safety and communication performance under realistic network conditions. Findings indicate that higher Market Penetration Rates (MPRs) of CAVs can lead to improved lane-change safety, with time-to-collision (TTC) values shifting toward safer time ranges. While lower transmission thresholds allow more frequent communication, they contribute to earlier network congestion, whereas higher thresholds maintain efficiency despite increased packet loss at high MPRs. These insights highlight the importance of incorporating realistic communication models when evaluating traffic safety in connected vehicle environments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Vehicle Safe Motion in Mixed Vehicle Technologies Environment)

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16 pages, 4199 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Molecular and Immobilized Tripodal Phosphine Ligands and Their Trinuclear Palladium Complexes

by Maxwell R. Kimball, Kyle J. Cluff, Nattamai Bhuvanesh and Janet Blümel

Molecules 2025, 30(7), 1616; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30071616 (registering DOI) - 4 Apr 2025

Abstract

The synthesis and characterization of the tripodal phosphines RSi(CH₂CH₂PPh₂)₃ (R = Me, OMe, OEt) (1–3) is described. The ¹H NMR spectra of all phosphines display virtual coupling patterns. The ligands form [...] Read more.

The synthesis and characterization of the tripodal phosphines RSi(CH₂CH₂PPh₂)₃ (R = Me, OMe, OEt) (1–3) is described. The ¹H NMR spectra of all phosphines display virtual coupling patterns. The ligands form the corresponding trinuclear Pd complexes [RSi(CH₂CH₂PPh₂)₃]₂(PdCl₂)₃ (4–6) with three PdCl₂ moieties sandwiched between two tripodal ligands. The complexes 4, 5, and 7 (R = OH) have been analyzed by single crystal X-ray diffraction. The coordination at the Pd center is square planar with the phosphine groups occupying trans positions. The ³¹P{¹H} MAS NMR spectra of polycrystalline 1 are in accordance with the packing motif of the molecules in the unit cell. The tripodal ligand 3 has successfully been immobilized on silica as 3i. It coordinates PdCl₂ on the surface, as demonstrated by ³¹P{¹H} MAS NMR. Hereby, the cis coordination is prevalent when 3i has maximal surface coverage. At low surface coverage, one tripodal linker can accommodate trans coordination at the metal center. A surface-bound trinuclear Pd complex has been generated, as well as a heterobimetallic Pd/Cu complex. All surface species have been characterized by ³¹P{¹H} MAS NMR. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fundamental Aspects of Chemical Bonding—2nd Edition)

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18 pages, 4988 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Capsule Decision Neural Network Based on Transfer Learning for EEG Signal Classification

by Wei Zhang, Xianlun Tang, Xiaoyuan Dang and Mengzhou Wang

Biomimetics 2025, 10(4), 225; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics10040225 (registering DOI) - 4 Apr 2025

Abstract

Transfer learning is the act of using the data or knowledge in a problem to help solve different but related problems. In a brain computer interface (BCI), it is important to deal with individual differences between topics and/or tasks. A kind of capsule [...] Read more.

Transfer learning is the act of using the data or knowledge in a problem to help solve different but related problems. In a brain computer interface (BCI), it is important to deal with individual differences between topics and/or tasks. A kind of capsule decision neural network (CDNN) based on transfer learning is proposed. In order to solve the problem of feature distortion caused by EEG feature extraction algorithm, a deep capsule decision network was constructed. The architecture includes multiple primary capsules to form a hidden layer, and the connection between the advanced capsule and the primary capsule is determined by the neural decision routing algorithm. Unlike the dynamic routing algorithm that iteratively calculates the similarity between primary capsules and advanced capsules, the neural decision network computes the relationship between each capsule in the deep and shallow hidden layers in a probabilistic manner. At the same time, the distribution of the EEG covariance matrix is aligned in Riemann space, and the regional adaptive method is further introduced to improve the independent decoding ability of the capsule decision neural network for the subject’s EEG signals. Experiments on two motor imagery EEG datasets show that CDNN outperforms several of the most advanced transfer learning methods. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Brain–Computer Interfaces (BCI): Challenges and Opportunities)

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18 pages, 2692 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Unit Size Determination for Exploratory Brain Imaging Analysis: A Quest for a Resolution-Invariant Metric

by Jihnhee Yu, HyunAh Lee and Zohi Sternberg

Mathematics 2025, 13(7), 1195; https://doi.org/10.3390/math13071195 (registering DOI) - 4 Apr 2025

Abstract

Defining an adequate unit size is often crucial in brain imaging analysis, where datasets are complex, high-dimensional, and computationally demanding. Unit size refers to the spatial resolution at which brain data is aggregated for analysis. Optimizing unit size in data aggregation requires balancing [...] Read more.

Defining an adequate unit size is often crucial in brain imaging analysis, where datasets are complex, high-dimensional, and computationally demanding. Unit size refers to the spatial resolution at which brain data is aggregated for analysis. Optimizing unit size in data aggregation requires balancing computational efficiency in handling large-scale data sets with the preservation of brain activity patterns, minimizing signal dilution. We propose using the Calinski–Harabasz index, demonstrating its invariance to sample size changes due to varying image resolutions when no distributional differences are present, while the index effectively identifies an appropriate unit size for detecting suspected regions in image comparisons. The resolution-independent metric can be used for unit size evaluation, ensuring adaptability across different imaging protocols and modalities. This study enhances the scalability and efficiency of brain imaging research by providing a robust framework for unit size optimization, ultimately strengthening analytical tools for investigating brain function and structure. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mathematical Methods for Image Processing and Computer Vision)

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30 pages, 6159 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Co-Digestion of Cattle Slurry and Food Waste: Perspectives on Scale-Up

by Angela Bywater, Jethro A. H. Adam, Sigrid Kusch-Brandt and Sonia Heaven

Methane 2025, 4(2), 8; https://doi.org/10.3390/methane4020008 (registering DOI) - 4 Apr 2025

Abstract

Anaerobic digesters fed with dairy cow slurry struggle to achieve economic viability, particularly when animals are housed seasonally, so additional feedstocks are usually required. This study applied experimentally derived data from the co-digestion of cow slurry (CS) and food waste (FW) to the [...] Read more.

Anaerobic digesters fed with dairy cow slurry struggle to achieve economic viability, particularly when animals are housed seasonally, so additional feedstocks are usually required. This study applied experimentally derived data from the co-digestion of cow slurry (CS) and food waste (FW) to the UK dairy herd as a whole, and at average (AH) and large (LH) herd sizes of 160 and 770 animals, respectively. The experimental data confirmed stable operation at an organic loading rate (OLR) of 5 g VS L⁻¹ day⁻¹ at CS:FW ratios of 3:1 and 6:1 on a wet weight basis, and these parameters were considered for both AH and LH by herd size and country (Scotland, England, Wales, Northern Ireland) in order to provide energy production and policy observations. The results showed that these scenarios could provide between 959 to 23,867 GJ per year, and that a targeted policy intervention could affect slurry treatment from a significant number of animals in a relatively small number of large herds across the UK. For a more detailed analysis, better data are required on non-domestic FW arisings and FW transportation needs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Anaerobic Digestion Process: Converting Waste to Energy)

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10 pages, 188 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Medical Students’ Knowledge, Attitudes, and Perceptions Toward Vaping and E-Cigarette Use: An Assessment of Their Education and Preparedness

by Heather Hall, John Feest, Sydney Zarate and Martin S. Forde

Int. Med. Educ. 2025, 4(2), 8; https://doi.org/10.3390/ime4020008 (registering DOI) - 4 Apr 2025

Abstract

The use of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes), or vaping, has risen significantly over the past decade as an alternative to traditional smoking. Despite growing evidence of vaping’s adverse health effects, limited data exist on medical students’ knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors regarding vaping, as well [...] Read more.

The use of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes), or vaping, has risen significantly over the past decade as an alternative to traditional smoking. Despite growing evidence of vaping’s adverse health effects, limited data exist on medical students’ knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors regarding vaping, as well as the extent of education they receive on this topic. This study aimed to assess medical students’ perceptions of vaping-related harms and their evaluation of vaping education in medical school. A cross-sectional online survey was conducted among currently enrolled students at St. George’s University’s School of Medicine (n = 5794) over a five-week period from February to March 2024. The survey focused on students’ experiences, behaviors, attitudes, and perceptions toward e-cigarettes and vaping and their assessment of vaping-related education. Of 5794 invited students, 1400 (24%) responded, with 1193 (94%) completing the survey. While 82% had never used conventional tobacco cigarettes, 29% reported having vaped at least once. Nearly all respondents (97%) recognized vaping as a health risk; however, 75% reported receiving no formal education on vaping in their curriculum, and 68% rated their education on the topic as poor or very poor. Despite awareness of vaping’s risks, a notable proportion of medical students have engaged in the practice. The findings highlight a gap in medical education, underscoring the need for improved curriculum coverage to equip future physicians with the knowledge necessary to address vaping-related health concerns. Full article

16 pages, 890 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Baryonic Matter, Ising Anyons and Strong Quantum Gravity

by Michel Planat

Int. J. Topol. 2025, 2(2), 4; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijt2020004 (registering DOI) - 4 Apr 2025

Abstract

We find that the whole set of known baryons of spin parity

J^{P} = {\frac{1}{2}}^{+}

(the ground state) and

J^{P} = {\frac{3}{2}}^{+}

(the first excited state) is organized in multiplets which may efficiently be encoded by the [...] Read more.

We find that the whole set of known baryons of spin parity

J^{P} = {\frac{1}{2}}^{+}

(the ground state) and

J^{P} = {\frac{3}{2}}^{+}

(the first excited state) is organized in multiplets which may efficiently be encoded by the multiplets of conjugacy classes in the small finite group

G = (192, 187)

. A subset of the theory is the small group

(48, 29) ≅ G L (2, 3)

whose conjugacy classes are in correspondence with the baryon families of Gell-Mann’s octet and decuplet. G has many of its irreducible characters that are minimal and informationally complete quantum measurements that we assign to the baryon families. Since G is isomorphic to the group of braiding matrices of

S U {(2)}_{2}

Ising anyons, we explore the view that baryonic matter has a topological origin. We are interested in the holographic gravity dual

A d S_{3} / Q F T_{2}

of the Ising model. This dual corresponds to a strongly coupled pure Einstein gravity with central charge

c = 1 / 2

and AdS radius of the order of the Planck scale. Some physical issues related to our approach are discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Topology and Its Applications)

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3 pages, 146 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Artificial Intelligence in Predicting, Diagnosing and Preventing Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs)

by Jyoti Taneja, Joyeta Ghosh, Ravi Kant and Myron Christodoulides

Venereology 2025, 4(2), 5; https://doi.org/10.3390/venereology4020005 (registering DOI) - 4 Apr 2025

Abstract

Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are major global health challenges, disproportionately affecting women due to complex biological, social and economic factors [...] Full article

15 pages, 2612 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Molecular and Epidemiological Analysis of Carbapenem-Resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae in a Greek Tertiary Hospital: A Retrospective Study

by Alexandra Myari, Petros Bozidis, Efthalia Priavali, Eleni Kapsali, Vasilios Koulouras, Georgia Vrioni and Konstantina Gartzonika

Microbiol. Res. 2025, 16(4), 81; https://doi.org/10.3390/microbiolres16040081 (registering DOI) - 4 Apr 2025

Abstract

Carbapenemase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae is responsible for multiple serious infections with high mortality rates. K. pneumoniae carbapenemases (KPCs) are the most commonly isolated carbapenemases worldwide. To study the epidemiological and molecular characteristics of KPC-producing K. pneumoniae (KPC-KP), we conducted a retrospective study at the [...] Read more.

Carbapenemase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae is responsible for multiple serious infections with high mortality rates. K. pneumoniae carbapenemases (KPCs) are the most commonly isolated carbapenemases worldwide. To study the epidemiological and molecular characteristics of KPC-producing K. pneumoniae (KPC-KP), we conducted a retrospective study at the University General Hospital of Ioannina, Greece. A total of 177 K. pneumoniae clinical strains from the period 2014–2015 were confirmed as KPC producers by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and were further examined for the presence of bla_VIM, bla_NDM, bla_TEM, bla_SHV, and bla_CTX-M genes. Using the amplification refractory mutation system (ARMS) method, we identified the presence of the KPC-2 allele in 130 strains and the KPC-9 allele in 47. Strains from both allele groups belonged to the sequence type 258 (ST258). KPC-9 was responsible for a distinct outbreak, considered part of the broader KPC-2 outbreak. Molecular characterization of selected KPC-KP isolates from the period 2021–2022 revealed their continued presence in our hospital. Comparison of the antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of the two alleles showed a statistically significant increase in minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for ceftazidime (p = 0.03) and higher resistance to amikacin (p = 0.012) and colistin (p < 0.001) for KPC-9 compared to the KPC-2 allele. The two KPC alleles had similar mortality rates. This study demonstrates the heterogeneity of resistance genes in carbapenem-resistant K. pneumoniae (CR-KP) within a single-hospital setting and underscores the need for immediate containment measures. Full article

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22 pages, 3340 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Mathematical Modelling of Cancer Treatments, Resistance, Optimization

by Tahmineh Azizi

AppliedMath 2025, 5(2), 40; https://doi.org/10.3390/appliedmath5020040 (registering DOI) - 4 Apr 2025

Abstract

Mathematical modeling plays a crucial role in the advancement of cancer treatments, offering a sophisticated framework for analyzing and optimizing therapeutic strategies. This approach employs mathematical and computational techniques to simulate diverse aspects of cancer therapy, including the effectiveness of various treatment modalities [...] Read more.

Mathematical modeling plays a crucial role in the advancement of cancer treatments, offering a sophisticated framework for analyzing and optimizing therapeutic strategies. This approach employs mathematical and computational techniques to simulate diverse aspects of cancer therapy, including the effectiveness of various treatment modalities such as chemotherapy, radiation therapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy. By incorporating factors such as drug pharmacokinetics, tumor biology, and patient-specific characteristics, these models facilitate predictions of treatment responses and outcomes. Furthermore, mathematical models elucidate the mechanisms behind cancer treatment resistance, including genetic mutations and microenvironmental changes, thereby guiding researchers in designing strategies to mitigate or overcome resistance. The application of optimization techniques allows for the development of personalized treatment regimens that maximize therapeutic efficacy while minimizing adverse effects, taking into account patient-related variables such as tumor size and genetic profiles. This study elaborates on the key applications of mathematical modeling in oncology, encompassing the simulation of various cancer treatment modalities, the elucidation of resistance mechanisms, and the optimization of personalized treatment regimens. By integrating mathematical insights with experimental data and clinical observations, mathematical modeling emerges as a powerful tool in oncology, contributing to the development of more effective and personalized cancer therapies that improve patient outcomes. Full article

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