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Recent Articles  

14 pages, 1564 KiB  
Article
Anticandidal Activity of Lipopeptides Containing an LL-37-Derived Peptide Fragment KR12
by Malgorzata Anna Paduszynska, Damian Neubauer, Wojciech Kamysz and Elzbieta Kamysz
Molecules 2025, 30(7), 1598; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30071598 (registering DOI) - 3 Apr 2025
Abstract
Candidiasis belongs to common fungal infections and is usually mild and self-limiting. However, in patients with immunodeficiencies, it can transform into invasive infections with high mortality. Long-term antifungal treatment can lead to the emergence of resistance. The problem is further complicated by the [...] Read more.
Candidiasis belongs to common fungal infections and is usually mild and self-limiting. However, in patients with immunodeficiencies, it can transform into invasive infections with high mortality. Long-term antifungal treatment can lead to the emergence of resistance. The problem is further complicated by the development of fungal biofilm resistant to conventional antimicrobials. Due to a limited choice of available antifungals, the development of novel active agents, such as antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), is highly desirable. Human cathelicidin LL-37 is an intensively studied AMP with a confirmed broad spectrum of antimicrobial activities. Due to the relatively high costs of production, the design of shorter analogs of LL-37 has been recommended. In this study, we synthesized a KR12 amide, KRIVQRIKDFLR-NH2, and its 24 derivatives obtained by substitution with fatty acids. The compounds were tested for their antifungal potential. They exhibited activity against the Candida albicans, C. glabrata, C. tropicalis and C. lipolytica. Five compounds: C10-KR12-NH2, C12-KR12-NH2, C14-KR12-NH2, 2-butyloctanoic acid-KR12-NH2, and 4-phenylbenzoic acid-KR12-NH2 were highly active against planktonic cells. C14-KR12-NH2 demonstrated also activity against C. albicans biofilm cultured on polystyrene for 24, 48 and 72 h. Lipidation has proven to be an effective strategy for improving microbiological activity of the KR12-NH2 peptide. Full article
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12 pages, 4819 KiB  
Article
Identification of the Nut Rot Pathogen Affecting Castanopsis carlesii Based on Morphological and Phylogenetic Analyses
by Yicheng Li, Aining Li and Ning Jiang
Forests 2025, 16(4), 627; https://doi.org/10.3390/f16040627 (registering DOI) - 3 Apr 2025
Abstract
In recent years, Castanopsis carlesii, a keystone species in southern China’s forest ecosystems with high ecological and economic importance, has faced growing challenges from severe nut rot diseases. Gnomoniopsis (Gnomoniaceae, Diaporthales, Sordariomycetes, Ascomycota) represents a significant fungal genus that causes leaf spots, [...] Read more.
In recent years, Castanopsis carlesii, a keystone species in southern China’s forest ecosystems with high ecological and economic importance, has faced growing challenges from severe nut rot diseases. Gnomoniopsis (Gnomoniaceae, Diaporthales, Sordariomycetes, Ascomycota) represents a significant fungal genus that causes leaf spots, branch cankers, and fruit rot diseases. In this study, rotten nuts of C. carlesii were collected from Fujian Province, and fungal isolates were obtained using the tissue isolation method. Morphological characterization and molecular phylogenetic analysis, based on the combined sequences of the internal transcribed spacer region of rDNA (ITS), the translation elongation factor 1-alpha (tef1) gene, and the partial beta-tubulin (tub2) gene were used to identify these isolates. As a result, new isolates from diseased nuts of C. carlesii formed a distinct clade with Gnomoniopsis, and morphologically differentiated from the other species; hence, G. flava sp. nov. is proposed herein. Furthermore, pathogenicity tests involving three isolates of G. flava were conducted on healthy nuts of C. carlesii, confirming its role as the causal agent of this new plant disease. This study not only advances our understanding of species diversity within Gnomoniopsis but also lays the groundwork for developing control strategies for C. carlesii nut rot disease. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pathogenic Fungi in Forest)
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17 pages, 8243 KiB  
Article
Assessment of Shading Systems with Advanced Windows at Restaurants Under Sunny Climates in Spain
by Urtza Uriarte, Olatz Irulegi and Rufino J. Hernández
Buildings 2025, 15(7), 1173; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15071173 (registering DOI) - 3 Apr 2025
Abstract
This study addresses daylighting to enhance the quality of indoor atmospheres, considering building skins. In the hotel industry, lighting accounts for more than 10% of energy consumption. Many highly glazed façades create visual comfort problems, resulting in increased electric lighting consumption. Ninety-four restaurants [...] Read more.
This study addresses daylighting to enhance the quality of indoor atmospheres, considering building skins. In the hotel industry, lighting accounts for more than 10% of energy consumption. Many highly glazed façades create visual comfort problems, resulting in increased electric lighting consumption. Ninety-four restaurants were studied in Spain; almost all cases have a window with outside views, and more than half of the cases have tables adjacent to the outside views. However, it is difficult to balance daylight use, a shading system, and the outside view. A virtual restaurant prototype is built by Rhinoceros to simulate the daylight glare index by Evalglare and daylight autonomy of a highly glazed façade with three different shading systems by Radiance through a screen and an overhang with and without a complex fenestration system. The results show that the screen system reduces the daylight glare index value to imperceptible glare (15%), while the daylight glare index for the overhang with and without a complex fenestration system increases to acceptable glare (21%). However, the daylight autonomy for the screen system is almost half (52%) the daylight autonomy for the overhang systems (95%). Although the daylight glare index for the overhang with a complex fenestration system is slightly higher, the illuminance level and its distribution performance are better without obstructing the outdoor view. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Impact of Evaluated Luminous Environment on the Comfort Level in Buildings)
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9 pages, 225 KiB  
Article
Relationship Between Shoulder Rotation Strength and Upper Extremity Functional Assessments in Collegiate Baseball Players
by Andy Waldhelm, Jaclyn Aida, Jackson Boyd, Garrett Chandler, Matthew Demboski, Caroline Monson and Neil Schwarz
J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2025, 10(2), 120; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk10020120 (registering DOI) - 3 Apr 2025
Abstract
Background/Objectives: In overhead throwing sports such as baseball and softball, upper extremity injuries are prevalent at both collegiate and high school levels. Currently, there is no universal assessment protocol to identify athletes at risk for injury or to determine their readiness to [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: In overhead throwing sports such as baseball and softball, upper extremity injuries are prevalent at both collegiate and high school levels. Currently, there is no universal assessment protocol to identify athletes at risk for injury or to determine their readiness to return to sport. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between shoulder internal rotation (IR) and external rotation (ER) isometric strength in a throwing position and three upper extremity functional tests among collegiate baseball players. It was hypothesized that there would not be significant correlations between shoulder IR and ER peak isometric force and the following functional assessments: the Upper Quarter Y Balance Test (YBT-UQ), seated single-arm shot put, and Closed Kinematic Chain Upper Extremity Strength Test (CKCUEST). Methods: Forty healthy collegiate baseball players volunteered for the study. After completing a self-guided warm-up, participants performed bilateral isometric shoulder IR and ER strength tests at 90 degrees of shoulder abduction and elbow flexion, followed by the three functional tests in random order. Relationships were analyzed using Pearson’s correlation coefficients (r), with a significance level set at p < 0.05. Results: Correlations were generally low, ranging from r = 0.001 to r = 0.551. Significant correlations were observed between the CKCUEST and dominant IR strength (r = 0.345, p = 0.031), dominant ER strength (r = 0.407, p = 0.010), and non-dominant ER strength (r = 0.551, p < 0.001). Additionally, a significant correlation was found between the dominant ER/IR strength ratio and the dominant arm superolateral reach on the YBT-UQ (r = −0.352, p = 0.026). No significant correlations were identified between isometric shoulder strength and the single-arm shot put. Conclusions: Most correlations were low to moderate, and only significant correlations between shoulder rotation isometric strength and one direction of the YBT-UQ and the CKCUEST were observed. Thus, shoulder rotation strength in a position similar to the cocking phase of overhead throwing may be valuable for return-to-sport criteria and injury screening for overhead athletes. However, further research is needed to validate these findings. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Sports Medicine and Nutrition)
31 pages, 3629 KiB  
Systematic Review
Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Transcendental Meditation for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
by David W. Orme-Johnson, Vernon A. Barnes, Brian Rees and Jean Tobin
Medicina 2025, 61(4), 659; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina61040659 (registering DOI) - 3 Apr 2025
Abstract
Background and Objectives. Our recent systematic review and meta-analysis of all studies on meditation as treatment for PTSD (61 studies) found a moderate effect size of Hedges’s g = −0.67 for post-minus-pre change in symptom scores. Separate tests of the four meditation categories [...] Read more.
Background and Objectives. Our recent systematic review and meta-analysis of all studies on meditation as treatment for PTSD (61 studies) found a moderate effect size of Hedges’s g = −0.67 for post-minus-pre change in symptom scores. Separate tests of the four meditation categories found a large effect size of g = −1.13 for the Transcendental Meditation (TM) technique that is significantly greater than for each other category. The present follow-up used a different method, calculating effects relative to internal controls, to better characterize the effects of this meditation technique. Materials and Methods. Our study followed Prisma guidelines. Major databases, research anthologies, and bibliographies were searched for studies that used TM for treating PTSD, all military and civilian populations, and all age groups. Results. The searches located 15 controlled trials on TM that met the inclusion criteria (longitudinal and reporting sufficient statistics to calculate effect sizes), 1248 subjects total, mean age 40.5 years (range 20.6 to 54.4 years), and 46.9% males (range 0% to 100%). Using the random effects model, the pooled effect across all studies of TM compared to other treatments was g = −1.01, 95% CI = −1.29 to −0.74, p < 0.000000001. One-study removed analysis found that no study reduced the pooled effect to less than −1.0. Funnel plots indicated no risk of bias. TM was non-inferior to prolonged exposure therapy, p = 0.0001, and it worked significantly faster (p = 0.04 at week six). Conclusions. TM produced clinically meaningful reductions in PTSD for civilian and military personnel, young and older adults, and for both men and women. We recommend phase-III multisite studies comparing TM with known first-line treatments for PTSD. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Transcendental Meditation and Treatment for Stress)
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7 pages, 506 KiB  
Brief Report
Timing of Measles, Mumps, and Rubella Vaccination: Secondary Outcomes from an Immunological Survey
by Jana Zibolenová, Romana Ulbrichtová, Eva Malobická, Martin Novák, Tibor Baška, Lucia Časnocha Lúčanová, Ján Mikas, Adriana Mečochová and Henrieta Hudečková
Vaccines 2025, 13(4), 382; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines13040382 (registering DOI) - 3 Apr 2025
Abstract
Background/Objectives: This study analyzed data on the actual timing of the first and second doses of the Measles, Mumps, and Rubella (MMR) vaccination in Slovakia according to the vaccination schedule. Methods: Histograms were constructed using immunological survey data on MMR vaccination conducted in [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: This study analyzed data on the actual timing of the first and second doses of the Measles, Mumps, and Rubella (MMR) vaccination in Slovakia according to the vaccination schedule. Methods: Histograms were constructed using immunological survey data on MMR vaccination conducted in Slovakia in 2018. Results: For the first dose (2560 individuals), 83.4% of them were vaccinated timely (15th–18th month, mostly in the 16th month), while 13.8% of them were delayed. For the second dose (1061 individuals), 72.7% of vaccinations were timely (11th year), and 23.2% were delayed. There was a bimodal distribution of the timing of the administration of the second dose, with peaks at the beginning of the 11th year and at the turn of the 11th and 12th year. Conclusions: The unexpected shape of the histograms suggests that ambiguous interpretations of the vaccination schedule may be one of the causes of vaccination delays. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Human Vaccines and Public Health)
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17 pages, 8882 KiB  
Article
Microstructures and Deep-Drawing Properties of Copper–Steel Bimetallic Sheets Fabricated Using an Arc Spray-Rolling Short Process
by Tairan Yao, Jinbiao Bai, Dehao Kong, Ruixiong Zhai, Yuwei Liang, Taihong Huang, Qing Li and Peng Song
Metals 2025, 15(4), 400; https://doi.org/10.3390/met15040400 (registering DOI) - 3 Apr 2025
Abstract
Annealing and rolling play critical roles in improving the mechanical properties of arc spraying coatings. In this work, we successfully fabricated copper–steel bimetallic sheets (CSBSs) using an arc spray-rolling short process and achieved excellent internal bonding of the copper coating and improved deep-drawing [...] Read more.
Annealing and rolling play critical roles in improving the mechanical properties of arc spraying coatings. In this work, we successfully fabricated copper–steel bimetallic sheets (CSBSs) using an arc spray-rolling short process and achieved excellent internal bonding of the copper coating and improved deep-drawing of the CSBSs via annealing and rolling synergistic treatment. The results indicate that the microstructure of the copper coating became dense, and the porosity effectively reduced after annealing–rolling–annealing (ARA) treatment. Tight bonding was also observed between the copper coating and steel substrate. The copper coating had a porosity of less than 0.2%, an average grain size of 3.8 μm, and a micro-hardness of 55 HV0.05. After tensile testing, the As-sprayed coating generated brittle fractures and delamination. The A-R-A coating also displayed elongated dimples, with the majority oriented along the TD direction, and bonded well with the steel substrate. In addition, the As-sprayed coating fell off directly after deep drawing. In contrast, the A-R-A coating did not exhibit cracks and fall off. The fracture mechanism gradually changed from falling off and cracking, to toughness deformation due to the reduced porosity and tighter grain boundaries, and finally to cooperative deformation due to the metallurgical bonding of the sprayed particles and good interface bonding properties. These findings provide guidance and reference for the practical application of thermal spray additive manufacturing. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Casting Process, Processing Deformation and Microstructure Optimization of Advanced Metallic Materials)
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10 pages, 265 KiB  
Article
The Management of Ischemic Priapism Due to Sickle Cell Disease and Other Etiologies: Treatment Strategies and Indications for Penile Prosthesis Implantation in an Endemic Region
by Eser Ördek, Sadık Görür, Fatih Gökalp, Duran Kuru and Ferhat Uçurmak
Medicina 2025, 61(4), 658; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina61040658 (registering DOI) - 3 Apr 2025
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Priapism is a condition characterized by a prolonged erection lasting over four hours, either independent of or following sexual stimulation. The primary treatment goal for ischemic and non-ischemic priapism is timely and appropriate intervention in order to preserve erectile [...] Read more.
Background and Objectives: Priapism is a condition characterized by a prolonged erection lasting over four hours, either independent of or following sexual stimulation. The primary treatment goal for ischemic and non-ischemic priapism is timely and appropriate intervention in order to preserve erectile function and penile length. This study aims to evaluate the management of recurrent ischemic priapism in sickle cell disease (SCD) patients in an endemic region and compare it with ischemic priapism of other etiologies. Materials and Methods: Patients admitted to our hospital with a diagnosis of priapism between January 2010 and June 2024 were retrospectively reviewed. The patients were divided into two groups: ischemic priapism due to SCD and ischemic priapism due to other etiologies. Patient characteristics, treatment management, and the need for penile prosthesis (PP) were compared. Results: A total of 40 ischemic priapism patients were included in the study; 20 of them had SCD and the other 20 had priapism cases due to different etiologies. In the SCD priapism group, the rate of comorbidity and previous history of priapism were significantly (p < 0.05) higher than in the other etiologies of priapism group. Similarly, in the SCD priapism group, the hospital admission time and the rate of fibrosis findings in MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) were significantly (p < 0.05) higher than in the other priapism groups. The PP implantation rate in the SCD priapism group was found to be significantly (p < 0.05) higher than in the other priapism group. Conclusions: This study highlights the importance of early intervention and patient awareness in SCD-related ischemic priapism, recommending educational programs to improve symptom recognition and prevent complications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Advances in Urology and Nephrology Disease: From Diagnosis to Treatment—2nd Edition)
9 pages, 2386 KiB  
Article
The Macroscopic Stress–Macroscopic Strain Relationship of the Hierarchical Honeycomb Nanoporous Materials by the Spherical Nanoindentation Simulation
by Fue Han, Hongwei Zhang and Jingnan Zhang
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(7), 544; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15070544 (registering DOI) - 3 Apr 2025
Abstract
The spherical nanoindentation macroscopic stress–macroscopic strain relationship of hierarchical honeycomb nanoporous material is defined by combining the spherical nanoindentation simulation and the uniaxial compression simulation. At the same time, the macroscopic elastic modulus and the macroscopic yielding stress of the hierarchical material are [...] Read more.
The spherical nanoindentation macroscopic stress–macroscopic strain relationship of hierarchical honeycomb nanoporous material is defined by combining the spherical nanoindentation simulation and the uniaxial compression simulation. At the same time, the macroscopic elastic modulus and the macroscopic yielding stress of the hierarchical material are obtained from the curves through different methods. The results show that the macroscopic stress–macroscopic strain curve of the hierarchical nanoporous materials nanoindented to a depth of 30 nm is basically consistent with the curve of the hierarchical nanoporous materials when uniaxially compressed down to 25 nm. Through the nanoindentation and uniaxial compression, the macroscopic elastic moduli and the macroscopic yielding stresses are also close to the scale formula. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Physical Chemistry at Nanoscale)
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11 pages, 241 KiB  
Article
On the Strong Atoms of Q-Algebras
by Kittisak Saengsura, Napaporn Sarasit and Ananya Anantayasethi
Axioms 2025, 14(4), 271; https://doi.org/10.3390/axioms14040271 (registering DOI) - 3 Apr 2025
Abstract
The concept of strong atoms in Q-algebras is discussed herein. In this work, some properties of strong atoms are provided. We show that there is no Q-algebra X with |X|≥3 such that all elements are strong atoms. [...] Read more.
The concept of strong atoms in Q-algebras is discussed herein. In this work, some properties of strong atoms are provided. We show that there is no Q-algebra X with |X|≥3 such that all elements are strong atoms. We also find that any two-element subset of X containing a constant 0 is a subalgebra of X whenever X contains a strong atom. Moreover, any subset of X with the cardinality equal to 3 containing a strong atom and a constant 0 is always a subalgebra. We present some results concerning the concept of an ideal. In a Q-algebra X that contains a strong atom, any ideal of X is a subalgebra of X. An ideal of a Q-algebra X that is induced by any subset containing a strong atom is equal to X. Furthermore, we show that, for any Q-algebra X with a strong atom, there is only one ideal containing a strong atom. In particular, for |X|≤4, we propose that a finite union of ideals of X is again an ideal of X. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Algebra and Number Theory)
12 pages, 3231 KiB  
Article
Analysis of MRI Artifacts Induced by Cranial Implants in Phantom Models
by Bibiána Ondrejová, Viktória Rajťúková, Kristína Šavrtková, Alena Galajdová, Jozef Živčák and Radovan Hudák
Healthcare 2025, 13(7), 803; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare13070803 (registering DOI) - 3 Apr 2025
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Cranial reconstruction (cranioplasty) is a surgical procedure performed to restore skull function and aesthetics following trauma, oncological conditions, or congenital defects. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is commonly used for the postoperative monitoring and diagnosis of patients with cranial implants. However, MRI [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Cranial reconstruction (cranioplasty) is a surgical procedure performed to restore skull function and aesthetics following trauma, oncological conditions, or congenital defects. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is commonly used for the postoperative monitoring and diagnosis of patients with cranial implants. However, MRI artifacts caused by these implants can compromise imaging accuracy and diagnostic precision. This study aims to evaluate the extent of MRI artifacts caused by titanium and polyether ether ketone (PEEK) cranial implants and to identify optimal imaging sequences to minimize these artifacts. Methods: Phantom skull models with cranial defects of varying sizes (one-quarter, one-third, and one-half of the skull) were used to simulate real-world clinical conditions. The defects were filled with a water-based medium containing simulated brain tissue and tumor models. Custom 3D-printed titanium and PEEK cranial implants were fixed onto the phantom skulls and scanned using 1.5 T and 3 T MRI scanners. Various imaging sequences were tested, with a focus on optimizing parameters to reduce artifact formation. Turbo Spin Echo (TSE) sequences with fat saturation were implemented to assess their effectiveness in artifact reduction. Results: The study found that MRI artifacts varied based on the implant material, defect size, and magnetic field strength. A higher field strength (3 T) resulted in more pronounced artifacts. However, the use of TSE sequences with fat saturation significantly reduced artifacts and improved lesion visualization, enhancing diagnostic accuracy. Conclusions: This research highlights the importance of optimized MRI protocols when imaging patients with cranial implants. Proper selection of imaging sequences, particularly TSE with fat saturation, can mitigate artifacts and improve diagnostic precision, ultimately benefiting patient outcomes in clinical radiology. Full article
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5 pages, 392 KiB  
Case Report
Rapid Response with Daratumumab for Pure Red Cell Aplasia in a Case of Aplastic Anemia with Mixed Chimerism After ABO-Mismatched Stem Cell Transplant
by Martina Canichella, Luca Cupelli, Mariagiovanna Cefalo, Cinzia Sparapani, Antonella Matteocci, Giuseppe Ausoni, Paola Zambardi, Flavia Cantoni, Vanessa Velotta, Giovanna Suppo and Paolo de Fabritiis
Targets 2025, 3(2), 12; https://doi.org/10.3390/targets3020012 (registering DOI) - 3 Apr 2025
Abstract
Pure red cell aplasia (PRCA) following major ABO-mismatched allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is a challenging complication, affecting 7–10% of patients and significantly impacts quality of life. Despite half of patients showing a resolution within three–six months after HSCT, PRCA might require [...] Read more.
Pure red cell aplasia (PRCA) following major ABO-mismatched allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is a challenging complication, affecting 7–10% of patients and significantly impacts quality of life. Despite half of patients showing a resolution within three–six months after HSCT, PRCA might require treatment. Various therapeutic approaches have been investigated, including erythropoietin, plasmapheresis or immunomodulatory therapies (rituximab, bortezomib, corticosteroids, donor lymphocyte infusion (DLI), or the early tapering of immunosuppressive drugs), and TPO-mimetic agents, though responses have generally remained suboptimal. Recently, daratumumab has emerged as a promising, safe, and effective treatment for PRCA, documented by numerous case reports and series. We present a case of PRCA arising in a patient with mixed chimerism following a sibling HSCT for aplastic anemia (AA). In line with the literature, our findings highlight the effectiveness of daratumumab in PRCA from the first dose, although daratumumab administrations were delayed by the onset of infectious complications. Our case supports the earlier introduction of daratumumab in the treatment strategy of PRCA to avoid patient exposure to ineffective therapies that carry risks of increased immunosuppression and infections. Indeed, in our specific case, the early introduction of daratumumab may interrupt the immune hematologic mechanism underlying PRCA, which, in the context of mixed chimerism, could increase the risk of graft failure. Full article
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15 pages, 5930 KiB  
Article
Comparative Study on the Foaming and Fireproof Properties of PDMS Foam Composites with Different Inorganic Fillers
by Xin He, Mengmeng Yang, Fangzhou Hu, Guodong Jiang and Yucai Shen
Buildings 2025, 15(7), 1172; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15071172 (registering DOI) - 3 Apr 2025
Abstract
In recent years, the increasing frequency of building fires has highlighted the limitations of traditional polymeric materials due to their inadequate fireproof performance. Ceramifiable polymer composites have emerged as a promising alternative by incorporating ceramic-forming fillers that create rigid ceramic-like structures through high-temperature [...] Read more.
In recent years, the increasing frequency of building fires has highlighted the limitations of traditional polymeric materials due to their inadequate fireproof performance. Ceramifiable polymer composites have emerged as a promising alternative by incorporating ceramic-forming fillers that create rigid ceramic-like structures through high-temperature eutectic reactions, offering exceptional thermal insulation and fireproof properties. These composites maintain structural integrity under fire exposure through sufficient mechanical strength retention. The effects of several ceramifiable inorganic fillers (CIFs) on the properties of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) foams were systematically investigated in this study. The research demonstrated that fillers with better matrix compatibility significantly enhance the foaming quality, mechanical performance, and fireproof capabilities. Notably, the CaCO3-filled PDMS foam composite (CPF-Ca) demonstrates exceptional foaming characteristics with 84% porosity and a remarkably low density of 0.36 g/cm3. The material achieves tensile and compressive strengths of 0.22 MPa and 0.84 MPa, representing 22% and 127% enhancements, respectively, compared to pure PDMS foam (PPF). Regarding the ceramic conversion capability, the sintered residue of CPF-Ca maintains a compressive strength of 4.39 MPa under high-temperature conditions. This composite material exhibited superior fireproof performance, successfully withstanding a butane torch for 300 s without penetration while maintaining a remarkably low backside temperature of merely 83.6 °C. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Building Materials, and Repair & Renovation)
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22 pages, 365 KiB  
Review
Canine Cranial Cruciate Ligament Disease (CCLD): A Concise Review of the Recent Literature
by Michael Rafla, Peilong Yang and Ayman Mostafa
Animals 2025, 15(7), 1030; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15071030 (registering DOI) - 3 Apr 2025
Abstract
Objective: To review recent advancements in cranial cruciate ligament disease (CCLD) in dogs, focusing on diagnostic innovations and treatment options. Study Design: Literature review. Animals or Sample Population: Not applicable. Methods: Analysis of current literature on diagnostic tools and treatment techniques for CCLD, [...] Read more.
Objective: To review recent advancements in cranial cruciate ligament disease (CCLD) in dogs, focusing on diagnostic innovations and treatment options. Study Design: Literature review. Animals or Sample Population: Not applicable. Methods: Analysis of current literature on diagnostic tools and treatment techniques for CCLD, with emphasis on recent trends and advancements. Results: Enhanced diagnostic tools, such as Computed Tomography (CT), offer detailed anatomical insights, improving the accuracy of CCLD assessments. Treatment approaches include extra-articular techniques like lateral fabellar suture stabilization, intra-articular methods with natural and synthetic implants, and advanced surgical procedures such as Tibial Plateau Leveling Osteotomy (TPLO), Tibial Tuberosity Advancement (TTA), and arthroscopy. Recent trends favor combining techniques, such as TPLO with lateral fabellar sutures or arthroscopy with TPLO, to optimize outcomes. Intra-articular techniques, while promising, may face challenges related to graft choice and tunnel placement. Conclusions: A multifaceted approach integrating advanced diagnostics and tailored treatments enhances patient outcomes for CCLD. Ongoing advancements in both diagnostic and therapeutic strategies are crucial for effective management. Clinical Significance/Impact: This review highlights recent advancements and research in diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for CCLD, providing valuable insights for veterinary surgeons and researchers. The integration of these advanced approaches is essential for improving clinical outcomes in canine CCLD management. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exploring Advanced Techniques in Radiography and Ultrasonography in Veterinary Medicine)
15 pages, 5985 KiB  
Article
Effect of Compaction Degree on the Carbonation Properties of Steel Slag
by Zihan Yan, Wenxiao Fu, Longbin Zhao, Ziyan Gao, Sitong Chen, Qianruo Wang and Wei Long
Materials 2025, 18(7), 1629; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18071629 (registering DOI) - 3 Apr 2025
Abstract
Carbonation technology offers a novel approach to enhance steel slag performance, where the compaction degree plays a pivotal role in optimizing the carbonation process. This study reveals that as the compaction degree increases, the peak temperature in the carbonation environment gradually decreases, and [...] Read more.
Carbonation technology offers a novel approach to enhance steel slag performance, where the compaction degree plays a pivotal role in optimizing the carbonation process. This study reveals that as the compaction degree increases, the peak temperature in the carbonation environment gradually decreases, and the intensity of the carbonation reaction weakens. Post-carbonating, the compressive strength initially increases before declining, peaking at a compaction degree of 60%. At this optimal compaction degree, the material achieves a compressive strength of 124.4 MPa and a CO2 uptake of 14.5%. The analysis of pore size distribution and carbonation products reveals that steel slag compacts with lower compaction degrees exhibit larger internal pores, leading to dispersed and isolated carbonation products, which restrict performance improvement. Conversely, excessively high compaction degrees cause the premature blockage of gas diffusion pathways by calcium carbonate particles, which impede the carbonation process and degrade the mechanical performance. The moderate compaction of steel slag effectively prevents the early blockage of gas channels, and significantly facilitates the accumulation and bonding of carbonation products, thereby achieving the superior performance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Development of Sustainable Concrete with Solid Waste and By-Products)
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24 pages, 1741 KiB  
Article
Understanding the Impacts of Rainfall Variability on Natural Forage–Livestock Dynamics in Arid and Semi-Arid Environments
by Thabo S. Nketsang, Semu Mitiku Kassa, Moatlhodi Kgosimore and Gizaw Mengistu Tsidu
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(7), 3918; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15073918 (registering DOI) - 3 Apr 2025
Abstract
Arid and semi-arid environments are characterized by highly variable and unpredictable rainfall patterns, which significantly affect the structure and function of natural ecosystems. Understanding the interconnected relationship between climate variability, forage availability, and livestock dynamics in these regions is crucial to ensure sustainable [...] Read more.
Arid and semi-arid environments are characterized by highly variable and unpredictable rainfall patterns, which significantly affect the structure and function of natural ecosystems. Understanding the interconnected relationship between climate variability, forage availability, and livestock dynamics in these regions is crucial to ensure sustainable management. This study provides novel insights into the effects of rainfall variability on natural forage resources and livestock populations in Botswana. In this arid region, traditional livestock farming remains a key economic and food security pillar. By employing a mathematical model based on plant–herbivore interactions, this article quantitatively evaluates the impact of changes in rainfall timing and intensity on forage biomass and, subsequently, livestock populations. A robust analysis of critical threshold values for ecosystem sustainability is possible when real-world climate data are incorporated. This study examines the effects of harvesting and rainfall variability on livestock dynamics across different locations in Botswana. Delayed rainfall leads to a sharp decline in livestock, while Sehitlwa sees biomass loss without a notable reduction in herd size. In Kgagodi, for example, livestock numbers decline by 37% without harvesting, but they remain stable with controlled harvesting. Conversely, Letlhakeng experiences a 6% increase in livestock numbers despite delayed rainfall, which results in a biomass decline. Both Mabutsane and Letlhakeng maintain stable livestock numbers. The findings confirm that early and intense rainfall enhances livestock productivity, while delayed or reduced rainfall leads to population decline, aligning with observed trends in historical data. Additionally, the study underscores the potential of adaptive livestock harvesting strategies as a viable approach to mitigating climate-related risks in grazing systems. As this work integrates theoretical modeling with empirical climate data, it contributes to understanding arid land dynamics, providing a predictive method for assessing ecosystem responses to climate variability. These insights are invaluable for policymakers, conservationists, and local farmers seeking sustainable livestock management practices in the face of changing climatic conditions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Ecology Science and Engineering)
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24 pages, 2622 KiB  
Review
Comprehending the Role of Metabolic and Hemodynamic Factors Alongside Different Signaling Pathways in the Pathogenesis of Diabetic Nephropathy
by Yashumati Ratan, Aishwarya Rajput, Ashutosh Pareek, Aaushi Pareek and Gurjit Singh
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(7), 3330; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26073330 (registering DOI) - 3 Apr 2025
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a progressive microvascular disorder of diabetes that contributes as a primary reason for end-stage renal disease worldwide. The pathological hallmarks of DN include diffuse mesangial expansion, thicker basement membrane of glomeruli, and arteriole hyalinosis. Hypertension and chronic hyperglycemia are [...] Read more.
Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a progressive microvascular disorder of diabetes that contributes as a primary reason for end-stage renal disease worldwide. The pathological hallmarks of DN include diffuse mesangial expansion, thicker basement membrane of glomeruli, and arteriole hyalinosis. Hypertension and chronic hyperglycemia are the primary risk factors contributing to the occurrence of DN. The complex pathophysiology of DN involves the interplay amongst metabolic and hemodynamic pathways, growth factors and cytokines production, oxidative stress, and ultimately impaired kidney function. Hyperglycemia-induced vascular dysfunction is the main pathological mechanism that initiates DN. However, several other pathogenic mechanisms, such as oxidative stress, inflammatory cell infiltration, and fibrosis, contribute to disease progression. Different vasoactive hormone processes, including endothelin and renin–angiotensin, are activated as a part of the pathophysiology of DN, which also involves increased intraglomerular and systemic pressure. The pathophysiology of DN will continue to be better understood because of recent developments in genomics and molecular biology, but attempts to develop a comprehensive theory that explains all existing cellular and biochemical pathways have been thwarted by the disease’s multifactorial nature. This review extensively discusses the current understanding regarding the metabolic and hemodynamic pathological mechanisms, along with other signaling pathways and molecules responsible for the pathogenesis of DN. This work will encourage a greater in-depth understanding and investigation of the present status of the biochemical mechanistic processes underlying the pathogenesis of DN, which may assist in the determination of different biomarkers and help in the design and development of novel drug candidates in the near future. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Targets for Pain Regulation)
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17 pages, 1224 KiB  
Article
Numerical Approximation of the In Situ Combustion Model Using the Nonlinear Mixed Complementarity Method
by Julio César Agustin Sangay, Alexis Rodriguez Carranza, Juan Carlos Ponte Bejarano, José Luis Ponte Bejarano, Eddy Cristiam Miranda Ramos, Obidio Rubio and Franco Rubio-López
Fluids 2025, 10(4), 92; https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids10040092 (registering DOI) - 3 Apr 2025
Abstract
In this work, we study a numerical method to approximate the exact solution of a simple in situ combustion model. To achieve this, we use the mixed nonlinear complementarity method (MNCP), a variation of the Newton method for solving nonlinear systems, incorporating a [...] Read more.
In this work, we study a numerical method to approximate the exact solution of a simple in situ combustion model. To achieve this, we use the mixed nonlinear complementarity method (MNCP), a variation of the Newton method for solving nonlinear systems, incorporating a single Hadamard product in its formulation. The method is based on an implicit finite difference scheme and a mixed nonlinear complementarity algorithm (FDA-MNCP). One of its main advantages is that it ensures global convergence, unlike the finite difference method and the Newton method, which only guarantee local convergence. We apply this theory to an in situ combustion model, reformulating it in terms of mixed complementarity. Additionally, we compare it with the FDA-NCP method, demonstrating that the FDA-MNCP is computationally more efficient when the spatial discretization is refined. Full article
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16 pages, 3102 KiB  
Article
AI-Powered Prediction of Dental Space Maintainer Needs Using X-Ray Imaging: A CNN-Based Approach for Pediatric Dentistry
by Aslıhan Yelkenci, Günseli Güven Polat, Emir Oncu and Fatih Ciftci
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(7), 3920; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15073920 (registering DOI) - 3 Apr 2025
Abstract
Space maintainers (SMs) are essential for preserving dental arch integrity after premature tooth loss. This study aimed to develop a deep learning model to predict the necessity of SMs and identify specific teeth requiring intervention. A dataset of 400 dental X-rays was preprocessed [...] Read more.
Space maintainers (SMs) are essential for preserving dental arch integrity after premature tooth loss. This study aimed to develop a deep learning model to predict the necessity of SMs and identify specific teeth requiring intervention. A dataset of 400 dental X-rays was preprocessed to standardize image dimensions and convert them into numerical representations for machine learning. The dataset was divided into training (80%) and testing (20%) subsets. A Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) was designed with multiple convolutional and pooling layers, followed by fully connected layers for binary classification. The model was trained using 30 epochs and evaluated with accuracy, precision, recall, F1-score, ROC AUC, and MCC. The CNN achieved 94% accuracy, with a precision of 0.93 for Class 0 (no SM needed) and 0.95 for Class 1 (SM needed). The ROC AUC was 0.94, and the MCC was 0.875, indicating strong reliability. When tested on 86 X-ray images, the model successfully identified specific teeth (showing teeth number) requiring SMs, with minimal errors. These results suggest that the proposed AI model provides high-performance predictions for SM necessity, offering a valuable decision-support tool for pediatric dentistry. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Computing and Artificial Intelligence)
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34 pages, 5481 KiB  
Article
A Novel Framework for Optimizing Peri-Implant Soft Tissue in Subcrestally Placed Implants in Single Molar Cases: Integrating Transitional and Subcrestal Zones for Biological Stability
by Chiyun Won
J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14(7), 2435; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14072435 (registering DOI) - 3 Apr 2025
Abstract
Background/Objectives: The peri-implant soft tissue seal is crucial for the long-term success of subcrestally placed implants (SPIs). However, conventional biologic width—now referred to as supracrestal tissue attachment (STA)—models, originally developed for natural teeth, fail to account for the three-dimensional nature of peri-implant soft [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: The peri-implant soft tissue seal is crucial for the long-term success of subcrestally placed implants (SPIs). However, conventional biologic width—now referred to as supracrestal tissue attachment (STA)—models, originally developed for natural teeth, fail to account for the three-dimensional nature of peri-implant soft tissue adaptation. This study introduces a novel framework integrating the concepts of the transitional zone (TZ) and subcrestal zone (SZ) to systematically optimize peri-implant soft tissue architecture. Methods: A mathematical model was developed to determine the optimal implant placement depth by incorporating the emergence angle (EA), soft tissue thickness (STT), and peripheral crestal offset (PCO). Additionally, a three-dimensional peri-implant soft tissue analysis (3DSTA) approach utilizing cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) imaging was implemented to evaluate peri-implant soft tissue adaptation and emergence profile design. Clinical parameters were analyzed to establish guidelines for optimizing SPI placement depth and peri-implant soft tissue stability. Results: This study introduces the concept of self-sustained soft tissue (SSST), a biologically functional structure composed of the TZ and SZ, which enhances peri-implant health and stability. The proposed framework provides clinical guidelines for optimizing SPI placement depth, emergence profile contouring, and peri-implant soft tissue thickness to mitigate the risk of peri-implant mucositis. By shifting from a traditional two-dimensional perspective to a multidimensional analysis, this approach offers an evidence-based foundation for achieving biologically stable and esthetically predictable outcomes. Conclusions: The proposed three-dimensional model advances the understanding of peri-implant soft tissue adaptation by integrating novel anatomical and biomechanical concepts. By redefining peri-implant biologic width through the introduction of TZ and SZ, this study provides a structured framework for optimizing SPI placement and soft tissue management. Future research should focus on validating this model through histological studies and long-term clinical trials to refine its application in clinical practice. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Dentistry, Oral Surgery and Oral Medicine)
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22 pages, 10074 KiB  
Article
Exogenous Melatonin Application Enhances Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) Fruit Quality via Activation of the Phenylpropanoid Metabolism
by Feibiao Gao, Kangning Han, Weilan Ma, Jing Zhang and Jianming Xie
Foods 2025, 14(7), 1247; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods14071247 (registering DOI) - 3 Apr 2025
Abstract
Melatonin (MT) is an elicitor that stimulates phenolic compounds biosynthesis and accumulation in fruits and vegetables. However, its role in regulating phenolic compounds and the phenylpropane metabolism during pepper ripening is unclear. To investigate how exogenous MT regulates phenolic compounds biosynthesis during pepper [...] Read more.
Melatonin (MT) is an elicitor that stimulates phenolic compounds biosynthesis and accumulation in fruits and vegetables. However, its role in regulating phenolic compounds and the phenylpropane metabolism during pepper ripening is unclear. To investigate how exogenous MT regulates phenolic compounds biosynthesis during pepper ripening, pepper plant surfaces were sprayed with different MT concentrations (0 and 100 µmol·L−1) 10 days after anthesis. MT treatment improved pepper fruits quality. In particular, total phenolics and flavonoids compounds levels were elevated, indicating that MT affected phenolic compounds metabolism. Furthermore, metabolomics identified 15 substances exhibiting high fold-change values after MT treatment, including chlorogenic acid, gallic acid, ferulic acid, caffeic acid, cynarin, p-coumaric acid, cinnamic acid, gentianic acid, benzoic acid, sinapic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, protocatechuic acid, rutin, quercetin, and kaempferol. Shikimate dehydrogenase, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, cinnamate-4-hydroxylase, 4-coumarate-Coa ligase, chalcone synthase, and chalcone isomerase activities were also evaluated. MT upregulated the expression of genes involved in phenolic compounds synthesis during pepper ripening and that of corresponding genes involved in the endogenous MT anabolic pathway, promoting endogenous. The polyphenolics and carbohydrates are indicators of the botanical and geographical origin of Serbian autochthonous clones of red spice MT synthesis throughout pepper ripening. In summary, exogenous MT accelerates phenolic compounds synthesis in pepper fruits by activating phenylpropane metabolism and modulating endogenous hormone signaling networks. This is expected to offer a revolutionary strategy to reinforce pepper plants resistance and quality. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Food Nutrition)
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17 pages, 17326 KiB  
Article
Enhanced Adaptive Sine Multi-Taper Power Spectral Density Estimation for System Performance Evaluation in Low-Frequency Gravitational Wave Detection
by Caiyun Liu, Yang Li, Changkang Fu, Hongming Zhang, Qiang Wang, Dong He and Yongmei Huang
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(7), 3919; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15073919 (registering DOI) - 3 Apr 2025
Abstract
The power spectral density estimation algorithms, logarithmic frequency axis for power spectral density (LPSD), and the LISA-LPSD algorithm are widely utilized in the implementation of system evaluations for space-based gravitational-wave-detection projects, particularly in the low-frequency band ranging from 0.1 mHz to 1 Hz. [...] Read more.
The power spectral density estimation algorithms, logarithmic frequency axis for power spectral density (LPSD), and the LISA-LPSD algorithm are widely utilized in the implementation of system evaluations for space-based gravitational-wave-detection projects, particularly in the low-frequency band ranging from 0.1 mHz to 1 Hz. However, existing adaptive sine multi-taper algorithms suffer from low resolution and high computational complexity in obtaining the optimal cone number across the entire frequency domain, which has hindered its application in this field. These algorithms often face challenges related to inadequate resolution when dealing with low-frequency signals, as well as the issue of high computational demands. In response to these challenges, this paper introduces an advanced adaptive sine multi-taper algorithm designed to optimize the determination of the cone number. By balancing the relationship between bias and variance, this approach facilitates gradient processing of the cone number specifically tailored for low-frequency signals. Comparative evaluations against the LPSD algorithm, the original adaptive sine multi-taper algorithm, and the LISA-LPSD algorithm reveal that the proposed method demonstrates superior spectral resolution and reduced algorithmic complexity. This improvement offers a more effective solution for the system evaluation of low-frequency gravitational-wave-detection projects. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Innovations in AI and Signal Processing for Advanced Sensing, Radar, RFID, and Communication Systems)
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18 pages, 2025 KiB  
Article
Immunogenicity of Trypanosoma cruzi Multi-Epitope Recombinant Protein as an Antigen Candidate for Chagas Disease Vaccine in Humans
by Christian F. Teh-Poot, Andrea Alfaro-Chacón, Landy M. Pech-Pisté, Miguel E. Rosado-Vallado, Oluwatoyin Ajibola Asojo, Liliana E. Villanueva-Lizama, Eric Dumonteil and Julio Vladimir Cruz-Chan
Pathogens 2025, 14(4), 342; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens14040342 (registering DOI) - 3 Apr 2025
Abstract
Chagas disease, caused by the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi (T. cruzi), is the most significant neglected tropical disease affecting individuals in the Americas. Currently, available drugs, such as nifurtimox and benznidazole (BZN), are both toxic and ineffective in the chronic phase of [...] Read more.
Chagas disease, caused by the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi (T. cruzi), is the most significant neglected tropical disease affecting individuals in the Americas. Currently, available drugs, such as nifurtimox and benznidazole (BZN), are both toxic and ineffective in the chronic phase of the disease. A promising alternative is the development of a Chagas disease vaccine, although this effort is hampered by the complexity of the parasite and HLA polymorphisms. In addition, the activation of epitope-specific CD8+ T cells is critical to conferring a robust cell-mediated immune response and protection by producing IFN-γ and perforin. Thus, the antigen (s) for the development of a Chagas vaccine or immunotherapy must include CD8+ T cell epitopes. In this study, we aimed to develop a multi-epitope recombinant protein as a novel human vaccine for Chagas disease. Sixteen database programs were used to predict de novo 40 potential epitopes for the HLA-A*02:01 allele. Nine out of the 40 predicted epitopes were able to elicit IFN-γ production in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (PBMCs) from Chagas patients. Molecular docking revealed a good binding affinity among the epitopes with diverse HLA molecules. Therefore, a recombinant multi-epitope protein including these nine T. cruzi CD8+ epitopes was expressed and demonstrated to recall an antigen-specific immune response in ex-vivo assays using PBMCs from Chagas patients with the HLA-A*02 allele. These findings support the development of this multi-epitope protein as a promising candidate human vaccine against Chagas disease. Full article
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18 pages, 3515 KiB  
Article
Potassium/Sodium Citrate Attenuates Paclitaxel-Induced Peripheral Neuropathy
by Daisuke Uta, Hideki Nakamura, Kengo Maruo, Kanoko Matsumura, Yohei Usami and Toshiaki Kume
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(7), 3329; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26073329 (registering DOI) - 3 Apr 2025
Abstract
Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) is a significant adverse event with unclear mechanisms and limited treatment alternatives. This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of two alkalizing agents, a mixture of potassium citrate and sodium citrate (K/Na citrate) or sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3), [...] Read more.
Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) is a significant adverse event with unclear mechanisms and limited treatment alternatives. This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of two alkalizing agents, a mixture of potassium citrate and sodium citrate (K/Na citrate) or sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3), in preventing and treating paclitaxel (PTX)-induced mechanical allodynia in rodents. The results from rodent models demonstrated that repeated prophylactic administration of K/Na citrate or NaHCO3 could inhibit the development of PTX-induced mechanical allodynia. Moreover, K/Na citrate was effective in preventing the PTX-induced exacerbation of mechanical allodynia, even when treatment was initiated immediately after the onset of allodynia. K/Na citrate also reduced the levels of the plasma complement component anaphylatoxin C3a in a PTX-induced CIPN rat model. Complement activation, resulting in the production of C3a, has been implicated in the pathogenesis of this model. Additionally, pretreatment with Na citrate significantly prevented the reduction in neurite outgrowth caused by PTX. Furthermore, K/Na citrate inhibited spontaneous and mechanical stimuli-induced firing in spinal dorsal horn neurons. These findings indicate that K/Na citrate may regulate the development of PTX-induced mechanical allodynia by modulating complement activation and providing neuroprotection against PTX-induced peripheral nerve injury. This study implies that alkalization could help prevent PTX-induced peripheral neuropathy and mitigate its exacerbation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Peripheral Neuropathies: Molecular Research and Novel Therapy—2nd Edition)
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27 pages, 7550 KiB  
Article
Effect of Nano TiO2 Flux on Depth of Penetration and Mechanical Properties of TIG-Welded SA516 Grade 70 Steel Joints—An Experimental Investigation
by Rakesh Narayanan, Krishnaswamy Rameshkumar, Arangot Sumesh, Balakrishnan Shankar and Dinu Thomas Thekkuden
Metals 2025, 15(4), 399; https://doi.org/10.3390/met15040399 (registering DOI) - 3 Apr 2025
Abstract
This research investigates the application of activated tungsten inert gas (A-TIG) welding on boiler grade SA516 Grade 70 carbon steel using nano titanium dioxide (TiO2) nano flux to enhance weld penetration depth, microstructure, and mechanical properties. A unique flux application technique [...] Read more.
This research investigates the application of activated tungsten inert gas (A-TIG) welding on boiler grade SA516 Grade 70 carbon steel using nano titanium dioxide (TiO2) nano flux to enhance weld penetration depth, microstructure, and mechanical properties. A unique flux application technique was devised and experiments were carried out. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was utilized to optimize weld parameters, namely arc length, welding current, and travel speed.The selection between A-TIG and TIG welding significantly influences penetration depth, as A-TIG benefits from arc constriction and elevated current density. The welding speed is crucial for controlling heat input, whereas current and arc length enhance penetration by influencing arc force and energy distribution. Optimizing all three parameters guarantees optimal penetration and weld quality. Microstructural research revealed enhanced mechanical properties in A-TIG weldments, distinguished by acicular ferrite in the fusion zone, which augmented toughness and tensile strength (520 MPa) compared to TIG weldments (470 MPa) and the base metal (480 MPa). Although A-TIG welds exhibited reduced impact toughness (68 J) relative to the base metal (128 J), A-TIG joints had superior ductility. The findings of this research clearly demonstrate the A-TIG welding process improved the depth of penetration and mechanical strength of the weld joints. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Welding and Joining)
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