Chemical Composition and in Vitro Evaluation of the Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of Eucalyptus gillii Essential Oil and Extracts
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Chemical Composition
2.1.1. Essential Oil
N° | RI | Compounds | %Area |
---|---|---|---|
1 | 936 | α-pinene | 10.0 |
2 | 951 | α-fenchene | 0.2 |
3 | 1025 | p-cymene | 14.2 |
4 | 1028 | limonene | 1.4 |
5 | 1030 | 1,8-cineole | 43.8 |
6 | 1033 | β-phellandrene | 0.1 |
7 | 1057 | γ-terpinene | 0.2 |
8 | 1086 | α-terpinolene | 0.2 |
9 | 1105 | fenchol | 0.1 |
10 | 1138 | trans-2-caren-4-ol * | 0.1 |
11 | 1140 | cis-sabinol | 5.2 |
12 | 1145 | trans-verbenol | 0.1 |
13 | 1166 | borneol | 0.3 |
14 | 1168 | pinocarvone | 2.6 |
15 | 1195 | myrtenal | 0.2 |
16 | 1202 | myrtenol | 0.2 |
17 | 1208 | verbenone | 0.5 |
18 | 1237 | pulegone | 0.1 |
19 | 1237 | cuminaldehyde | 0.2 |
20 | 1280 | piperitone | 0.3 |
21 | 1288 | p-cymen-7-ol | 0.1 |
22 | 1388 | β-bourbonene | 0.5 |
23 | 1516 | α-selinene | 3.1 |
24 | 1527 | calamenene | 0.1 |
25 | 1560 | germacrene B | 1.1 |
26 | 1576 | spathulenol | 4.1 |
27 | 1578 | globulol | 0.4 |
28 | 1590 | viridiflorol | 0.5 |
29 | 1596 | guaiol | 1.0 |
30 | 1648 | γ-eudesmol | 3.6 |
31 | 1650 | α-cadinol | 1.2 |
32 | 1651 | β-eudesmol | 3.2 |
33 | 1805 | nootkatone * | 0.2 |
34 | nd | dihydroumbellulone | 0.1 |
Total | 99.5 | ||
Monoterpene hydrocarbons | 12.2 | ||
Oxygenated monoterpenes | 53.6 | ||
Sesquiterpenes hydrocarbons | 4.9 | ||
Oxygenated sesquiterpenes | 14.2 | ||
Others | 14.7 |
2.1.2. Various Extracts
Samples | Yield (%) |
---|---|
Essential oil | 2.3 ± 0.1 a |
Hexane | 30.7 ± 0.3 b |
Petroleum ether | 0.3 ± 0.0 c |
Acetone | 5.2 ± 0.0 d |
Ethanol | 9.0 ± 0.2 e |
Methanol | 6.4 ± 0.0 d |
Water | 5.3 ± 0.0 d |
Extracts | Phenolics (GAE) a | Tannins (CE) a | Flavonoids (QE) a | Anthocyanins (C3GE) b |
---|---|---|---|---|
Hexane | nd a | 152.2 ± 1.4 a | 4.0 ± 0.1 a | 45.3 ± 0.1 a |
Petroleum ether | 4.5 ± 0.0 b | 133.5 ± 0.8 b | 3.3 ± 0.1 b | 43.4 ± 0.2 a |
Acetone | 53.7 ± 0.1 c | 104.9 ± 1.4 c | 27.6 ± 0.4 c | 4.7 ± 0.2 b |
Ethanol | 143.4 ± 0.1 d | 148.6 ± 1.6 a | 34.3 ± 0.1 d | nd c |
Methanol | 143.2 ± 0.7 d | 251.3 ± 0.7 d | 23.9 ± 0.3 e | 1.3 ± 0.0 d |
Water | 216.6 ± 0.4 e | 231.7 ± 0.8 e | 14.4 ± 0.2 f | 1.2 ± 0.0 d |
2.2. Antioxidant Activity
2.2.1. Essential Oil
2.2.2. Various Extracts
2.3. Antimicrobial Activity
2.3.1. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of Essential Oil
2.3.2. Various Extracts
Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (mg/mL) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gram positive bacteria | Gram negative bacteria | Yeast | Fungi | ||||||||||
Samples | B. subtilis | S. aureus | L. monocytogenes | P. aeruginosa | S. enterica | E. coli | K. pneumoniae | S. cerevisiae | C. albicans | A. parasiticus | M. ramamnianus | F. culmorum | |
Essential oil | 3.90 ± 0.11 a | 3.12 ± 0.08 b | 0.78 ± 0.02 c | 3.90 ± 0.09 a | 3.12 ± 0.06 b | 3.90 ± 0.14 a | 2.34 ± 0.07 d | 3.90 ± 0.10 a | 3.12 ± 0.08 b | 3.90 ± 0.12 a | 3.12 ± 0.10 b | 3.12 ± 0.08 b | |
Ampicillin | 0.02 ± 0.00 | 0.02 ± 0.00 | 0.02 ± 0.00 | 0.01 ± 0.00 | 0.02 ± 0.00 | 0.02 ± 0.00 | 0.01 ± 0.00 | 0.02 ± 0.00 | 0.02 ± 0.00 | 0.02 ± 0.00 | 0.02 ± 0.00 | 0.02 ± 0.00 | |
Nalidixic acid | 0.02 ± 0.00 | 0.02 ± 0.00 | 0.02 ± 0.00 | 0.01 ± 0.00 | 0.02 ± 0.00 | 0.02 ± 0.00 | 0.01 ± 0.00 | 0.08 ± 0.00 | 0.02 ± 0.00 | 0.02 ± 0.00 | 0.02 ± 0.00 | 0.02 ± 0.00 | |
Nystatin | 0.02 ± 0.00 | 0.08 ± 0.00 | 0.08 ± 0.00 | 0.02 ± 0.00 | 0.02 ± 0.00 | 0.02 ± 0.00 | 0.02 ± 0.00 | 0.02 ± 0.00 | 0.02 ± 0.00 | 0.01 ± 0.00 | 0.02 ± 0.00 | 0.02 ± 0.00 |
Zones of inhibition (mm) | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gram positive bacteria | Gram negative bacteria | Yeast | Fungi | |||||||||
Samples | B. subtilis | S. aureus | L. monocytogenes | P. aeruginosa | S. enterica | E. coli | K. pneumoniae | S. cerevisiae | C. albicans | A. parasiticus | M. ramamnianus | F. culmorum |
Hexane | 14 ± 0 a | 11 ± 0 a | - a | 12 ± 0 a | 13 ± 0 a | 14 ± 0 a | 12 ± 0 a | 12 ± 0 a | 11 ± 0 a | 12 ± 0 a | 12 ± 0 a | 14 ± 0 a |
Petroleum ether | 13 ± 0a | 12 ± 0 a | 20 ± 0 b | 13 ± 0 a | 18 ± 0 b | - b | 13 ± 0 a | 11 ± 0 a | 11 ± 0 a | 12 ± 0 a | - b | 12 ± 0 a |
Acetone | 16 ± 0a | 13 ± 0 a | 13 ± 0 c | 13 ± 0 a | 14 ± 0 a | 12 ± 0 a | 12 ± 0 a | 14 ± 0 a | 15 ± 0 b | 11 ± 0 a | - b | - b |
Ethanol | 16 ± 0 a | 18 ± 0 b | 11 ± 0 c | 15 ± 0 b | 15 ± 0 a | 15 ± 0 a | 17 ± 0 b | 15 ± 0 b | 16 ± 0 b | 15 ± 0 b | 14 ± 0 a | 15 ± 0 c |
Methanol | 20 ± 1 b | 15 ± 0 c | 16 ± 0 d | - c | 13 ± 0 a | 17 ± 0 c | 13 ± 0 a | 17 ± 0 b | 13 ± 0 a | 13 ± 0 a | 13 ± 0 a | 16 ± 0 c |
Water | - c | - d | - a | - c | - c | - b | - c | - c | - c | - c | - b | - b |
Ampicillin | 54 ± 2 c | 20 ± 0 b | 31 ± 1 e | |||||||||
Nalidixic acid | 19 ± 0 d | 27 ± 1 d | 30 ± 1 d | 28 ± 0 d | ||||||||
Nystatin | 29 ± 1 d | 30 ± 1 d | 24 ± 0 d | 31 ± 1 c | 30 ± 1 d |
3. Experimental
3.1. Chemicals
3.2. Collection of Plant Material
3.3. Extraction
3.3.1. Isolation of Essential oil
3.3.2. Preparation of Extracts
3.4. Gas Chromatography and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry
3.5. Free Radical Scavenging Activity: DPPH Test
3.6. ABTS Radical-Scavenging Assay
3.7. Total Amount of Phenolic Compounds
3.8. Condensed Tannin Content
3.9. Total Flavonoids Determination
3.10. Determination of Total Anthocyanin Content
3.11. Antimicrobial Activity
3.11.1. Microbial Strains
3.11.2. MIC Agar Dilution Assay
3.11.3. Disc-Diffusion Assay
3.12. Statistical Analysis
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Supplementary File 1Acknowledgments
References
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Ben Hassine, D.; Abderrabba, M.; Yvon, Y.; Lebrihi, A.; Mathieu, F.; Couderc, F.; Bouajila, J. Chemical Composition and in Vitro Evaluation of the Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of Eucalyptus gillii Essential Oil and Extracts. Molecules 2012, 17, 9540-9558. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules17089540
Ben Hassine D, Abderrabba M, Yvon Y, Lebrihi A, Mathieu F, Couderc F, Bouajila J. Chemical Composition and in Vitro Evaluation of the Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of Eucalyptus gillii Essential Oil and Extracts. Molecules. 2012; 17(8):9540-9558. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules17089540
Chicago/Turabian StyleBen Hassine, Dorsaf, Manef Abderrabba, Yan Yvon, Ahmed Lebrihi, Florence Mathieu, François Couderc, and Jalloul Bouajila. 2012. "Chemical Composition and in Vitro Evaluation of the Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of Eucalyptus gillii Essential Oil and Extracts" Molecules 17, no. 8: 9540-9558. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules17089540