Seasonal Difference in Antioxidant Capacity and Active Compounds Contents of Eucommia ulmoides Oliver Leaf
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Phenolics and Flavonoids Contents
Harvest time | Flavonoids | Phenolic compounds | Rutin | Quercetin | Chlorogenic acid | Geniposidic acid | Aucubin |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2009 | |||||||
May | 18.6 ± 2.31 a | 87.8 ± 3.91 c | 13.9 ± 2.02 a | 0.62 ± 0.06 a | 35.5 ± 1.17 c | 10.1 ± 1.19 c | 19.7 ± 0.28 a |
June | 15.1 ± 1.46 b | 85.9 ± 4.40 c | 11.5 ± 2.44 b | 0.38 ± 0.03 b | 40.1 ± 2.84 b | 17.4 ± 2.31 a | 14.2 ± 2.10 b |
July | 15.8 ± 2.63 b | 96.6 ± 7.65 b | 12.7 ± 0.84 b | 0.35 ± 0.01 b | 34.9 ± 2.54 c | 12.9 ± 1.77 b | 6.5 ± 0.85 d |
August | 13.6 ± 1.73 b | 99.7 ± 2.90 b | 9.8 ± 1.75 c | 0.27 ± 0.03 c | 39.4 ± 1.98 b | 13.6 ± 0.39 b | 13.3 ± 1.46 b |
September | 14.2 ± 1.37 b | 89.6 ± 6.29 c | 10.3 ± 1.53 c | 0.33 ± 0.04 b | 34.7 ± 2.65 c | 13.1 ± 2.42 b | 15.2 ± 1.97 b |
October | 14.5 ± 3.94 b | 83.4 ± 5.24 c | 10.6 ± 0.97 c | 0.42 ± 0.02 b | 29.9 ± 3.08 d | 12.7 ± 1.05 b | 13.2 ± 2.32 b |
2010 | |||||||
May | 21.3 ± 2.74 a | 84.2 ± 6.65 c | 14.1 ± 1.55 a | 0.56 ± 0.06 a | 38.5 ± 3.96 b | 16.2 ± 0.69 a | 17.4 ± 2.47 a |
June | 14.3 ± 2.11 b | 90.1 ± 1.42 c | 12.3 ± 1.87 b | 0.45 ± 0.07 b | 46.9 ± 1.06 a | 15.3 ± 2.15 a | 16.5 ± 1.39 a |
July | 15.6 ± 1.06 b | 101.7 ± 5.97 b | 9.6 ± 1.11c | 0.38 ± 0.05 b | 35.6 ± 1.19 c | 12.4 ± 1.73 b | 14.6 ± 0.48 b |
August | 11.4 ± 0.97 c | 93.6 ± 2.61 b | 8.7 ± 0.98 c | 0.44 ± 0.08 b | 38.2 ± 3.21 b | 12.7 ± 0.69 b | 13.1 ± 1.96 b |
September | 12.1 ± 1.63 c | 87.4 ± 8.39 c | 10.2 ± 0.75 c | 0.25 ± 0.03 c | 26.3 ± 1.25d | 13.5 ± 1.63 b | 14.2 ± 1.52 b |
October | 9.5 ± 1.72 c | 70.8 ± 6.61 d | 7.6 ± 2.15 d | 0.34 ± 0.03 b | 29.7 ± 4.01 d | 13.2 ± 2.04 b | 9.9 ± 0.34 c |
2011 | |||||||
May | 17.5 ± 0.88 a | 75.8 ± 9.43 d | 14.2 ± 0.84 a | 0.58 ± 0.05 a | 36.1 ± 2.35 c | 12.3 ± 1.29 b | 16.3 ± 1.05 a |
June | 16.2 ± 1.79 b | 84.3 ± 6.49 c | 14.3 ± 1.48 a | 0.66 ± 0.08 a | 39.2 ± 1.86 b | 15.6 ± 0.93 a | 15.8 ± 1.93 a |
July | 14.2 ± 1.28 b | 97.7 ± 4.32 b | 12 ± 1.87 b | 0.36 ± 0.03 b | 41.8 ± 2.21 b | 14.8 ± 1.08 a | 13.5 ± 2.36 b |
August | 14.6 ± 2.06 b | 110 ± 5.78 a | 10.3 ± 1.59 c | 0.41 ± 0.08 b | 37.3 ± 2.38 c | 13.2 ± 1.86 b | 14.5 ± 1.23 b |
September | 10.3 ± 1.83 c | 94.1 ± 9.59 b | 8.3 ± 0.68 d | 0.36 ± 0.05 b | 38.2 ± 3.45 b | 13.7 ± 1.59 b | 12.4 ± 0.48 b |
October | 10.6 ± 0.41 c | 82.9 ± 6.76 c | 8.4 ± 1.17 d | 0.45 ± 0.04 b | 32.8 ± 3.08 d | 11.5 ± 1.31 b | 13.7 ± 1.34 b |
2.2. Antioxidant Capacity
Harvest time | Antioxidant activity (Rapeseed oil) | IC50 (DPPH) | Chelating ability (Fe2+) | Inhibition effect (linoleic acid) | Inhibition effect (OH•) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
(%) | (μg/mL) | (%) | (%) | (%) | |
2009 | |||||
May | 63.00 ± 5.82 a | 147.1 ± 21.3 d | 68.94 ± 2.15 a | 67.27 ± 3.51 b | 35.93 ± 3.15 b |
June | 58.17 ± 4.37 a | 135.3 ± 15.0 c | 70.11 ± 3.55 a | 58.82 ± 3.80 b | 15.93 ± 2.15 d |
July | 47.51 ± 6.61 b | 152.9 ± 15.8 d | 68.73 ± 3.82 a | 64.43 ± 5.58 b | 24.84 ± 3.21 c |
August | 42.89 ± 3.22 b | 134.4 ± 17.2 c | 72.11 ± 4.61 a | 45.26 ± 2.29 c | 41.54 ± 2.14 b |
September | 43.54 ± 5.56 b | 189.7 ± 14.7 e | 28.63 ± 3.90 c | 32.28 ± 4.09 d | 37.91 ± 4.64 b |
October | 43.96 ± 4.48 b | 215.2 ± 16.0 f | 60.67 ± 1.47 b | 34.36 ± 2.19 d | 17.03 ± 5.10 d |
2010 | |||||
May | 68.35 ± 3.56 a | 162.5 ± 10.6 d | 60.76 ± 2.38 b | 66.47 ± 4.44 b | 44.18 ± 2.89 b |
June | 50.72 ± 4.82 b | 148.8 ± 16.3 d | 47.95 ± 1.17 c | 62.85 ± 3.26 b | 43.63 ± 2.17 b |
July | 49.84 ± 5.27 b | 135.3 ± 13.7 c | 57.68 ± 3.59 b | 49.22 ± 5.32 c | 19.39 ± 4.73 d |
August | 46.73 ± 2.91 b | 136.7 ± 7.6 c | 75.32 ±3.25 a | 56.72 ± 2.85 b | 28.74 ± 5.21 c |
September | 37.69 ± 4.59 c | 200.4 ± 15.8 e | 48.94 ± 3.31 c | 47.84 ± 6.17 c | 39.82 ± 5.34 b |
October | 33.73 ± 2.14 c | 258.2 ± 21.5 g | 60.96 ± 1.81 b | 38.93 ± 2.37 d | 19.73 ± 5.26 d |
2011 | |||||
May | 61.44 ± 6.35 a | 153.7 ± 16.6 d | 59.61 ± 3.64 b | 69.25 ± 6.37 b | 38.71 ± 5.73 b |
June | 65.39 ± 3.28 a | 157.8 ± 9.4 d | 68.49 ± 2.88 a | 57.77 ± 4.92 b | 45.36 ± 4.98 b |
July | 48.51 ± 5.44 b | 142.6 ± 17.5 c | 64.36 ± 2.81 b | 50.37 ± 3.63 c | 29.13 ± 2.11 c |
August | 57.22 ± 2.79 a | 122.3 ± 12.6 c | 73.32 ± 1.59 a | 54.52 ± 3.53 c | 35.08 ± 6.27 b |
September | 53.75 ± 3.53 b | 168.5 ± 11.4 d | 64.63 ± 2.05 b | 38.16 ± 4.72 d | 27.93 ± 4.18 c |
October | 50.24 ± 5.75 b | 194.9 ± 13.5 e | 59.57 ± 2.72 b | 30.73 ± 2.65 e | 25.82 ± 4.52 c |
Compounds | |||||
BHT | 65.06 ± 2.35 a | 92.1 ± 14.8 b | −0.22 ± 3.37 d | 84.93 ± 4.24 a | 96.08 ± 3.02 a |
Ascorbic acid | 37.86 ± 3.74 c | 15.0 ± 5.5 a | 67.72 ± 3.42 a | 49.66 ± 5.11 c | 40.82 ± 4.75 b |
Rutin | 84.41 ± 4.92 d | 21.2 ± 3.6 a | 79.37 ± 4.81 a | 88.35 ± 6.79 a | 64.39 ± 3.92 e |
Chlorogenic acid | 63.84 ± 3.78 a | 118.4 ± 9.9 c | 36.55 ± 2.95 c | 82.77 ± 3.08 a | 19.84 ± 4.77 d |
Compounds | Antioxidant activity | IC50 (DPPH) | Chelating effect (Fe2+) | Inhibition effect (linoleic acid) | Inhibition effect (OH•) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
(rapeseed oil) | |||||
flavonoids | 0.704 | −0.435 | 0.054 | 0.591 | 0.298 |
phenolics | 0.144 | −0.695 | 0.212 | 0.093 | −0.072 |
rutin | 0.674 | −0.382 | 0.094 | 0.629 | 0.427 |
quercetin | 0.721 | −0.203 | 0.286 | 0.480 | 0.315 |
chlorogenic | 0.552 | −0.703 | 0.379 | 0.437 | 0.248 |
geniposidic acid | 0.252 | −0.179 | 0.091 | 0.209 | 0.131 |
aucubin | 0.571 | −0.287 | −0.087 | 0.264 | 0.467 |
3. Experimental
3.1. Materials and Chemicals
3.2. Preparation of Extracts
3.3. Antioxidant Capacity Assays
3.3.1. Antioxidant Activity in Linoleic Acid Emulsion
3.3.2. DPPH Radical Scavenging Activity
3.3.3. Hydroxyl Radical Scavenging Assay
3.3.4. Fe2+ Chelating Ability Determination
3.3.5. Antioxidant Activity in Rapeseed Oil
3.4. Determination of Contents of Antioxidants
3.4.1. Total Phenolics
3.4.2. Flavonoids
3.4.3. Chlorogenic Acid and Geniposidic Acid
3.4.4. Rutin, Quercetin
3.4.5. Aucubin
3.5. Statistical Analysis
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
- Samples Availability: Samples of the compounds of rutin, chlorogenic acid, geniposidic acid, quercetin, and aucubin are available from the authors.
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Zhang, Q.; Su, Y.; Zhang, J. Seasonal Difference in Antioxidant Capacity and Active Compounds Contents of Eucommia ulmoides Oliver Leaf. Molecules 2013, 18, 1857-1868. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules18021857
Zhang Q, Su Y, Zhang J. Seasonal Difference in Antioxidant Capacity and Active Compounds Contents of Eucommia ulmoides Oliver Leaf. Molecules. 2013; 18(2):1857-1868. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules18021857
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhang, Qiang, Yinquan Su, and Jingfang Zhang. 2013. "Seasonal Difference in Antioxidant Capacity and Active Compounds Contents of Eucommia ulmoides Oliver Leaf" Molecules 18, no. 2: 1857-1868. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules18021857