The Effect of Some 4,2 and 5,2 Bisthiazole Derivatives on Nitro-Oxidative Stress and Phagocytosis in Acute Experimental Inflammation
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Effects on the Acute Phase Bone Marrow Response
Group | Leukocyte (no./mm3) | Neutrophils (%) | Monocytes (%) | Lymphocytes (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Control | 4768.57 ± 389.12 | 54.43 ± 3.69 | 1.86 ± 0.90 | 23.43 ± 5.16 |
Inflammation | 8840.00 ± 1227.44 | 72.00 ± 3.51 | 1.57 ± 0.79 | 23.14 ± 3.67 |
Meloxicam | 4794.29 ± 669.05 | 62.14 ± 4.91 | 1.86 ± 1.07 | 21.14 ± 2.85 |
1 | 8057.50 ± 503.08 | 60.57 ± 2.23 | 1.71 ± 0.49 | 22.71 ± 3.50 |
2 | 8810.00 ± 653.57 | 68.57 ± 4.86 | 1.43 ± 0.79 | 19.14 ± 1.95 |
3 | 10,260.00 ± 522.11 | 72.43 ± 3.21 | 1.86 ± 0.90 | 18.86 ± 3.02 |
4 | 10,382.00 ± 649.36 | 76.00 ± 2.65 | 1.71 ± 0.95 | 20.43 ± 4.69 |
5 | 10,432.86 ± 656.93 | 78.17 ± 5.31 | 1.57 ± 0.53 | 22.86 ± 3.24 |
6 | 4684.00 ± 643.96 | 56.14 ± 4.74 | 1.43 ± 0.79 | 25.71 ± 4.19 |
7 | 6652.00 ± 945.79 | 68.67 ± 3.93 | 1.71 ± 0.76 | 25.43 ± 2.23 |
8 | 6725.00 ± 658.91 | 62.40 ± 3.85 | 1.57 ± 0.53 | 25.14 ± 2.73 |
9 | 6850.00 ± 771.36 | 71.71 ± 4.39 | 1.29 ± 0.49 | 22.14 ± 3.39 |
10 | 6367.14 ± 766.23 | 66.43 ± 6.40 | 1.71 ± 0.76 | 20.71 ± 2.36 |
11 | 3796.67 ± 738.12 | 52.00 ± 3.27 | 1.57 ± 0.79 | 23.43 ± 3.05 |
12 | 10,425.00 ± 693.42 | 67.57 ± 2.30 | 1.57 ± 0.79 | 22.71 ± 2.98 |
13 | 9677.50 ± 521.94 | 73.33 ± 7.31 | 1.86 ± 0.69 | 18.57 ± 1.51 |
14 | 9881.67 ± 794.06 | 72.80 ± 3.56 | 1.29 ± 0.49 | 24.29 ± 4.03 |
15 | 9995.00 ± 552.66 | 60.29 ± 3.9 | 1.57 ± 0.53 | 23.14 ± 4.88 |
16 | 3275.00 ± 861.68 | 52.00 ± 4.2 | 1.43 ± 0.79 | 22.86 ± 1.86 |
17 | 3922.86 ± 412.54 | 51.29 ± 4.5 | 1.71 ± 0.49 | 21.29 ± 5.25 |
18 | 3440.00 ± 716.87 | 49.86 ± 2.97 | 1.43 ± 0.53 | 18.00 ± 2.00 |
19 | 3037.14 ± 454.41 | 48.71 ± 2.98 | 1.57 ± 0.53 | 19.14 ± 2.19 |
2.2. Effects on the in Vitro Phagocytosis Test
2.3. Effects on the Serum Nitrites and Nitrates Levels
2.4. Serum Oxidative Stress Evaluation
2.4.1. Effects on the Serum Total Oxidant Status
2.4.2. Effects on the Serum Total Antioxidant Response
2.4.3. Effects on the Serum Oxidative Stress Index
2.5. Direct Antioxidant Effect-DPPH Radical Scavenging Assay
Co. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
IC50% | 227.7 | 716.5 | 826.3 | 905. | 192.01 | 1059.32 | >1000 | 256.1 | 276.48 | 284.19 | 855.19 |
Co. | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | Ascorbic Acid | BHT | |
IC50% | 120.3 | 275.3 | 865.7 | 370.6 | 380.1 | 275.7 | 310.1 | 305.1 | 7.4 | 16.4 |
2.6. Overall Anti-Inflammatory Activity
3. Experimental
3.1. Chemistry
4,2-Bisthiazoles | 5,2-Bisthiazoles | R1 | R2 |
---|---|---|---|
1 | 8 | -CH3 | |
- | 9 | H | |
2 | 10 | H | |
3 | 11 | H | |
4 | 12 | H | |
5 | 13 | H | |
6 | 14 | H | |
7 | 15 | H | |
- | 16 | -CH2-Cl | H |
- | 17 | -CH3 | -CO-CH3 |
- | 18 | -CH3 | -COOC2H5 |
- | 19 | -CH2-COOC2H5 | H |
3.2. Biological Evaluation
3.2.1. Animals
3.2.2. The Acute Phase Bone Marrow Response
3.2.3. In Vitro Phagocytosis Test
3.2.4. Serum Nitric Oxide Synthesis Evaluation
3.2.5. Oxidative Stress Evaluation
3.2.5.1. Serum Total Oxidant Status Determination
3.2.5.2. Serum Total Antioxidant Response Determination
3.2.5.3. Calculation of Oxidative Stress Index
3.2.6. Statistical Analysis
3.3. DPPH Radical Scavenging Assay
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Araniciu, C.; Pârvu, A.E.; Palage, M.D.; Oniga, S.D.; Benedec, D.; Oniga, I.; Oniga, O. The Effect of Some 4,2 and 5,2 Bisthiazole Derivatives on Nitro-Oxidative Stress and Phagocytosis in Acute Experimental Inflammation. Molecules 2014, 19, 9240-9256. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules19079240
Araniciu C, Pârvu AE, Palage MD, Oniga SD, Benedec D, Oniga I, Oniga O. The Effect of Some 4,2 and 5,2 Bisthiazole Derivatives on Nitro-Oxidative Stress and Phagocytosis in Acute Experimental Inflammation. Molecules. 2014; 19(7):9240-9256. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules19079240
Chicago/Turabian StyleAraniciu, Cătălin, Alina Elena Pârvu, Mariana Doina Palage, Smaranda Dafina Oniga, Daniela Benedec, Ilioara Oniga, and Ovidiu Oniga. 2014. "The Effect of Some 4,2 and 5,2 Bisthiazole Derivatives on Nitro-Oxidative Stress and Phagocytosis in Acute Experimental Inflammation" Molecules 19, no. 7: 9240-9256. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules19079240