Modification of Immobilized Titanium Dioxide Nanostructures by Argon Plasma for Photocatalytic Removal of Organic Dyes
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Characterizing of the Catalysts
2.2. Optimal Plasma Treatment Conditions
2.3. Decolorization Efficiency of Treated Catalyst vs. Non-Treated Catalyst
2.4. Reusability of Plasma-Modified Catalyst
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Materials
3.2. Apparatus
3.3. Immobilization of TiO2 and Plasma Treatment
3.4. Photocatalytic Batch Reactor
3.5. Response Surface Methodology and Experimental Design
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sample Availability: Samples of the compounds are available from the authors. |
Dye Name | Chemical Structure | Molecular Formula | Color Index Number | λmax (nm) | Mw |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Malachite Green Oxalate | C52H54N4O12 | 42000 | 618 | 921 | |
Crystal Violet | C25H30N3Cl | 42555 | 595 | 408 |
Run No. | Variables (Level) | Decolorization (%) | Residual | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Plasma Exposure Time (min) | Plasma Operation Pressure (Torr) | Experimental | Predicted | ||
1 | 50.00 (0) | 0.50 (0) | 84.92 | 84.69 | 0.23 |
2 | 78.28 (+1.41) | 0.50 (0) | 82.54 | 82.53 | 0.01 |
3 | 50.00 (0) | 0.50 (0) | 84.24 | 84.69 | −0.45 |
4 | 70.00 (+1) | 0.30 (−1) | 77.05 | 75.16 | 1.89 |
5 | 21.71 (−1.41) | 0.50 (0) | 87.38 | 88.07 | −0.69 |
6 | 30.00 (−1) | 0.70 (+1) | 90.94 | 92.14 | −1.20 |
7 | 50.00 (0) | 0.50 (0) | 84.36 | 84.69 | −0.33 |
8 | 50.00 (0) | 0.78 (+1.41) | 92.58 | 90.38 | 2.10 |
9 | 50.00 (0) | 0.22 (−1.41) | 69.03 | 71.91 | −2.88 |
10 | 50.00 (0) | 0.50 (0) | 85.26 | 84.69 | 0.57 |
11 | 50.00 (0) | 0.50 (0) | 84.68 | 84.69 | −0.01 |
12 | 30.00 (−1) | 0.30 (−1) | 80.61 | 78.22 | 2.39 |
13 | 70.00 (+1) | 0.70 (+1) | 85.66 | 87.36 | −1.70 |
Source of Variation | Sum of Squares | Degree of Freedom | Mean Square | F-Value | P-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model | 396.57 | 5 | 79.31 | 19.89 | 0.001 |
Residuals | 27.91 | 7 | 3.98 | - | - |
Total | 424.48 | 12 | - | - | - |
Quadratic Term | Estimated Coefficient | Standard Error | F-Value | P-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
B0 (constant) | 84.692 | 0.893 | 94.838 | 0.000 |
B1 (time) | −1.960 | 0.706 | −2.777 | 0.027 |
B2 (pressure) | 6.530 | 0.706 | 9.250 | 0.000 |
B11 (time × time) | 0.304 | 0.757 | 0.402 | 0.699 |
B22 (pressure × pressure) | −1.772 | 0.757 | −2.342 | 0.052 |
B12 (time × pressure) | −0.430 | 0.998 | −0.431 | 0.680 |
Code | Parameter | Level | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
−1.41 | −1 | 0 | 1 | 1.41 | ||
X1 | Time (min) | 21.71 | 30 | 50 | 70 | 78.28 |
X2 | Pressure (Torr) | 0.21 | 0.3 | 0.5 | 0.7 | 0.78 |
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Khaledian, H.R.; Zolfaghari, P.; Elhami, V.; Aghbolaghy, M.; Khorram, S.; Karimi, A.; Khataee, A. Modification of Immobilized Titanium Dioxide Nanostructures by Argon Plasma for Photocatalytic Removal of Organic Dyes. Molecules 2019, 24, 383. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24030383
Khaledian HR, Zolfaghari P, Elhami V, Aghbolaghy M, Khorram S, Karimi A, Khataee A. Modification of Immobilized Titanium Dioxide Nanostructures by Argon Plasma for Photocatalytic Removal of Organic Dyes. Molecules. 2019; 24(3):383. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24030383
Chicago/Turabian StyleKhaledian, Hamid Reza, Pezhman Zolfaghari, Vahide Elhami, Mostafa Aghbolaghy, Sirous Khorram, Afzal Karimi, and Alireza Khataee. 2019. "Modification of Immobilized Titanium Dioxide Nanostructures by Argon Plasma for Photocatalytic Removal of Organic Dyes" Molecules 24, no. 3: 383. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24030383