Ethnopharmacology of Fruit Plants: A Literature Review on the Toxicological, Phytochemical, Cultural Aspects, and a Mechanistic Approach to the Pharmacological Effects of Four Widely Used Species
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Fruit Plants from the Brazilian Cerrado
3. Sapindaceae Family
3.1. Genus Talisia and Species Talisia esculenta
3.1.1. Geographic Distribution and Popular Use
3.1.2. Botanical Aspects
3.1.3. Phytochemical Aspects
3.1.4. Pharmacological Studies
3.1.5. Toxicity Studies
4. Moraceae Family
4.1. Genus Brosimum and Species Brosimum gaudichaudii
4.1.1. Geographical Distribution and Popular Use
4.1.2. Botanical Aspects
4.1.3. Phytochemical Aspects
4.1.4. Pharmacological Studies
4.1.5. Toxicity Studies
5. Rubiaceae Family
5.1. Genus Genipa L. and Species Genipa americana L.
5.1.1. Geographical Distribution and Popular Use
5.1.2. Botanical Aspects
5.1.3. Phytochemical Aspects
5.1.4. Toxicity Studies
6. Bromeliaceae Family
6.1. Genus Bromelia and Species Bromelia antiacantha
6.1.1. Geographical Distribution and Popular Use
6.1.2. Botanical Aspects
6.1.3. Phytochemical Aspects
6.1.4. Pharmacological Studies
6.1.5. Toxicity Studies
7. Clinical Trials
8. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Compounds | Molecular Structures | Chromatographic Methods for the Isolation and Identification | Solvent Used/Essential Oil | Plant Part Used | Collection Site | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Myricetin (1, F) | HPLC | Hydroalcoholic 5:95 (v/v water, ethanol) | Fruit | N.I. | [32] | |
Quercetin (2, F) | ||||||
Catechin (3, F) | LC-MS | Acetone Methanol | Pulp Fruit peel Seed | Parintins, Amazonas-Brazil | [33] | |
Epicatechin (4, F) | Acetone | Fruit peel Seed | ||||
Gallic acid (5, PA) | Acetone | Pulp | ||||
Luteolin (6, F) | Acetone Methanol | Seed | ||||
Naringenin (7, F) | Acetone Methanol | Fruit peel Seed | ||||
p-Coumaric acid (8, PA) | Acetone | Pulp | ||||
Quinic acid (9, CL) | Acetone | Pulp | ||||
Rutin (10, F) | Acetone Methanol | Fruit peel | ||||
Acacetin (11, F) | UHPLC–MS/MS | Methanol | Fruit | Manaus, Amazonas -Brazil | [34] | |
Caffeic acid (12, PA) | ||||||
Catechin (3, F) | ||||||
Chlorogenic acid (13, PA) | ||||||
Epicatechin (4, F) | ||||||
Eriodictyol (14, F) | ||||||
Ferulic acid (15, PA) | ||||||
Gallic acid (5, PA) | ||||||
p-Coumaric acid (8, PA) | ||||||
Quercetin (2, F) | ||||||
Quinic acid (9, CL) | ||||||
Rutin (10, F) | ||||||
Syringic acid (16, PA) | ||||||
β-Bisabolene (17, T) | HS-SPME-GC-MS | DVB/CAR/PDMS | ||||
Linalool (18, T) | ||||||
Dihydroxybenzoic acid hexoside (19, PA) | * | UHPLC | Hydroalcoholic 1:1 (v/v methanol, water) | Leaf Stem | Dourados, Mato Grosso do Sul-Brazil | [35] |
Kaempferol-diglycoside (20, F) | * | |||||
Methylquercetin-diglycoside (21, F) | * | |||||
Quercetin-diglycoside (22, F) | * | |||||
Quercetin-rhamnoside (23, F) | * | |||||
Dicaffeoylquinic acid (24, PA) | * | |||||
Acacetin (11, F) | UHPLC–MS/MS | Hydroalcoholic 1:4 (m/v, 70% ethanol) | Leaf | São Luís, Maranhão-Brazil | [36] | |
Caffeic acid (12, PA) | ||||||
Catechin (3, F) | ||||||
Gallic acid (5, PA) | ||||||
Quercetin (2, F) | ||||||
Quinic acid (9, CL) | ||||||
Rutin (10, F) |
Compounds | Molecular Structures | Chromatographic Methods for the Isolation and Identification | Solvent Used/Essential Oil | Plant Part Used | Collection Site | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Psoralen (25, C) | HPLC | Methanol | Root cortex Leaf Twigs Latex Heartwood of the root Root cortex | São Paulo-Brazil | [91] | |
Bergapten (26, C) | ||||||
5,7,3‘,4’-Tetrahydroxy-6-C-glucopyranosylflavone (27, F) | Water | Root cortex | ||||
28 4 5,7,3‘,4’-tetrahydroxy-3-O-β-d-galactopyranosylflavonol (F) | ||||||
Psoralen (25, C) | ||||||
Bergapten (26, C) | ||||||
Psoralen (25, C) | HPLC | Ethanol (v/v 95%) | Root | Jussára, Goiás-Brazil | [92] | |
Bergapten (26, C) | ||||||
Gaudichaudine (29, C) | HPLC | Dichloromethane | Root bark | Araguari, Minas Gerais-Brazil | [93] | |
Luvangetin (30, C) | ||||||
(+)-(2’S,3’R)-3′-hydroxymarmesin (31, C) | ||||||
Xanthyletin (32, C) | ||||||
Psoralen (25, C) | ||||||
Bergapten (26, C) | ||||||
Marmesin (33, C) | CC | Dichloromethane | Root bark | Araguari, Minas Gerais-Brazil | [94] | |
1′,2′-Dehydromarmesin (34, C) | ||||||
8-Methoxymarmesin (35, C) | ||||||
1′-Hydroxy-3′-O-β-glucopyranosylmarmesin (36, C) | ||||||
2′,4′,4-Trihydroxy-3′3-diprenylchalcone (37, CH) | ||||||
β-Amyrin (38, T) |
Compounds | Molecular Structures | Chromatographic Methods for the Isolation and Identification | Solvent Used/Essential Oil | Plant Part Used | Collection Site | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Asystasioside D (39, T) | UHPLC | Hydroalcoholic 70:30 (v/v ethanol, water) | Leaf | Natal, Rio Grande do Norte-Brazil | [139] | |
Geniposidic acid (40, T) | ||||||
Tarenoside (41, T) | ||||||
Teneoside A (42, T) | ||||||
Kaempferol-3-O-hexoside-deoxyhexoside-7-O-deoxyhexoside (43, F) | ||||||
Isorhamnetin-3-O-hexoside-deoxyhexoside-7-O-deoxyhexoside (44, F) | ||||||
Quercetin-3-O-hexoside-deoxyhexoside (45, F) | ||||||
Kaempferol-3-O-hexoside-deoxyhexoside (46, F) | ||||||
Isorhamnetin-3-O-hexoside-deoxyhexoside (47, F) | ||||||
Geniposidic acid (40, T) | [140] | |||||
Geniposide (48, T) | ||||||
Genipin-gentiobioside (49, T) | ||||||
Genameside A (50, T) | ||||||
Genameside B (51, T) | ||||||
Genameside C (52, T) | ||||||
Genameside D (53, T) | ||||||
Gardenoside (54, T) | ||||||
Genipin (55, T) | HPLC | Hydroalcoholic (v/v, 80% methanol, ultra-pure water) | Fruit | São Paulo-Brazil | [141] | |
1-Hydroxy-7-(hydroxymethyl)-1,4aH,5H,7aH-cyclopenta[c]pyran-4-carbaldehyde (56, T) | HPLC | Hydroalcoholic (v/v, 70 % ethanol, water) | Leaf | Natal, Rio Grande do Norte-Brazil | [142] | |
7-(Hydroxymethyl)-1-methoxy-1H,4aH,5H,7aH-cyclopenta[c]pyran-4-carbaldehyde (57, T) | ||||||
Geniposidic acid (40, T) | UHPLC | Methanol | Mesocarp Endocarp | Campinas, São Paulo-Brazil | [143] | |
Gardenosid (54, T) | ||||||
Genipin-1-β-gentiobioside (49, T) | ||||||
Geniposide (48, T) | ||||||
6′’-O-p-Coumaroyl-1-β-gentiobioside geniposidic acid (59, T) | ||||||
6′′-O-p-Coumaroylgenipin-gentiobioside (60, T) | ||||||
Genipin (55, T) | ||||||
6′-O-p-Coumaroyl-geniposidic acid (61, T) | ||||||
6′-O-Feruloyl-geniposidic acid (62, T) | ||||||
Genipin (55, T) | HPLC | Ethanol | Mesocarp Seeds Fruit peel Whole fruit Endocarp | Paraibuna, São Paulo-Brazil | [144] | |
Geniposide (48, T) |
Compounds | Molecular Structures | Chromatographic Methods for the Isolation and Identification | Solvent Used/Essential Oil | Plant Part Used | Collection Site | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Alkaloid | * | _ | Methanol | Fruit | Rio Pomba, Minas Gerais-Brazil | [193] |
Flavonoid | * | |||||
Tannin | * | |||||
Terpene | * | |||||
Anthraquinone | * | |||||
Coumarin | * | |||||
Alkaloid | * | Leaf | ||||
Flavonoid | * | |||||
Tannin | * | |||||
Terpene | * | |||||
Coumarin | * | |||||
Flavonoid | * | _ | Methanol | Fruit Leaf | Umuarama, Paraná-Brazil | [182] |
Tannin | * | |||||
Saponin | * | |||||
Flavonoid | * | _ | Water | Fruit | Vale do Itajaí, Santa Catarina-Brazil | [194] |
Flavonoid | * | _ | Hydroalcoholic | Leaf | Viamão, Rio Grande do Sul-Brazil | [195] |
Anthocyanin | * | |||||
Flavonoid | * | Bract | ||||
Anthocyanin | * | |||||
Daucosterol (63, S) | CC | Methanol | Leaf | Umuarama, Paraná-Brazil | [196] |
Species | Compounds | Investigated Pathology | Search Result | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Talisia esculenta | Catechin (3) | Hypercholesterolemia | Hypolipidemic and hepatoprotective effect | [207] |
Obesity and type 2 diabetes | Reduction of visceral fat, blood pressure and cholesterol | [208] | ||
Coronary artery disease | Reduction of oxidized LDL in plasma | [209] | ||
Child obesity | Reduction in waist circumference, systolic blood pressure and LDL levels | [210] | ||
Epicatechin (4) | Vascular dysfunction | Improved cardiovascular health | [211] | |
Arterial hypertension | Ineffective on blood pressure, blood lipid profile and glucose control | [212] | ||
Cardiovascular diseases | Cardioprotective effect and improved insulin resistance | [213] | ||
Quercetin (2) | Arterial hypertension | Lowering blood pressure | [214] | |
Increase in free radicals produced after eccentric exercises | Antioxidant and protective effect | [215] | ||
Hyperuricemia | Significant reduction in elevated plasma uric acid concentrations | [216] | ||
Rheumatoid arthritis | Significant improvement in clinical symptoms and reduced levels of TNF-α | [217] | ||
Gout and primary hypertension | Improvement of echocardiographic parameters, left ventricular diastolic function, purine metabolism, renal function, and normalization of blood pressure | [218] | ||
Overweight or obesity with polycystic ovary syndrome | Significant reduction in gene expression and plasma resistin concentration and considerable decrease in the level of luteinizing hormone and testosterone | [219] | ||
β-Thalassemia major | Reduced iron overload | [220] | ||
Chlorogenic acid (13) | Polycystic ovary syndrome | Improvement of insulin resistance and hormonal profile of women with the syndrome. | [221] | |
Neuromuscular dysfunction | Improvement of neuromuscular performance | [222] | ||
Dyslipidemia | Decrease in cholesterol, triglycerides and LDL values, and increased HDL levels | [223] | ||
Sarcoidosis | Reduction of oxidative stress and inflammation | [224] | ||
Hypertension and fat accumulation | Reduction of blood pressure and body fat | [225] | ||
Cognitive dysfunction | Improvement of cognitive functions | [226] | ||
Arterial hypertension | Reduction of systolic and diastolic blood pressure | [227] | ||
Brosimum gaudichaudii | Psoralen (25) | Fungal ringworm | Oral treatment with a low dose and low frequency of psoralen-UV-A, was safe and effective | [228] |
Chronic palmar eczema of the hand | Reduced severity of chronic palmar eczema of the hand | [229] | ||
Chronic moderate to severe plaque psoriasis | Psoralen plus ultraviolet A, are therapeutic options for chronic moderate to severe plaque psoriasis | [230] | ||
Cutaneous mastocytosis | Efficacy for the treatment of moderate to severe chronic psoriasis | [231] | ||
Vitiligo | Increased extent of skin repigmentation | [232] | ||
Bergaptene (26) | Psoriasis | Reduction of signs and symptoms of psoriasis | [233] | |
Genipa americana | Genipin (55) | Absence of clinical trials in the current literature | _ | _ |
Asystasioside D (39) | ||||
Geniposidic acid (40) | ||||
Tarenoside (41) | ||||
Bromelia antiacantha | Daucosterol (63) | Anogenital warts | The treatment led to the elimination of injury | [234] |
Pulmonary Tuberculosis | Improvement in imaging tests and weight gain of the patient | [235] |
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de Carvalho, A.T.; Paes, M.M.; Cunha, M.S.; Brandão, G.C.; Mapeli, A.M.; Rescia, V.C.; Oesterreich, S.A.; Villas-Boas, G.R. Ethnopharmacology of Fruit Plants: A Literature Review on the Toxicological, Phytochemical, Cultural Aspects, and a Mechanistic Approach to the Pharmacological Effects of Four Widely Used Species. Molecules 2020, 25, 3879. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25173879
de Carvalho AT, Paes MM, Cunha MS, Brandão GC, Mapeli AM, Rescia VC, Oesterreich SA, Villas-Boas GR. Ethnopharmacology of Fruit Plants: A Literature Review on the Toxicological, Phytochemical, Cultural Aspects, and a Mechanistic Approach to the Pharmacological Effects of Four Widely Used Species. Molecules. 2020; 25(17):3879. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25173879
Chicago/Turabian Stylede Carvalho, Aline T., Marina M. Paes, Mila S. Cunha, Gustavo C. Brandão, Ana M. Mapeli, Vanessa C. Rescia, Silvia A. Oesterreich, and Gustavo R. Villas-Boas. 2020. "Ethnopharmacology of Fruit Plants: A Literature Review on the Toxicological, Phytochemical, Cultural Aspects, and a Mechanistic Approach to the Pharmacological Effects of Four Widely Used Species" Molecules 25, no. 17: 3879. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25173879