Fish By-Product Use as Biostimulants: An Overview of the Current State of the Art, Including Relevant Legislation and Regulations within the EU and USA
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Protein Hydrolysates
2.1. Fish Hydrolysates as Plant Biostimulants
2.2. Individual Amino Acids
3. Humic Substances
4. Seaweed Extracts
5. Microorganisms
6. Production, Composition and Quality Control of Commercial Biostimulants
7. Plant Biostimulants’ Mode of Action
8. Regulation of Plant Biostimulants in Europe and USA
9. Conclusions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Biostimulant | Origin | Active Compounds | Application Methods | Plant | Main Activity |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
C Fish | White fish/mixed fish composition autolysates and hydrolysates | Peptides, amino acids | Foliar, irrigation, pre-planting | Vegetables, fruits | Increase plant’s resistance to insect pressure, disease and heat or drought stress |
Radifarm | Commercial formulation | Amino acids, peptides, saponins, betaines, polysaccharides, vitamins, microelements | Irrigation, soil drench, foliar application | Fruits and vegetables | Promotes the formation of an extensive root system by speeding up the elongation of lateral and adventitious roots |
Megafol | Commercial formulation | Amino acids, betaines, proteins, vitamins, auxin, gibberellin, cytokine | Irrigation, soil drench, foliar application | Fruits and vegetables | Promotes balanced vegetative development and productivity, and plant resistance to stress (frost, root asphyxia, weeding, hail) |
Biozyme | Ascophyllum nodosum | Algae extract, plant hormones, chelated micronutrients | Irrigation, foliar, pre-planting, soil drench | Fruits, vegetables, legumes, | Increase nutrient uptake and activity of chlorophyll and photosynthesis |
Algreen | Seaweed | Seaweed extract, plant hormones, vitamins, free amino acids, alginic acid | Promotes growth and yield parameters, enhance vitamin C and dry matter content | ||
BioRoot | Plant derived protein hydrolysates | Plant and mineral-derived organic acids and humates, alfalfa and soybean meal, brewer’s yeast, K-sulfate, rock phosphate, sea kelp | Irrigation, foliar, soil drench | Fruits and vegetables | Increase rooting ability and chlorophyll and protein contents |
Kelpak | Ecklonia maxima, | Seaweed extract | Drip irrigation, Soil drench, Seed treatment, foliar | Fruits and vegetables | Stimulate plant’s natural hormones, root initiation and germination |
Biplantol Universal | Commercial formulation | Macro-and microelements, germanium, uronic acids, medicinal herbs, worm humus | Foliar, soil drench | Fruits, vegetables, flowers | Resistance to fungal diseases and insect pests |
Grow-plex SP | Humic acids | Humic acids | Irrigation, foliar | Fruits, vegetables | Stimulate soil bacteria, root and shoot growth, iron and zinc uptake |
Tablet | Microorganism | Rhizophagus intraradices and Trychoderma atroviride spores | Soil drench | vegetables | Stimulate root system architecture (higher total root length and surface), improve chlorophyll synthesis and increase proline accumulation |
Ergonfill | Animal derived protein hydrolysates | Animal protein hydrolysates, cysteine, folic acid, keratin derivatives | Foliar | Fruits and vegetables | Promotes indolacetic acid and chlorophyll synthesis, improves translocation and chelation of macro and trace elements |
Benefit | Commercial formulation | Amino acids, nucleotides, free enzymatic proteins, vitamins | Irrigation, foliar, soil drench | Fruits and vegetables | Stimulates cell division and increase in the number of cells per fruit |
Source | Plant | Growth Media | Method of Application | Bioactive Compounds | Biostimulant Activity | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fish-derived protein hydrolysate | Lettuce | Field soil | Exogenous (during watering) | Peptides, amino acids | Increased leaf number and root biomass Enhanced chlorophyll content, photosynthetic rate | [42] |
Commercial amino acids preparation | Lettuce | Field soil | Foliar | Glycine and glutamine | Increased yield, leaf chlorophyll and vitamin C content | [54] |
Meat flour protein hydrolysate | Maize | Hoagland solution | Seedlings immersed in solution | Small peptides and amino acids | Stimulation of root and leaf biomass Induced nitrate conversion to organic nitrogen Stimulate efficient nutrient utilization by plants | [47] |
Commercial preparation of chicken feather hydrolysate | Wheat | Field soil | Foliar | Short peptides and amino acids | Increased yield and nutrient content of grains | [45] |
Chicken feather hydrolysates | Maize | Field soil | Foliar | Peptides and amino acids | Increased micro- and macronutrient concentration of leaves Increased yield and grain protein content | [55] |
Commercial amino acid preparation | Coriander | Hoagland nutrient solution | Dissolved into growth media | Glycine | Increased growth of roots and shoots Increased micronutrient content of leaves | [56] |
Fe-amino acid chelates preparation | Tomato | Nutrient solution | Dissolved into nutrient solution | Arginine, glycine and histidine | Increased uptake of Fe and improved root and shoot growth | [57] |
Commercial animal-derived calcium protein hydrolysate | Rojo Brillante | Field soil | Irrigation | Peptides, amino acids and metal elements | Lower chloride uptake and reduction in leaf necrosis | [58] |
Commercial animal-derived amino acids product | Tomato | Nutrient solution | Foliar and root application | Amino acids | No effects on Iron nutrition Caused severe plant depression | [59] [60] |
Commercial preparation of amino acids and peptides | Passion fruit | Commercial growing medium | Foliar | Amino acids and peptides | Promotes the photosynthetic process in plants Improved transplanting successes | [61] |
Animal derived gelatin | Cucumber, pepper, broccoli, tomato, arugula, and field corn | Field soil | Exogenous (adjacent to seeds) | Amino acids and peptides | Increased shoot dry weight Increased root N assimilation | [23] |
Protein Hydrolysate Source | Hydrolysis Method | Bioactive Compounds | Bioactivity | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
Pollock | Alcalase and flavourzyme | Short peptides | Growth by growth hormone stimulation | [62] |
Pollock | Chemical (formic acid) and Enzymatic | Short peptides | Induce immune-modulatory effects enhancing survival | [63] |
Commercial fish protein hydrolysate | Enzymatic | Glutamic acid, other amino acids and peptides | Contain opioid-like compounds that may have anti-stress effects | [64] |
Barbel | Alcalase | Short peptides | Could be used as antimicrobials or antibiotic adjuvants | [65] |
Half-Fin anchovy | Enzymatic | Bioactive peptides | Antibacterial activity | [66] |
Pacific hake | Flavourzyme | Amino acids and peptides | Cryoprotectant | [67] |
Catshark | Enzyme | Peptides | Emulsifying | [68] |
Shark Capelin | Alcalase | Short peptides | Foaming | [69] |
Salmon | Enzymes (Alcalase, Flavourzyme, Corolase) | Peptides and amino acids | Water binding | [70] |
Sardine Tuna | Enzymes Alcalase, neutrase, papain, pepsin | Peptides and amino acids | Antioxidative | [71] [72] |
Tuna | Alcalase, neutrase, Protamex | Peptides | Antihypertensive ACE-inhibitory | [73] |
Yellow fin tuna | Protamex | Lower molecular peptides | Antimicrobial | [74] |
Slender lizard fish | Papain | Peptides | Antianemia | [39] |
Cod and Saithe fish meal | Protamex | Bioactive peptides | ACE inhibitory | [75] |
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Madende, M.; Hayes, M. Fish By-Product Use as Biostimulants: An Overview of the Current State of the Art, Including Relevant Legislation and Regulations within the EU and USA. Molecules 2020, 25, 1122. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25051122
Madende M, Hayes M. Fish By-Product Use as Biostimulants: An Overview of the Current State of the Art, Including Relevant Legislation and Regulations within the EU and USA. Molecules. 2020; 25(5):1122. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25051122
Chicago/Turabian StyleMadende, Moses, and Maria Hayes. 2020. "Fish By-Product Use as Biostimulants: An Overview of the Current State of the Art, Including Relevant Legislation and Regulations within the EU and USA" Molecules 25, no. 5: 1122. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25051122