Determination of Commercial Animal and Vegetable Milks’ Lipid Profile and Its Correlation with Cell Viability and Antioxidant Activity on Human Intestinal Caco-2 Cells
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Comparison of Two Different Protocols for the Recovery of Total and Free Lipid Fractions from Commercial Animal and Vegetables Milks
2.2. Free Fatty Acids Profile of Commercial Animal and Vegetables Milks Obtained by GC-MS Analysis
2.3. Trolox Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity (TEAC) of Commercial Animal and Vegetables Milks
2.4. Modulation of Caco-2 Cell Viability by Animal and Vegetable Milks as Assessed by an MTT Assay
2.5. Antioxidant Potential of Animal and Vegetable Milks Tested on Caco-2 Cells by a DCF Assay
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Collection and Preparation of Milk Lipid Samples
4.2. Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC) Assay
4.3. Determination of Milk Lipid Fraction by a GC-MS Analysis
Apparatus
4.4. Cell Culture
4.5. Cell Viability Assay
4.6. Dichlorofluorescein Assay
4.7. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Sample Availability
References
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# | RT * (min) | Compound | Formula | Common Name and Double Bond Position |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 5.87 | Heptanoic acid, tert-butyldimethylsilanyl ester | C13H28O2Si | (FFA) C10:0 Capric acid |
2 | 8.40 | Dodecanoic acid, trimethylsilyl ester | C15H32O2Si | (FFA) C12:0 Lauric acid |
3 | 11.28 | Tetradecanoic acid, trimethylsilyl ester | C17H36O2Si | (FFA) C14:0 Myristic acid |
4 | 12.95 | Tetradecanoic acid, 6-methyl, trimethylsilyl ester | C18H38O2Si | (FFA) C15:0 Pentadecanoic acid |
5 | 14.29 | Hexadecanoic acid, trimethylsilyl ester | C19H38O2Si | (FFA) C16:1 Sapienic acid (6) Palmitoleic acid (9) |
6 | 14.77 | Hexadecanoic acid, trimethylsilyl ester | C19H40O2Si | (FFA) C16:0 Palmitic acid |
7 | 16.63 | Heptadecanoic acid, trimethylsilyl ester | C20H42O2Si | (FFA) C17:0 Margaric acid |
8 | 17.92 | 17-Octadecynoic acid, trimethylsilyl ester | C21H40O2Si | (FFA) C18:2 Linoleic acid (9,12) Rumenic acid (cis-9, trans-11) |
9 | 18.01 | Oleic acid, trimethylsilyl ester | C21H42O2Si | (FFA) C18:1 Oleic acid (9) Eleaidinic acid (trans-9) Vaccenic acid (trans-11) Asclepic acid (11) Petroselaidic acid (trans-6) |
10 | 18.56 | Octadecanoic acid, trimethylsilyl ester | C21H44O2Si | (FFA) C18:0 Stearic acid |
11 | 21.31 | Myristic acid, 2-(trimethylsiloxy)-1-[(trimethylsiloxy)methyl]ethyl ester | C23H50O4Si2 | (MAG) C14:0 |
12 | 23.16 | Pentadecanoic acid, 1,3-bis-(OTMS) propyl ester (β-glyceryl pentadecanoate) | C24H52O4Si2 | (MAG) C15:0 |
13 | 24.98 | Hexadecanoic acid, 2,3-bis[(trimethylsilyl)oxy]propyl ester | C25H54O4Si2 | (MAG) C16:0 |
14 | 26.70 | Heptadecanoic acid, glycerine-(1)-monoester, bis-O-trimethylsilyl | C26H56O4Si2 | (MAG) C17:0 |
15 | 28.58 | Octadecanoic acid, 2,3-bis[(trimethylsilyl)oxy]propyl ester | C27H58O4Si2 | (MAG) C18:0 |
16 | 31.70 | Eicosanoic acid, 2,3-bis[(trimethylsilyl)oxy]propyl ester | C29H62O4Si2 | (MAG) C20:0 |
17 | 34.57 | Cholesterol trimethylsilyl ether | C30H54OSi | Cholesterol |
Sample | Milk (n = 3) | Nonsolvent Method Total Lipid Fraction (n = 3) | Solvent Extraction Free Lipid Fraction (n = 3) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
(TEAC/mLmilk) | (TEAC/mLmilk) | (TEAC/gextr.fats) | (TEAC/mLmilk) | (TEAC/gtotalfat) | |
Bovine | 48.04 ± 11.04 | 0.26 ± 0.10 | 16.66 ± 0.02 | 0.35 ± 0.02 | 72.91 ± 0.02 |
Goat | 40.16 ± 5.96 | 0.28 ± 0.06 | 16.88 ± 0.04 | 0.28 ± 0.07 | 41.18 ± 0.07 |
Soy | 40.25 ± 5.06 | 0.30 ± 0.08 | 16.11 ± 0.09 | 0.24 ± 0.11 | 38.26 ± 0.09 |
Rice | 20.11 ± 3.06 | 0.21 ± 0.05 | 35.00 ± 0.06 | 0.25 ± 0.08 | 47.17 ± 0.04 |
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Aresta, A.; De Santis, S.; Carocci, A.; Barbarossa, A.; Ragusa, A.; De Vietro, N.; Clodoveo, M.L.; Corbo, F.; Zambonin, C. Determination of Commercial Animal and Vegetable Milks’ Lipid Profile and Its Correlation with Cell Viability and Antioxidant Activity on Human Intestinal Caco-2 Cells. Molecules 2021, 26, 5645. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26185645
Aresta A, De Santis S, Carocci A, Barbarossa A, Ragusa A, De Vietro N, Clodoveo ML, Corbo F, Zambonin C. Determination of Commercial Animal and Vegetable Milks’ Lipid Profile and Its Correlation with Cell Viability and Antioxidant Activity on Human Intestinal Caco-2 Cells. Molecules. 2021; 26(18):5645. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26185645
Chicago/Turabian StyleAresta, Antonella, Stefania De Santis, Alessia Carocci, Alexia Barbarossa, Andrea Ragusa, Nicoletta De Vietro, Maria Lisa Clodoveo, Filomena Corbo, and Carlo Zambonin. 2021. "Determination of Commercial Animal and Vegetable Milks’ Lipid Profile and Its Correlation with Cell Viability and Antioxidant Activity on Human Intestinal Caco-2 Cells" Molecules 26, no. 18: 5645. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26185645