A Comprehensive Review of Rosmarinic Acid: From Phytochemistry to Pharmacology and Its New Insight
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Sources and Biosynthesis in the Plants
3. Extraction from Plants
4. Natural Derivatives in Plants
5. Analytical Technique
6. Pharmacology
6.1. Anti-Inflammation
6.2. Anti-Oxidation
6.3. Anti-Diabetes
6.4. Anti-Tumor
6.5. Anti-Virus
6.6. Neuroprotection
6.7. Hepatoprotection
6.8. Other Activities
7. Clinical Studies
8. Applications in Food Science
9. Pharmacokinetics
10. Future Perspectives
11. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Informed Consent Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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No. | Plant | Family | Part | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Adenium obesum | Apocynaceae | Stem Barks | [11] |
2 | Alkanna sfikasiana Tan, Vold and Strid | Boraginaceae | Roots | [12] |
3 | Anchusa azurea Miller var. azurea | Boraginaceae | Roots | [13] |
4 | Anchusa italica Retz. | Boraginaceae | - | [14] |
5 | Anchusa strigosa Banks et Sol | Boraginaceae | Roots | [15] |
6 | Anthoceros punctatus | Anthocerotaceae | - | [16] |
7 | Apeiba tibourbou Aubl. | Tiliaceae | Leaves | [17] |
8 | Arctopus monacanthus | Apiaceae | Roots | [18] |
9 | Arnebia purpurea S. Erik & H. Sumbul | Boraginaceae | Roots | [19] |
10 | Baccharis chilco Kunth | Asteraceae | Aerial parts | [20] |
11 | Barbarea integrifolia | Brassicaceae | Aerial parts | [21] |
12 | Bellis sylvestris | Asteraceae | Leaves | [22] |
13 | Blechnum brasiliense | Blechnaceae | Leaves | [23] |
14 | Canna edulis Ker | Cannceae | Rhizomes | [24] |
15 | Celastrus hindsii Benth | Celastraceae | Leaves | [25] |
16 | Centella asiatica | Apiaceae | Aerial parts | [26] |
17 | Chloranthus fortune (A. Gray) Solms-Laub | Chloranthaceae | Whole plants | [27] |
18 | Chloranthus multistachys Pei | Chloranthaceae | - | [28] |
19 | Clerodendranthus spicatus (Thunb.) C.Y. Wu | Lamiaceae | Whole plants | [29] |
Aerial parts | [30] | |||
20 | Clinopodium chinense var. parviflorum | Lamiaceae | Aerial parts | [31] |
21 | Clinopodium tomentosum (Kunth) Govaerts | Lamiaceae | Aerial parts | [32] |
22 | Clinopodium urticifolium | Lamiaceae | Whole plants | [33] |
23 | Coleus aromaticus Benth. | Lamiaceae | Leaves | [34] |
24 | Coleus forskohlii (Willd) Briq. | Lamiaceae | Whole plants | [35] |
25 | Coleus parvifolius Benth. | Lamiaceae | Aerial parts | [36] |
26 | Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott | Araceae | Leaves | [37] |
27 | Cordia alliodora | Boraginaceae | Root barks | [38] |
28 | Cordia bicolor | Boraginaceae | Leaves | [39] |
29 | Cordia boissieri A. DC. | Boraginaceae | Leaves | [40] |
30 | Cordia dentata | Boraginaceae | Leaves | [39] |
31 | Cordia latifolia Roxb. | Boraginaceae | Fruits | [41] |
32 | Cordia megalantha | Boraginaceae | Leaves | [39] |
33 | Cordia morelosana Standley | Boraginaceae | Aerial parts | [42] |
34 | Cordia sinensis | Boraginaceae | Whole plants | [43] |
35 | Cordia verbenacea | Boraginaceae | Leaves | [44] |
36 | Cynoglossum columnae Ten. | Boraginaceae | Roots | [45] |
37 | Dracocephalum fruticulosum Steph. Ex Willd. | Lamiaceae | Aerial parts | [46] |
38 | Dracocephalum heterophyllum | Lamiaceae | Whole plants | [47] |
39 | Dracocephalum nutans L. | Lamiaceae | Aerial parts | [46] |
40 | Dracocephalum palmatum Stephan | Lamiaceae | Aerial parts | [48] |
41 | Dracocephalum tanguticum Maxim. | Lamiaceae | Whole plants | [49] |
42 | Ehretia asperula | Boraginaceae | Leaves | [50] |
43 | Ehretia obtusifolia | Boraginaceae | Whole plants | [51] |
44 | Ehretia philippinensis | Boraginaceae | Barks | [52] |
45 | Ehretia thyrsiflora | Boraginaceae | Leaves | [53] |
46 | Elsholtiza bodinieri Vaniot | Lamiaceae | Whole plants | [54] |
47 | Elsholtzia rugulosa Hemsl. | Lamiaceae | Aerial parts | [55] |
48 | Elsholtzia splendens Nakai | Lamiaceae | Flowers and leaves | [56] |
49 | Farfugium japonicum (L.) Kitam. Var. giganteum (Siebold et Zucc.) Kitam. | Asteraceae | Flowers | [57] |
50 | Foeniculum vulgare Mill. | Apiaceae | Aerial parts | [58] |
51 | Forsythia koreana Nakai | Oleaceae | Fruits | [59] |
52 | Gastrocotyle hispida | Boraginaceae | Aerial parts | [60] |
53 | Glechoma longituba | Lamiaceae | Whole plants | [61] |
54 | Hamelia patens Jacq. | Rubiaceae | Aerial parts | [62] |
55 | Hedera helix L. | Araliaceae | - | [63] |
56 | Helicteres angustifolia Linn. | Sterculiaceae | Roots | [64] |
57 | Helicteres hirsuta Lour | Sterculiaceae | Stems | [65] |
58 | Helicteres isora L. | Sterculiaceae | Fruits | [66] |
59 | Hypenia salzmannii (Benth.) Harley | Lamiaceae | Leaves | [67] |
60 | Hyptis atrorubens Poit. | Lamiaceae | Leaves and stems | [68] |
61 | Hyptis capitata Jacq. | Lamiaceae | Aerial parts | [69] |
62 | Hyptis pectinata (L.) Poit | Lamiaceae | Leaves | [70] |
63 | Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit | Lamiaceae | Aerial parts | [71] |
64 | Hyptis verticillata Jacq. | Lamiaceae | Aerial parts | [72] |
65 | Hyssopus cuspidatus | Lamiaceae | Whole plants | [73] |
66 | Ipomoea turpethum (L.) R.Br. | Convolvulaceae | Whole plants | [74] |
67 | Isodon eriocalyx (Dunn) Hara var. laxiflora C. Y. Wu et H. W. Li | Lamiaceae | Leaves | [75] |
68 | Isodon flexicaulis C. Y. Wu et H. W. Li | Lamiaceae | Aerial parts | [76] |
69 | Isodon lophanthoides var. graciliflorus | Lamiaceae | Aerial parts | [77] |
Leaves | [78] | |||
70 | Isodon oresbius (W. W. Smith) Kudo | Lamiaceae | Aerial parts | [79] |
71 | Isodon rubescens (Hemsl.) Hara | Lamiaceae | - | [80] |
72 | Isodon rugosus (Wall. Ex Benth.) Codd | Lamiaceae | Aerial parts | [81] |
73 | Isodon sculponeata (Vaniot) Hara. | Lamiaceae | Leaves | [82] |
74 | Keiskea japonica Miq. | Lamiaceae | Aerial parts | [83] |
75 | Lallemantia iberica (Bieb.) Fisch & C.A. Mey | Lamiaceae | Aerial parts | [84] |
76 | Lavandula angustifolia Mill. | Lamiaceae | Aerial parts | [85] |
77 | Lepechinia graveolens (Reg.) Epling. | Lamiaceae | - | [86] |
78 | Lepechinia meyenii (Walp.) Epling | Lamiaceae | - | [87] |
79 | Lepechinia speciosa (St. Hill) Epling | Lamiaceae | - | [88] |
80 | Lycopus europaeus L. | Lamiaceae | Whole plants | [89] |
81 | Lycopus lucidus Turcz. | Lamiaceae | Aerial parts | [90] |
82 | Marrubium vulgare L. | Lamiaceae | Leaves | [91] |
83 | Meehania urticifolia (Miq.) Makino | Lamiaceae | Whole plants | [92] |
84 | Melissa officinalis L. | Lamiaceae | Aerial parts | [93] |
Leaves | [94] | |||
85 | Mentha dumetorum | Lamiaceae | Aerial parts | [95] |
86 | Mentha haplocalyx Briq. | Lamiaceae | Aerial parts | [96] |
87 | Mentha longifolia (L.) Hudson subsp. longifolia | Lamiaceae | Aerial parts | [97] |
88 | Mentha piperita L. | Lamiaceae | Leaves | [98] |
Aerial parts | [99] | |||
89 | Mentha spicata L. | Lamiaceae | Whole plants | [100] |
90 | Mesona chinensis Benth. | Lamiaceae | Whole plants | [101] |
91 | Micromeria myrtifolia Boiss. & Hohen | Lamiaceae | Aerial parts | [102] |
92 | Microsorum fortunei (T. Moore) Ching | Polypodiaceae | Leaves and stems | [103] |
93 | Momordica balsamina | Cucurbitaceae | Aerial parts | [104] |
94 | Nepeta asterotricha Rech. F. | Lamiaceae | Aerial parts | [105] |
95 | Nepeta cadmea Boiss. | Lamiaceae | Aerial parts | [106] |
96 | Nepeta curviflora Boiss. | Lamiaceae | Aerial parts | [107] |
97 | Ocimum campechianum Mill. | Lamiaceae | Leaves | [108] |
98 | Ocimum sanctum Linn. | Lamiaceae | Leaves and stems | [109] |
99 | Origanum dictamnus L. | Lamiaceae | Aerial parts | [110] |
100 | Origanum glandulosum Desf | Lamiaceae | Aerial parts | [111] |
101 | Origanum majorana L. | Lamiaceae | Aerial parts | [112] |
102 | Origanum minutiflorum | Lamiaceae | Aerial parts | [113] |
103 | Origanum rotundifolium Boiss. | Lamiaceae | Aerial parts | [114] |
104 | Origanum vulgare L. ssp. Hirtum | Lamiaceae | Aerial parts | [115] |
105 | Paris veriticillata Bieb. | Liliaceae | Roots | [116] |
106 | Perilla frutescens (L.) Britton var. acuta Kudo | Lamiaceae | Leaves | [117] |
Seeds | [118] | |||
107 | Perilla frutescens var. acuta | Lamiaceae | Fruits | [119] |
108 | Perovskia atriplicifolia Benth. | Lamiaceae | Roots | [120] |
109 | Plectranthus forsteri ‘Marginatus’ | Lamiaceae | Aerial parts | [121] |
110 | Plectranthus hadiensis var. tomentosus | Lamiaceae | Aerial parts | [122] |
111 | Plectranthus madagascariensis (Pers.) Benth | Lamiaceae | Aerial parts | [123] |
112 | Plectranthus scutellarioides (L.) R. Br. | Lamiaceae | Aerial parts | [124] |
113 | Polygomun aviculane | Polygonaceae | Aerial parts | [125] |
114 | Prunella vulgaris L. | Lamiaceae | Spikes | [126] |
115 | Prunella vulgaris var. lilacina | Lamiaceae | Spikes | [127] |
Aerial parts | [128] | |||
116 | Quercus serrata Murray | Fagaceae | Leaves | [129] |
117 | Rosmarinus officinalis L. | Lamiaceae | Sprigs | [130] |
Leaves | [131] | |||
118 | Salvia absconditiflora Greuter & Burdet | Lamiaceae | Aerial parts | [132] |
119 | Salvia castanea Diels f. tomentosa Stib. | Lamiaceae | Rhizomes | [133] |
120 | Salvia cavaleriei Levi. | Lamiaceae | Whole plants | [134] |
121 | Salvia cerino-pruinosa Rech. F. var. cerino-pruinosa | Lamiaceae | Aerial parts | [135] |
122 | Salvia chinensis Benth. | Lamiaceae | Aerial parts | [136] |
Whole plants | [137] | |||
123 | Salvia deserta Schang | Lamiaceae | Roots | [138] |
Flowers | [139] | |||
124 | Salvia flava Forrest | Lamiaceae | Whole plants | [140] |
125 | Salvia grandifolia W. W. Smith | Lamiaceae | Roots | [141] |
126 | Salvia kiaometiensis Lévl. | Lamiaceae | Roots | [142] |
127 | Salvia limbata C.A. Meyer | Lamiaceae | Aerial parts | [143] |
128 | Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge | Lamiaceae | Leaves | [144] |
Roots | [145] | |||
129 | Salvia officinalis | Lamiaceae | - | [146] |
130 | Salvia palaestina Bentham | Lamiaceae | Aerial parts | [147] |
131 | Salvia plebeia R. Br. | Lamiaceae | Leaves | [148] |
Whole plants | [149] | |||
132 | Salvia przewalskii Maxim | Lamiaceae | Roots and rhizomes | [150] |
Roots | [151] | |||
133 | Salvia sonchifolia C.Y. Wu | Lamiaceae | Roots | [152] |
134 | Salvia splendens Sellow ex Roem & Schult | Lamiaceae | Leaves | [153] |
135 | Salvia trichoclada Bentham | Lamiaceae | Whole plants | [154] |
136 | Salvia viridis L. cvar. Blue Jeans | Lamiaceae | Aerial parts | [155] |
137 | Salvia yunaansis | Lamiaceae | Roots | [156] |
138 | Sanicula europaea L. | Apiaceae | Aerial parts | [157] |
139 | Sanicula lamelligera Hance | Apiaceae | Whole plants | [158] |
140 | Sarcandra glabra (Thunb.) Nakai. | Chloranthaceae | Whole plants | [159] |
141 | Satureja biflora | Lamiaceae | Aerial parts | [160] |
142 | Schizonepeta tenuifolia Briquet | Lamiaceae | Aerial parts | [161] |
143 | Sideritis albiflora | Lamiaceae | Aerial parts | [162] |
144 | Sideritis leptoclada | Lamiaceae | Aerial parts | [162] |
145 | Solanum betaceum Cav. | Solanaceae | Fruits | [163] |
146 | Solenostemon monostachys Briq | Lamiaceae | Aerial parts | [164] |
147 | Symphytum officinale L. | Boraginaceae | Roots | [165] |
148 | Thunbergia laurifolia Lindl | Acanthaceae | Leaves | [166] |
149 | Thymus alternans Klokov | Lamiaceae | Aerial parts | [167] |
150 | Thymus atlanticus (Ball) Roussine | Lamiaceae | Leaves | [168] |
151 | Thymus praecox subsp grossheimii (Ronniger) Jalas | Lamiaceae | Aerial parts | [169] |
152 | Thymus praecox subsp grossheimii (Ronniger) Jalas var. grossheimii | Lamiaceae | Aerial parts | [170] |
153 | Thymus quinquecostatus var. japonica | Lamiaceae | Aerial parts | [171] |
154 | Thymus serpyllum | Lamiaceae | Whole plants | [172] |
155 | Thymus sibthorpii Bentham | Lamiaceae | Aerial parts | [173] |
156 | Thymus sipyleus subsp. Sipyleus var. sipyleus | Lamiaceae | Aerial parts | [174] |
157 | Thymus vulgaris L. | Lamiaceae | Leaves | [175] |
158 | Tournefortia sarmentosa Lam. | Boraginaceae | Stems | [176] |
159 | Veronica sibirica L.Pennell | Scrophulariaceae | Rhizomes | [177] |
160 | Ziziphora clinopodioides Lam. | Lamiaceae | Aerial parts | [178] |
161 | Zostera marina | Potamogetonaceae | Leaves | [179] |
162 | Zostera noltii | Potamogetonaceae | Leaves | [180] |
No. | Drug | Animal | Administration Mode | Pharmacokinetic Characters | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | RA | Normal rats | Intragastrical administration, 12.5 mg/kg | AUC(0→∞) = 866.51 ng/mL·h, Tmax = 0.139 h, Cmax = 215.21 ng/mL, CL = 15.00 L/(h·kg) | [284] |
Intragastrical administration, 25 mg/kg | AUC(0→∞) = 1308.62 ng/mL·h, Tmax = 0.181 h, Cmax = 361.57 ng/mL, CL = 19.20 L/(h·kg) | ||||
Intragastrical administration, 50 mg/kg | AUC(0→∞) = 1866.58 ng/mL·h, Tmax = 0.306 h, Cmax = 790.96 ng/mL, CL = 27.60 L/(h·kg) | ||||
Intravenous administration, 0.625 mg/kg | AUC(0→∞) = 2556.14 ng/mL·h, Cmax = 6166.89 ng/mL, CL = 6.00 L/(h·kg) | ||||
2 | RA | Cholestatic liver injured rats | Intragastrical administration, 100 mg/kg | AUC(0→∞) = 23.984 mg/mL·h, Tmax = 0.988 h, Cmax = 2.876 mg/mL, CL = 4.169 L/(h·kg) | [285] |
Normal rats | AUC(0→∞) = 20.500 mg/mL·h, Tmax = 0.704 h, Cmax = 2.542 mg/mL, CL = 4.876 L/(h·kg) | ||||
3 | Salvia miltiorrhiza polyphenolic acid solution | Normal rats | Pulmonary administration, 10 mg/kg | AUC(0→∞) = 200.01 ng/mL·h, Tmax = 0.07 h, Cmax = 370.78 ng/mL, CL = 0.05 L/(h·kg) | [286] |
Intravenous administration, 10 mg/kg | AUC(0→∞) = 209.34 ng/mL·h, Tmax = 0.03 h, Cmax = 1344.10 ng/mL, CL = 0.05 L/(h·kg) | ||||
4 | Prunella vulgaris extract | Normal rats | Intragastrical administration, 10 mL/kg (1.25 mg/mL for RA) | AUC(0→∞) = 737.7 ng/mL·h, Tmax = 1.5 h, Cmax = 120.8 ng/mL, CL = 21.0 L/(h·kg) | [287] |
5 | ZibuPiyin Recipe | Normal rats | Intragastrical administration, 3.951 g/kg (0.03 mg/g for RA) | AUC(0→∞) = 3099.4 μg/mL·h, Tmax = 1.7 h, Cmax = 222.7 ng/mL | [288] |
6 | Xuebijing Injection | Normal rats | Intravenous administration, 6 mL/kg (12.56 μg/mL for RA) | AUC(0→∞) = 4.10 ng/mL·h, Tmax = 0.08 h, Cmax = 173.19 ng/mL | [289] |
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Guan, H.; Luo, W.; Bao, B.; Cao, Y.; Cheng, F.; Yu, S.; Fan, Q.; Zhang, L.; Wu, Q.; Shan, M. A Comprehensive Review of Rosmarinic Acid: From Phytochemistry to Pharmacology and Its New Insight. Molecules 2022, 27, 3292. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27103292
Guan H, Luo W, Bao B, Cao Y, Cheng F, Yu S, Fan Q, Zhang L, Wu Q, Shan M. A Comprehensive Review of Rosmarinic Acid: From Phytochemistry to Pharmacology and Its New Insight. Molecules. 2022; 27(10):3292. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27103292
Chicago/Turabian StyleGuan, Huaquan, Wenbin Luo, Beihua Bao, Yudan Cao, Fangfang Cheng, Sheng Yu, Qiaoling Fan, Li Zhang, Qinan Wu, and Mingqiu Shan. 2022. "A Comprehensive Review of Rosmarinic Acid: From Phytochemistry to Pharmacology and Its New Insight" Molecules 27, no. 10: 3292. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27103292