Valorization of Fly Ashes and Sands Wastes from Biomass Boilers in One-Part Geopolymers
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Preparation of One-Part Geopolymer Materials
2.2. Raw Materials’ Characterization
2.3. Geopolymers’ Characterization
2.3.1. Fresh State
2.3.2. Hardened State
2.4. Freeze–Thaw Tests
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Materials
3.2. Raw Materials’ Characterization
3.3. Geopolymer Characterization Tests
- (i)
- Compressive strength using a Universal Testing Machine (AG-25TA Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan) with a displacement rate of 0.5 mm/min, according to EN 1015-11 [20];
- (ii)
- Geometric density, determined from the weight and geometric volume;
- (iii)
- Water absorption (WA) by immersion, 24 h in water, AW(%) = (mw − md)/md × 100 where mw is the wet mass and md the dry mass;
- (iv)
- Capillary water absorption, according to EN 1015-18 [21]; herein, the specimens were dried and immersed in 5 to 10 mm of water height. The samples’ weight was measured over time until a maximum time of 90 min;
- (v)
- Microstructure and semi-quantitative elemental composition by scanning electron microscopy (SEM, Hitachi S4100, 15 kV acceleration voltage) equipped with an energy dispersion spectroscopy system (EDS) (Bruker, QUANTAX 400);
- (vi)
- X-ray diffraction (XRD) of milled specimens (PANalytical XPert PRO diffractometer, Ni-filtered CuKa radiation, PIXcel 1D detector, and the exposition corresponded to about 2 s per step of 0.02° 2θ at room temperature).
- (vii)
3.4. Durability Tests
4. Conclusions
- -
- Specimens formulated with CA exhibit a slightly higher mechanical strength than those prepared with CT. This behaviour should be related to the particle size of the FA and, consequently, to its reactivity.
- -
- The compressive strength of the samples decreases with increasing FA incorporation and, consequently, the possible amount of FA incorporation depends on the intended application.
- -
- Leaching of the FA components was below 70 ppm.
- -
- Developed compositions support 25 freeze–thaw cycles, except the one with 75 wt.% of CA.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Sample Availability
References
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Paste | Reference | BFS (g) | SM (g) | W Sand (g) | W/B Ratio |
BFS_0.36 | 100 | 10 | - | 0.36 |
Paste | Reference | BFS (g) | CA Fly Ash (g) | SM (g) | CAS Sand (g) | W/B Ratio |
CA25_0.37 | 75 | 25 | 10 | - | 0.37 | |
Mortars | MCAS_0.37 | 100 | - | 200 | 0.37 | |
MCA25_0.47 | 75 | 25 | 0.47 | |||
MCA50_0.49 | 50 | 50 | 0.49 | |||
MCA50_0.46 | 50 | 50 | 0.46 | |||
MCA75_0.55 | 25 | 75 | 0.55 | |||
MCA75_0.48 | 25 | 75 | 0.48 | |||
MCA100_0.55 | - | 100 | 0.55 |
Paste | Reference | BSF (g) | CT Fly Ash (g) | SM (g) | CTS Sand (g) | W/B Ratio |
CT25_0.31 | 75 | 25 | 10 | - | 0.31 | |
Mortars | MCTS_0.36 | 100 | - | 200 | 0.36 | |
MCT25_0.40 | 75 | 25 | 0.40 | |||
MCT50_0.42 | 50 | 50 | 0.42 | |||
MCT75_0.45 | 25 | 75 | 0.45 | |||
MCT100_0.52 | - | 100 | 0.52 |
Component | Na2O | MgO | Al2O3 | SiO2 | P2O5 | SO3 | Cl | K2O | CaO | Fe2O3 | LOI |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CA (wt.%) | 23.33 | 1.64 | 1.62 | 5.25 | 0.71 | 2.99 | 16.55 | 7.67 | 22.00 | 1.28 | 16.1 |
CT (wt.%) | 1.13 | 2.76 | 13.13 | 39.47 | 1.20 | 2.29 | 1.33 | 6.49 | 19.62 | 6.44 | 4.41 |
Specimens | Water Absorption (%) | |
---|---|---|
Geopolymer Pastes | BFS_0.36 | 0.5 ± 0.1 |
CA25_0.37 | 0.9 ± 0.1 | |
CT25_0.31 | 2.5 ± 0.4 | |
Geopolymer Mortars | MCAS_0.37 | 0.5 ± 0.1 |
MCA25_0.47 | 0.6 ± 0.1 | |
MCA50_0.49 | 1.0 ± 0.1 | |
MCA50_0.46 | 0.6 ± 0.1 | |
MCA75_0.55 | 1.1 ± 0.5 | |
MCA75_0.48 | 0.9 ± 0.1 | |
MCA100_0.55 | 2.7 ± 0.1 | |
MCTS_0.36 | 2.0 ± 0.3 | |
MCT25_0.40 | 1.1 ± 0.5 | |
MCT50_0.42 | 1.7 ± 0.1 | |
MCT75_0.45 | 3.8 ± 0.1 | |
MCT100_0.52 | - |
Specimens | Components (ppm) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Na | S | Cl | K | Ca | |
Distilled water | <25 | - | <0.5 | <0.5 | <1 |
MCAS_0.37 | <25 | 2.34 ± 0.02 | 3.30 ± 0.02 | 8.29 ± 0.02 | 0.48 ± 0.03 |
MCA50_0.46 | <50 | 10.8 ± 0.1 | 41.2 ± 0.1 | 68.9 ± 0.1 | 0.9 ± 0.01 |
MCA75_0.48 | 3.6 ± 0.1 | 11.5 ± 0.1 | 15.7 ± 0.1 | 0.58 ± 0.03 | |
MCTS_0.36 | <30 | 1.57 ± 0.03 | 1.10 ± 0.01 | 3.74 ± 0.01 | 0.48 ± 0.01 |
MCT50_0.42 | 4.31 ± 0.03 | 9.10 ± 0.03 | 14.45 ± 0.03 | 0.86 ± 0.01 | |
MCT75_0.45 | 5.3 ± 0.1 | 16.2 ± 0.1 | 25.2 ± 0.1 | 0.89 ± 0.01 |
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Vilarinho, I.S.; Capela, M.N.; Pinto, A.S.; Labrincha, J.A.; Seabra, M.P. Valorization of Fly Ashes and Sands Wastes from Biomass Boilers in One-Part Geopolymers. Molecules 2022, 27, 6881. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27206881
Vilarinho IS, Capela MN, Pinto AS, Labrincha JA, Seabra MP. Valorization of Fly Ashes and Sands Wastes from Biomass Boilers in One-Part Geopolymers. Molecules. 2022; 27(20):6881. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27206881
Chicago/Turabian StyleVilarinho, Inês Silveirinha, Marinélia Neto Capela, Ana Sofia Pinto, João António Labrincha, and Maria Paula Seabra. 2022. "Valorization of Fly Ashes and Sands Wastes from Biomass Boilers in One-Part Geopolymers" Molecules 27, no. 20: 6881. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27206881