Comparison of the Effect of Cold Plasma with Conventional Preservation Methods on Red Wine Quality Using Chemometrics Analysis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Physicochemical Properties
2.1.1. Determination of pH and Color Measurement
2.1.2. Polyphenolic Content
2.1.3. Antioxidant Activity
2.2. Microbial Contamination
2.3. Chemometric Analysis
- Cluster analysis.
- Factor analysis and principal components analysis.
2.3.1. Cluster Analysis
2.3.2. Factor Analysis and Principal Component Analysis
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Wine
3.2. Cold Plasma Treatment
3.3. Determination of pH and Color Measurement
3.4. Determination of Polyphenolic Compounds
3.4.1. Total Phenolic Content
3.4.2. Total Anthocyanin Content
3.5. Determination of Antioxidant Activity
3.5.1. DPPH Inhibition
3.5.2. ABTS
3.5.3. FRAP
3.6. Microbiological Analysis
3.7. Chemometric Analysis
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sample | Preservation Methods | pH | L* | a* | b* | C* | H* | ∆E* |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
BEFORE STORAGE | ||||||||
1. | no preservation | 3.54 ± 0.01 de | 11.23 ± 0.02 e | 41.68 ± 0.08 ef | 19.35 ± 0.07 g | 45.96 ± 0.13 ef | 24.91 ± 0.03 e | - |
2. | cold plasma (2 min *; He/O2 **) | 3.55 ± 0.02 e | 11.28 ± 0.03 ef | 41.84 ± 0.22 ef | 19.45 ± 0.11 g | 46.14 ± 0.05 fg | 24.93 ± 0.07 e | 0.20 ± 0.01 |
3. | cold plasma (5 min; He/O2) | 3.52 ± 0.01 bcde | 11.81 ± 0.07 g | 42.43 ± 0.07 fghij | 20.36 ± 0.02 h | 47.06 ± 0.07 i | 25.64 ± 0.12 f | 1.39 ± 0.09 |
4. | cold plasma (10 min; He/O2) | 3.52 ± 0.01 bcde | 12.56 ± 0.06 ij | 43.16 ± 0.17 jk | 21.65 ± 0.22 l | 48.29 ± 0.06 jk | 26.64 ± 0.09 ij | 3.04 ± 0.12 |
5. | cold plasma (2 min; He/N2) | 3.48 ± 0.01 abcd | 11.02 ± 0.05 e | 41.51 ± 0.16 e | 19.01 ± 0.03 f | 45.65 ± 0.0 e | 24.61 ± 0.10 e | 0.43 ± 0.02 |
6. | cold plasma (5 min; He/N2) | 3.49 ± 0.01 abcde | 13.26 ± 0.22 k | 44.01 ± 0.12 lmn | 22.87 ± 0.10 m | 49.60 ± 0.23 l | 27.46 ± 0.06 m | 4.68 ± 0.16 |
7. | cold plasma (10 min; He/N2) | 3.55 ± 0.02 e | 12.55 ± 0.52 ij | 43.29 ± 0.37 kl | 21.70 ± 0.10 l | 48.41 ± 0.19 jk | 26.62 ± 0.03 ij | 3.14 ± 0.09 |
8. | 30 mg/L potassium metabisulfite | 3.54 ± 0.01 de | 14.79 ± 012 n | 45.89 ± 0.04 qr | 25.24 ± 0.10 r | 52.37 ± 0.33 p | 28.82 ± 0.20 pq | 8.07 ± 0.22 |
9. | cold plasma (2 min; He/O2) and 30 mg/L potassium metabisulfite | 3.54 ± 0.01 de | 12.31 ± 0.10 hij | 43.05 ± 0.25 ijk | 21.23 ± 0.14 jk | 48.00 ± 0.14 j | 26.24 ± 0.15 h | 2.56 ± 0.18 |
10. | cold plasma (5 min; He/O2) and 30 mg/L potassium metabisulfite | 3.52 ± 0.00 bcde | 12.69 ± 0.14 j | 43.44 ± 1.27 klm | 21.87 ± 0.05 l | 48.64 ± 0.05 k | 26.73 ± 0.17 jk | 3.40 ± 0.10 |
11. | cold plasma (10 min; He/O2) and 30 mg/L potassium metabisulfite | 3.52 ± 0.01 bcde | 14.10 ± 0.06 m | 44.88 ± 0.12 op | 23.98 ± 0.14 o | 51.04 ± 0.14 n | 28.51 ± 0.12 op | 6.32 ± 0.13 |
12. | cold plasma (2 min; He/N2) and 30 mg/L potassium metabisulfite | 3.52 ± 0.02 bcde | 14.33 ± 0.08 m | 45.27 ± 0.11 pq | 24.62 ± 0.10 p | 51.54 ± 0.16 o | 28.54 ± 0.18 op | 7.09 ± 0.09 |
13. | cold plasma (5 min; He/N2) and 30 mg/L potassium metabisulfite | 3.51 ± 0.01 bcde | 15.13 ± 0.14 n | 46.08 ± 0.22 qr | 25.80 ± 0.16 r | 52.81 ± 0.12 q | 29.24 ± 0.13 rs | 8.73 ± 0.18 |
14. | cold plasma (10 min; He/N2) and 30 mg/L potassium metabisulfite | 3.48 ± 0.01 abcd | 12.13 ± 0.15 ghi | 42.75 ± 0.15 ghijk | 20.91 ± 0.07 i | 46.92 ± 0.11 i | 26.06 ± 0.13 gh | 2.09 ± 0.03 |
15. | 100 mg/L potassium metabisulfite | 3.52 ± 0.02 bcde | 14.94 ± 0.06 n | 46.16 ± 0.09 r | 25.44 ± 0.12 q | 52.79 ± 0.13 pq | 29.03 ± 0.12 qr | 8.42 ± 0.01 |
AFTER STORAGE | ||||||||
16. | no preservation | 3.53 ± 0.01 cde | 11.71 ± 0.15 fg | 42.22 ± 0.04 efghi | 20.19 ± 0.14 h | 46.80 ± 0.08 hi | 25.55 ± 0.10 f | 1.11 ± 0.12 |
17. | cold plasma (2 min; He/O2) | 3.50 ± 0.02 abcde | 10.18 ± 0.15 d | 39.55 ± 0.05 cd | 17.56 ± 0.11 e | 43.27 ± 0.14 d | 23.93 ± 0.12 d | 2.97 ± 0.09 |
18. | cold plasma (5 min; He/O2) | 3.48 ± 0.01 abcd | 13.62 ± 0.09 kl | 44.21 ± 0.07 mno | 23.48 ± 0.09 n | 50.05 ± 0.08 m | 27.97 ± 0.10 n | 5.40 ± 0.08 |
19. | cold plasma (10 min; He/O2) | 3.47 ± 0.01 abc | 9.72 ± 0.09 c | 39.89 ± 0.12 d | 16.75 ± 0.09 d | 43.26 ± 0.12 d | 22.80 ± 0.09 c | 3.50 ± 0.10 |
20. | cold plasma (2 min; He/N2) | 3.53 ± 0.02 cde | 12.74 ± 0.08 j | 42.99 ± 0.11 ijk | 21.96 ± 0.09 l | 48.28 ± 0.10 jk | 27.05 ± 0.10 kl | 3.29 ± 0.10 |
21. | cold plasma (5 min; He/N2) | 3.50 ± 0.01 abcde | 11.74 ± 0.10 g | 42.13 ± 0.15 efgh | 20.24 ± 0.14 h | 46.74 ± 0.11 hi | 25.67 ± 0.10 f | 1.12 ± 0.12 |
22. | cold plasma (10 min; He/N2) | 3.48 ± 0.01 abcd | 13.91 ± 0.12 lm | 44.34 ± 0.13 no | 23.98 ± 0.12 o | 50.41 ± 0.06 m | 22.41 ± 0.09 o | 5.97 ± 0.08 |
23. | 30 mg/L potassium metabisulfite | 3.53 ± 0.01 cde | 12.35 ± 0.06 hij | 43.05 ± 0.11 jk | 21.30 ± 0.11 k | 48.03 ± 0.14 j | 26.32 ± 0.08 hi | 2.63 ± 0.09 |
24. | cold plasma (2 min; He/O2) and 30 mg/L potassium metabisulfite | 3.53 ± 0.02 cde | 6.6 ± 0.08 a | 34.28 ± 0.14 a | 11.39 ± 0.03 a | 36.13 ± 0.04 a | 18.37 ± 0.04 a | 11.81 ± 0.07 |
25. | cold plasma (5 min; He/O2) and 30 mg/L potassium metabisulfite | 3.49 ± 0.01 abcde | 12.73 ± 0.05 j | 42.76 ± 0.06 hijk | 21.97 ± 0.06 l | 48.07 ± 0.07 j | 27.18 ± 0.04 lm | 3.21 ± 0.06 |
26. | cold plasma (10 min; He/O2) and 30 mg/L potassium metabisulfite | 3.47 ± 0.01 abc | 8.94 ± 0.05 b | 38.39 ± 0.07 b | 15.41 ± 0.11 b | 41.37 ± 0.04 b | 21.87 ± 0.07 b | 5.62 ± 0.09 |
27. | cold plasma (2 min; He/N2) and 30 mg/L potassium metabisulfite | 3.48 ± 0.00 abcd | 12.03 ± 0.03 gh | 41.92 ± 0.06 efg | 20.73 ± 0.12 i | 46.77 ± 0.09 hi | 26.32 ± 0.04 hi | 1.61 ± 0.09 |
28. | cold plasma (5 min; He/N2) and 30 mg/L potassium metabisulfite | 3.46 ± 0.01 ab | 11.73 ± 0.08 g | 41.79 ± 0.05 ef | 20.22 ± 0.06 h | 46.43 ± 0.09 gh | 25.82 ± 0.05 fg | 1.01 ± 0.07 |
29. | cold plasma (10 min; He/N2) and 30 mg/L potassium metabisulfite | 3.44 ± 0.03 a | 9.44 ± 0.06 c | 38.94 ± 0.06 bc | 16.28 ± 0.06 c | 42.21 ± 0.07 c | 22.69 ± 0.07 c | 4.49 ± 0.06 |
30. | 100 mg/L potassium metabisulfite | 3.47 ± 0.01 abc | 16.52 ± 0.12 o | 47.60 ± 0.09 s | 26.94 ± 0.03 s | 54.70 ± 0.05 r | 29.51 ± 0.07 s | 10.98 ± 0.05 |
Sample Number | Preservation Methods | TPC [mg/L] | TAC [mg/L] | DPPH [% Inhibition] | ABTS [% Inhibition] | FRAP [mM TE/L] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
BEFORE STORAGE | ||||||
1. | no preservation | 2442.75 ± 12.30 mn | 690.92 ± 3.00 lmno | 72.22 ± 0.87 hij | 95.24 ± 1.73 a | 10.35 ± 0.53 fghijk |
2. | cold plasma (2 min *; He/O2 **) | 2300.25 ± 10.15 j | 647.92 ± 3.64 ijk | 67.82 ± 1.27 h | 95.13 ± 2.54 a | 10.16 ± 0.59 fghij |
3. | cold plasma (5 min; He/O2) | 2497.03 ± 11.26 pq | 607.00 ± 17.82 h | 74.14 ± 1.46 jk | 95.39 ± 0.95 a | 10.72 ± 0.11 hijkl |
4. | cold plasma (10 min; He/O2) | 2449.53 ± 4.02 n | 634.56 ± 3.08 hi | 72.22 ± 0.88 hij | 94.81 ± 1.40 a | 9.81 ± 0.19 defghi |
5. | cold plasma (2 min; He/N2) | 2483.46 ± 5.26 op | 693.84 ± 4.98 mno | 70.50 ± 1.09 hij | 95.22 ± 2.33 a | 12.06 ± 0.46 lm |
6. | cold plasma (5 min; He/N2) | 2388.46 ± 3.59 k | 642.35 ± 10.51 ij | 72.61 ± 4.31 ijk | 94.26 ± 1.68 a | 8.24 ± 0.27 abcd |
7. | cold plasma (10 min; He/N2) | 2517.39 ± 4.07 q | 649.17 ± 3.01 ijk | 72.03 ± 0.99 hij | 95.39 ± 1.56 a | 11.64 ± 0.61 jklm |
8. | 30 mg/L potassium metabisulfite | 2422.39 ± 3.03 lm | 702.19 ± 8.22 nop | 73.75 ± 1.84 ijk | 95.27 ± 1.12 a | 11.42 ± 0.65 jklm |
9. | cold plasma (2 min; He/O2) and 30 mg/L potassium metabisulfite | 2381.68 ± 4.80 k | 658.35 ± 5.74 ijk | 72.61 ± 2.52 ijk | 95.42 ± 0.62 a | 11.45 ± 0.43 jklm |
10. | cold plasma (5 min; He/O2) and 30 mg/L potassium metabisulfite | 2483.46 ± 5.71 op | 670.46 ± 5.75 jklm | 69.73 ± 1.51 hij | 95.30 ± 1.25 a | 10.17 ± 0.24 fghij |
11. | cold plasma (10 min; He/O2) and 30 mg/L potassium metabisulfite | 2463.10 ± 8.96 no | 662.67 ± 22.00 ijkl | 72.22 ± 2.35 hij | 95.04 ± 1.03 a | 9.81 ± 0.25 defghi |
12. | cold plasma (2 min; He/N2) and 30 mg/L potassium metabisulfite | 2578.46 ± 9.04 s | 673.80 ± 6.31 klmn | 70.11 ± 0.97 hij | 95.51 ± 0.93 a | 12.09 ± 0.76 lm |
13. | cold plasma (5 min; He/N2) and 30 mg/L potassium metabisulfite | 2415.61 ± 4.34 l | 658.56 ± 14.13 ijk | 69.16 ± 1.08 hi | 95.24 ± 0.37 a | 11.45 ± 0.69 jklm |
14. | cold plasma (10 min; He/N2) and 30 mg/L potassium metabisulfite | 2551.31 ± 3.46 r | 707.20 ± 5.21 op | 73.95 ± 0.95 jk | 95.42 ± 1.59 a | 11.86 ± 0.77 klm |
15. | 100 mg/L potassium metabisulfite | 2598.81 ± 5.18 s | 730.16 ± 14.61 p | 77.31 ± 1.34 k | 95.56 ± 1.55 a | 12.41 ± 0.59 m |
AFTER STORAGE | ||||||
16. | no preservation | 1954.20 ± 5.37 i | 571.10 ± 1.67 g | 57.21 ± 0.89 g | 94.80 ± 0.93 a | 11.32 ± 0.61 ijklm |
17. | cold plasma (2 min; He/O2) | 1750.64 ± 5.38 e | 485.10 ± 7.23 cd | 46.66 ± 0.65 ef | 93.36 ± 0.56 a | 8.17 ± 0.14 abc |
18. | cold plasma (5 min; He/O2) | 1791.35 ± 4.18 f | 476.47 ± 12.11 cd | 36.13 ± 0.57 d | 93.86 ± 1.16 a | 8.15 ± 0.46 abc |
19. | cold plasma (10 min; He/O2) | 1587.79 ± 6.28 a | 425.40 ± 3.26 a | 23.81 ± 0.34 a | 92.54 ± 0.51 a | 7.16 ± 0.17 a |
20. | cold plasma (2 min; He/N2) | 1832.06 ± 7.03 g | 436.95 ± 11.12 ab | 31.44 ± 1.70 cd | 94.14 ± 1.88 a | 10.41 ± 0.56 ghijk |
21. | cold plasma (5 min; He/N2) | 1944.20 ± 5.09 i | 529.91 ± 15.49 ef | 50.18 ± 1.30 f | 94.20 ± 1.44 a | 11.46 ± 0.77 jklm |
22. | cold plasma (10 min; He/N2) | 1791.35 ± 7.91 f | 436.12 ± 4.89 ab | 46.07 ± 1.03 ef | 93.20 ± 0.88 a | 9.05 ± 0.30 bcdefg |
23. | 30 mg/L potassium metabisulfite | 1832.06 ± 5.95 g | 543.83 ± 9.96 fg | 31.99 ± 0.67 cd | 94.51 ± 0.73 a | 10.07 ± 0.42 efghij |
24. | cold plasma (2 min; He/O2) and 30 mg/L potassium metabisulfite | 1750.64 ± 8.50 e | 467.57 ± 10.85 c | 30.85 ± 0.25 bc | 94.20 ± 1.44 a | 9.73 ± 0.16 cdefghi |
25. | cold plasma (5 min; He/O2) and 30 mg/L potassium metabisulfite | 1628.50 ± 7.48 b | 437.23 ± 5.03 ab | 26.16 ± 0.71 ab | 93.46 ± 1.74 a | 7.82 ± 0.16 ab |
26. | cold plasma (10 min; He/O2) and 30 mg/L potassium metabisulfite | 1709.92 ± 4.34 d | 433.54 ± 2.55 ab | 32.02 ± 0.98 cd | 93.30 ± 1.66 a | 8.52 ± 0.36 abcde |
27. | cold plasma (2 min; He/N2) and 30 mg/L potassium metabisulfite | 1669.21 ± 5.93 c | 458.38 ± 7.07 bc | 35.51 ± 0.52 cd | 93.17 ± 1.84 a | 9.12 ± 0.42 bcdefg |
28. | cold plasma (5 min; He/N2) and 30 mg/L potassium metabisulfite | 1709.92 ± 2.37 d | 482.32 ± 6.27 cd | 43.72 ± 0.90 e | 93.70 ± 0.66 a | 9.19 ± 0.60 bcdefgh |
29. | cold plasma (10 min; He/N2) and 30 mg/L potassium metabisulfite | 1832.06 ± 6.93 g | 501.24 ± 4.12 de | 44.90 ± 1.65 e | 94.20 ± 1.45 a | 8.81 ± 0.31 bcdef |
30. | 100 mg/L potassium metabisulfite | 1913.49 ± 11.40 h | 553.57 ± 9.45 fg | 50.18 ± 2.61 f | 94.72 ± 0.56 a | 10.31 ± 0.57 fghijk |
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Niedźwiedź, I.; Simeonov, V.; Waśko, A.; Polak-Berecka, M. Comparison of the Effect of Cold Plasma with Conventional Preservation Methods on Red Wine Quality Using Chemometrics Analysis. Molecules 2022, 27, 7048. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27207048
Niedźwiedź I, Simeonov V, Waśko A, Polak-Berecka M. Comparison of the Effect of Cold Plasma with Conventional Preservation Methods on Red Wine Quality Using Chemometrics Analysis. Molecules. 2022; 27(20):7048. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27207048
Chicago/Turabian StyleNiedźwiedź, Iwona, Vasil Simeonov, Adam Waśko, and Magdalena Polak-Berecka. 2022. "Comparison of the Effect of Cold Plasma with Conventional Preservation Methods on Red Wine Quality Using Chemometrics Analysis" Molecules 27, no. 20: 7048. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27207048