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Article

Transformation of Graphite Recovered from Batteries into Functionalized Graphene-Based Sorbents and Application to Gas Desulfurization

by
Rodolfo Fernández-Martínez
1,*,
Isabel Ortiz
2,
M. Belén Gómez-Mancebo
1,
Lorena Alcaraz
3,
Manuel Fernández
1,
Félix A. López
3,
Isabel Rucandio
1 and
José María Sánchez-Hervás
2
1
Chemistry Division, Technology Department, Research Centre for Energy, Environment and Technology (CIEMAT), 28040 Madrid, Spain
2
Sustainable Thermochemical Valorization Unit, Energy Department, Research Centre for Energy, Environment and Technology (CIEMAT), 28040 Madrid, Spain
3
National Centre for Metallurgical Research (CENIM), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Avda. Gregorio del Amo, 8; 28040 Madrid, Spain
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Molecules 2024, 29(15), 3577; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29153577
Submission received: 6 June 2024 / Revised: 15 July 2024 / Accepted: 19 July 2024 / Published: 29 July 2024
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Two-Dimensional Materials: From Synthesis to Applications)

Abstract

The recycling and recovery of value-added secondary raw materials such as spent Zn/C batteries is crucial to reduce the environmental impact of wastes and to achieve cost-effective and sustainable processing technologies. The aim of this work is to fabricate reduced graphene oxide (rGO)-based sorbents with a desulfurization capability using recycled graphite from spent Zn/C batteries as raw material. Recycled graphite was obtained from a black mass recovered from the dismantling of spent batteries by a hydrometallurgical process. Graphene oxide (GO) obtained by the Tour’s method was comparable to that obtained from pure graphite. rGO-based sorbents were prepared by doping obtained GO with NiO and ZnO precursors by a hydrothermal route with a final annealing step. Recycled graphite along with the obtained GO, intermediate (rGO-NiO-ZnO) and final composites (rGO-NiO-ZnO-400) were characterized by Wavelength Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence (WDXRF) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) that corroborated the removal of metal impurities from the starting material as well as the presence of NiO- and ZnO-doped reduced graphene oxide. The performance of the prepared composites was evaluated by sulfidation tests under different conditions. The results revealed that the proposed rGO-NiO-ZnO composite present a desulfurization capability similar to that of commercial sorbents which constitutes a competitive alternative to syngas cleaning.
Keywords: Zn/C battery waste; reduced graphene oxide; rGO-based composites; desulfurization; syngas cleaning; sustainability Zn/C battery waste; reduced graphene oxide; rGO-based composites; desulfurization; syngas cleaning; sustainability

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Fernández-Martínez, R.; Ortiz, I.; Gómez-Mancebo, M.B.; Alcaraz, L.; Fernández, M.; López, F.A.; Rucandio, I.; Sánchez-Hervás, J.M. Transformation of Graphite Recovered from Batteries into Functionalized Graphene-Based Sorbents and Application to Gas Desulfurization. Molecules 2024, 29, 3577. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29153577

AMA Style

Fernández-Martínez R, Ortiz I, Gómez-Mancebo MB, Alcaraz L, Fernández M, López FA, Rucandio I, Sánchez-Hervás JM. Transformation of Graphite Recovered from Batteries into Functionalized Graphene-Based Sorbents and Application to Gas Desulfurization. Molecules. 2024; 29(15):3577. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29153577

Chicago/Turabian Style

Fernández-Martínez, Rodolfo, Isabel Ortiz, M. Belén Gómez-Mancebo, Lorena Alcaraz, Manuel Fernández, Félix A. López, Isabel Rucandio, and José María Sánchez-Hervás. 2024. "Transformation of Graphite Recovered from Batteries into Functionalized Graphene-Based Sorbents and Application to Gas Desulfurization" Molecules 29, no. 15: 3577. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29153577

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