Agents Targeting the Bacterial Cell Wall as Tools to Combat Gram-Positive Pathogens
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Structure, Synthesis, and Remodeling of Peptidoglycan
3. Agents Targeting Peptidoglycan Synthesis
3.1. β-Lactams and Mechanisms of Resistance to Them
3.1.1. Penicillins
3.1.2. Cephalosporins
3.1.3. Carbapenems
3.1.4. Monobactams
3.2. β-Lactamase Based Resistance
3.3. Penicillin-Binding Proteins (PBPs)
3.4. Resistance Mediated by Impermeability or Efflux
3.5. Glycopeptide Antibiotics
4. Agents Decomposing the Bacterial Cell Wall
4.1. Peptidoglycan Targeting Enzymes of Bacteriophage Origin
4.1.1. Endolysins
4.1.2. Virion-Associated Lysins
4.2. Peptidoglycan Targeting Enzymes of Bacterial Origin
4.2.1. Autolysins
4.2.2. Lysostaphins—Staphylococcus-Genus-Specific Bacteriocins
5. Enzymes Targeting Cell Wall as Potential Antibacterials: Spectrum of Activity and Advantages over Antibiotics
5.1. Resistance to Peptidoglycan Hydrolases
5.2. Lysins as Potential Antibacterials
5.3. Lysostaphins as Potential Antibacterials
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
References
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Zhydzetski, A.; Głowacka-Grzyb, Z.; Bukowski, M.; Żądło, T.; Bonar, E.; Władyka, B. Agents Targeting the Bacterial Cell Wall as Tools to Combat Gram-Positive Pathogens. Molecules 2024, 29, 4065. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29174065
Zhydzetski A, Głowacka-Grzyb Z, Bukowski M, Żądło T, Bonar E, Władyka B. Agents Targeting the Bacterial Cell Wall as Tools to Combat Gram-Positive Pathogens. Molecules. 2024; 29(17):4065. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29174065
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhydzetski, Aliaksandr, Zuzanna Głowacka-Grzyb, Michal Bukowski, Tomasz Żądło, Emilia Bonar, and Benedykt Władyka. 2024. "Agents Targeting the Bacterial Cell Wall as Tools to Combat Gram-Positive Pathogens" Molecules 29, no. 17: 4065. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29174065