Unraveling the Early Events of Amyloid-β Protein (Aβ) Aggregation: Techniques for the Determination of Aβ Aggregate Size
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Electrophoretic Techniques for the Quantification of Aβ Oligomer Sizes
2.1. SDS- and Native-PAGE
2.2. SDS-PAGE in Combination with Western Blotting
2.3. SDS-PAGE in Combination with Other Techniques
2.4. Summary of SDS-Based Methods
2.5. Capillary and Microfluidic Capillary Electrophoresis
3. Spectroscopic Techniques for the Quantification of Aβ Oligomer Sizes
3.1. Mass Spectrometry
3.2 Matrix-Assisted Laser-Desorption Ionization (MALDI)-MS
3.3. Electrospray Ionization (ESI)-MS
3.4. Ion Mobility (IM)-MS
3.5. Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy
3.6. Summary of Spectroscopic Methods
4. Additional Techniques Utilized for Aβ Aggregate Size Determinations
4.1. Light Scattering Techniques
4.2. Light Scattering in Combination with Other Techniques
4.3. Centrifugation
4.4. Size Exclusion Chromatography
4.5. Summary of Additional Aβ Aggregate Size Determination Techniques
5. Techniques Utilized for Aβ Oligomer Identification
5.1. Dot Blot
5.2. Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
5.3. Summary of Aβ Oligomer Identification Techniques
6. Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
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Antibody | Recognition Motif | Monoclonal/Polyclonal | References |
---|---|---|---|
6E10 | Aβ1-17 | Monoclonal | [50–53] |
Ab9 | Aβ1-16 | Monoclonal | [54] |
6C6 | Aβ1-16 | Monoclonal | [50] |
4G8 | Aβ17-24 | Monoclonal | [50] |
2G3 | Aβ31-40 | Monoclonal | [55] |
BA-27 | Aβ1-40, C-terminal | Monoclonal | [56] |
BC-05 | Aβ1-42, C-terminal | Monoclonal | [56] |
A8 | amyloid oligomers | Monoclonal | [45] |
A11 | amyloid oligomers | Monoclonal | [10,57,58] |
NU-4 | amyloid oligomers | Monoclonal | [59] |
OC | amyloid fibrils | Polycolonal | [60] |
Technique | Advantages | Disadvantages | Aggregate Sizes Detected | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
SDS-PAGE |
|
| 4.5–20 kDa, >83 kDa | [45,46] |
Native PAGE |
|
| 8–20 kDa, high molecular weight | [48,49] |
Western Blotting |
|
| 4–16 kDa, 16.5–25 kDa, 30–97 kDa (with SDS-PAGE) | [45,50–53,55] |
Capillary and Microfluidic Capillary Electrophoresis |
|
| 4–50 kDa, >50 kDa, fibrils | [72–74] |
Mass Spectrometry |
|
| 4–24 kDa, ~48 kDa, fibrils, | [48,95,98, 102–104] |
Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy |
|
| ~10 nm–1 μm (small oligomers– aggregates) | [24,105,107] |
Light Scattering |
|
| >10 kDa (MALS) 1 nm–1 μm (DLS) | [112,116,117] |
Centrifugation |
|
| 4–17 kDa, >250 kDa, ~270 kDa–3.8 MDa | [26,126] |
Size Exclusion Chromatography |
|
| 4–20 kDa, 24 kDa, >100 kDa | [129–131] |
Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay |
|
| No size determination | [130,133] |
Dot Blot |
|
| No size determination | [57,132] |
© 2012 by the authors; licensee Molecular Diversity Preservation International, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open-access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).
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Pryor, N.E.; Moss, M.A.; Hestekin, C.N. Unraveling the Early Events of Amyloid-β Protein (Aβ) Aggregation: Techniques for the Determination of Aβ Aggregate Size. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2012, 13, 3038-3072. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms13033038
Pryor NE, Moss MA, Hestekin CN. Unraveling the Early Events of Amyloid-β Protein (Aβ) Aggregation: Techniques for the Determination of Aβ Aggregate Size. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2012; 13(3):3038-3072. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms13033038
Chicago/Turabian StylePryor, N. Elizabeth, Melissa A. Moss, and Christa N. Hestekin. 2012. "Unraveling the Early Events of Amyloid-β Protein (Aβ) Aggregation: Techniques for the Determination of Aβ Aggregate Size" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 13, no. 3: 3038-3072. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms13033038