Ultraviolet (UV) and Hydrogen Peroxide Activate Ceramide-ER Stress-AMPK Signaling Axis to Promote Retinal Pigment Epithelium (RPE) Cell Apoptosis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. H2O2 Activates ER Stress, AMPK and MAPK Signal Pathways in Cultured RPE Cells
2.2. H2O2 Induces an Early Ceramide Production, Inhibited by Fumonisin B1
2.3. H2O2-Induced ER Stress and AMPK Activation Is Inhibited by Salubrinal (Sal), but Enhanced by C6 Ceramide
2.4. H2O2-Induced RPE Cell Apoptosis Is Suppressed by Ceramide-ER Stress-AMPK Inhibitors
2.5. UV Induces Ceramide Production, ER Stress/AMPK Activation and RPE Cell Death
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Cell Culture
4.2. Reagents and Chemicals
4.3. TUNEL Staining and Counting
4.4. Cell Viability Assay
4.5. Measurement of Cellular Ceramide Levels
4.6. Western Blots Analysis
4.7. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusion
Acknowledgements
Conflict of Interest
Abbreviations
AMD | age-related macular degeneration |
Sal | salubrinal |
H2O2 | hydrogen peroxide |
AICAR | 5-amino-1-β-D-ribofuranosyl-imidazole-4-carboxamide |
UV | ultraviolet |
MTT | 3-[4,5-dimethylthylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5 diphenyltetrazolium bromide |
NGF | nerve growth factor |
RPE | retinal pigment epithelium |
ROS | reactive oxygen species |
mTOR | mammalian target of rapamycin |
AMPK | AMP activated protein kinase |
MAPK | mitogen-activated protein kinase |
ER stress | endoplasmic reticulum stress |
eIF2α | α-subunit of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 |
TUNEL | terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling. |
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Yao, J.; Bi, H.-E.; Sheng, Y.; Cheng, L.-B.; Wendu, R.-L.; Wang, C.-H.; Cao, G.-F.; Jiang, Q. Ultraviolet (UV) and Hydrogen Peroxide Activate Ceramide-ER Stress-AMPK Signaling Axis to Promote Retinal Pigment Epithelium (RPE) Cell Apoptosis. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2013, 14, 10355-10368. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms140510355
Yao J, Bi H-E, Sheng Y, Cheng L-B, Wendu R-L, Wang C-H, Cao G-F, Jiang Q. Ultraviolet (UV) and Hydrogen Peroxide Activate Ceramide-ER Stress-AMPK Signaling Axis to Promote Retinal Pigment Epithelium (RPE) Cell Apoptosis. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2013; 14(5):10355-10368. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms140510355
Chicago/Turabian StyleYao, Jin, Hui-E Bi, Yi Sheng, Li-Bo Cheng, Ri-Le Wendu, Cheng-Hu Wang, Guo-Fan Cao, and Qin Jiang. 2013. "Ultraviolet (UV) and Hydrogen Peroxide Activate Ceramide-ER Stress-AMPK Signaling Axis to Promote Retinal Pigment Epithelium (RPE) Cell Apoptosis" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 14, no. 5: 10355-10368. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms140510355