Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells and Their Use in Cardiac and Neural Regenerative Medicine
Abstract
:1. Introduction
Year | Event |
---|---|
1908 | The term stem cell was associated with haemopoiesis [2] |
1961 | Existence of stem cells in mouse bone marrow was demonstrated [3] |
1981 | Embryonic stem cell isolation from inner cell mass of mouse blastocyst [4] |
1995 | Embryonic stem cells isolation from rhesus monkey [8] |
1998 | Isolation of first human ES cells [5] |
2006 | Induced pluripotent stem cells from adult mouse fibroblast cells [6] |
2007 | Induced pluripotent stem cells from human fibroblasts [7] |
2. Cellular Reprogramming and Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells
Species | Germ Layer | Cell Type | Reprogramming Factors | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
mouse | mesoderm | mouse embryonic fibroblasts | O, K, S, M | [6,31] |
O, K, S | [32] | |||
adipose-derived stem cells | O, K, S, M | [33] | ||
B lymphocytes | O, K, S, M | [34] | ||
endoderm | hepatocytes | O, K, S, M | [35] | |
O, K, S | [35] | |||
pancreatic β cells | O, K, S, M | [36] | ||
gastric epithelial cells | O, K, S, M | [35] | ||
ectoderm | neural stem cells | O, K, S, M | [37] | |
O, K, M | [38] | |||
O, K | [37] | |||
O, M | [37] | |||
O | [39] | |||
human | endoderm | hepatocytes | O, K, S, M | [40] |
mesoderm | fibroblast | O, K, S, M | [6] | |
O, L, S, N | [24] | |||
O, K, S | [41] | |||
mobilized peripheral blood | O, K, S, M | [42] | ||
peripheral blood and bone marrow mononuclear cells | O, K, S, M | [43] | ||
bone marrow stem cells | O, K, S, M | [42] | ||
circulating T lymphocytes | O, K, S, M | [43] | ||
umbilical endothelial cells | O, L, S, N | [44] | ||
cord blood stem cells | O, K, S, M | [42] | ||
O, S | [45] | |||
adipose-derived stem cells | O, K, S, M | [33] | ||
adipose stem cells | O, K, S | [46] | ||
mesenchymal stromal cells | O, K, S | [47] | ||
mesenchymal cells | O, K, S, M | [48] | ||
ectoderm | keratinocytes | O, K, S, M | [49] | |
O, K, S | [49] | |||
neural stem cells | O | [39] | ||
melanocytes | O, K, M | [50] |
3. iPSC Differentiation into Three Germ Layers
4. iPSC Differentiation into Cardiomyocytes
Modifier | Name | Mechanism |
---|---|---|
Chemicals | Ascorbic acid | Enhances proliferation of CPCs via the MEK-ERK1/2 [72] |
Cardiogenol C | Activation of the Wnt signaling pathway and modified expression of several key chromatin remodeling proteins [73] | |
Retinoic acid | Effects to growth factor stimulation pathway(s) [74] | |
Szh-1 | Unknown [69] | |
Small molecules | Pluripotin (SC1) | ERK1/Ras-GAP inhibition [75] |
RepSox | TGF-β receptor signaling inhibition [30] | |
BIX01294 | Histone methyltransferase inhibitor [76] | |
Bay K 8644 | Ca2+ channel agonist [77] | |
RG108 | DNA methyltransferase inhibitor [78] | |
5-azacytidine | Inhibitors of DNA methyltransferases [79] | |
Valproic acid | Histone deacetylase inhibitor | |
SB431542 | TGF-β superfamily type I activin receptor inhibition | |
KY02112 | Wnt inhibitor [80] | |
DMSO | Decreases phosphorylation and increases levels of β-catenin [81] |
5. iPSCs in Cardiac Disease Modeling and Regenerative Medicine
6. iPSC Differentiation into Neurons
7. Direct Differentiation into Neurons with Small Molecules and Their Properties
Name | Mechanism |
---|---|
Retinoic acid | Morphogen/agonist of the Sonic Hedgehog pathway [102,112] |
Epidermal growth factor (EGF) | Mitogen [113] |
Fibroblast growth factor (FGF-2, FGF-8, FGF-4) | Regulation of neural stem cells proliferation and self-renewal [113] |
Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) | Neural induction factor [113] |
Sonic hedgehog (SHH) | Morphogen, induction factor [112] |
Noggin | BMP antagonist [113] |
SB431542 | Inhibition of the TGFβ/Activin/Nodal pathway/inhibition of SMAD [114,115] |
Dorsomorphin | Inhibition of BMP pathway/inhibition of SMAD [114] |
LDN193189 | Inhibition of BMP pathway [116] |
Purmorphamine | Activation of the Hedgehog pathway [117] |
8. iPSCs in Neuronal Disease Modeling
9. iPSCs in Neuronal Diseases
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Skalova, S.; Svadlakova, T.; Qureshi, W.M.S.; Dev, K.; Mokry, J. Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells and Their Use in Cardiac and Neural Regenerative Medicine. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2015, 16, 4043-4067. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms16024043
Skalova S, Svadlakova T, Qureshi WMS, Dev K, Mokry J. Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells and Their Use in Cardiac and Neural Regenerative Medicine. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2015; 16(2):4043-4067. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms16024043
Chicago/Turabian StyleSkalova, Stepanka, Tereza Svadlakova, Wasay Mohiuddin Shaikh Qureshi, Kapil Dev, and Jaroslav Mokry. 2015. "Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells and Their Use in Cardiac and Neural Regenerative Medicine" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 16, no. 2: 4043-4067. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms16024043