Network Candidate Genes in Breeding for Drought Tolerant Crops
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Role of Plant Hormones in Drought Response
2.1. Abscisic Acid (ABA) Biosynthesis, Catabolism and Signaling Pathways Are Major Players under Drought Conditions
Gene | Gene Function | Abiotic Stress Tolerance | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
Zeaxanthin epoxidase (ZEP) | ABA biosynthesis | Improved tolerance to drought stress and salt | [22,25] |
9- cis-Epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase (NCED) | ABA biosynthesis | Improved drought tolerance by overexpression in tomato | [23,48] |
Molybdenum cofactor sulfurase (LOS5/ABA3) | ABA biosynthesis | Increased drought tolerance in maize and soybean combined with higher yields | [30,32] |
ABA 8′-hydroxylase | ABA catabolism | Upregulated during drought stress and rehydration: reduction in ABA level | [35] |
Abscisic acid receptor (PYL) | ABA signaling network | Enhanced drought and salinity tolerance | [19,43] |
Protein phosphatase 2C (PP2C) | ABA signaling network | Induced by drought, repressed by oxidative stress and heat shock | [49,50] |
Serine/threonine protein kinase (SnRK2) | ABA signaling network | Enhanced tolerance to drought, salt, and freezing stress | [51,52] |
SCARECROW (SCR) | Transcription factor, structural root differentiation | Binding to regulatory regions of stress-responsive genes; Regulating abscisic acid responses in Arabidopsis | [51] |
2.2. Role of Ethylene Biosynthesis, Catabolism and Signaling Pathway for Drought Tolerance
Gene | Gene Function | Abiotic Stress Tolerance | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid oxidase (ACO) | Ethylene biosynthesis | Induced expression during wilting in tea plants promotes decreased metabolism and energy consumption by shedding of older leaves | [53] |
1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid synthase (ACS) | Ethylene biosynthesis | Delayed senescence in absence of ACS in maize | [54] |
1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid synthase 7 (ACS7) | Ethylene biosynthesis | ACS7-knock-out promotes tolerance to salt, osmotic and heat stresses | [55] |
Ethylene-overproducer 1 (ETO1) | Limitation of ACS in ethylene biosynthesis | ETO1-deficient mutants in Arabidopsis exhibited delayed stomatal closure in response to drought | [56] |
Ethylene overproducer 1-like (ETOL1) | Ethylene biosynthesis and energy metabolism | ETOL1-overexpressing rice more tolerant to drought and submergence | [57] |
Ethylene response 1 (ETR1) | Ethylene signaling | Cross-link between ethylene and H2O2 signal transduction in Arabidopsis, stomatal closure; inhibition of seed germination under salt stress | [58,59] |
Ethylene response 2 (ETR2) | Ethylene signaling | ETR2 promotes seed germination under NaCl stress in Arabidopsis | [59] |
Ethylene insensitive 2 (EIN2) | Ethylene signaling | EIN2 downregulated in Arabidopsis during salt and osmotic stress, EIN2-deficient mutants sensitive to salt and osmotic stress | [60] |
Ethylene insensitive 3 (EIN3) | Downstream element of ethylene signaling pathway | EIN3-deficient mutants in Arabidopsis exhibited oxidative stress after exposure to salt stress | [61] |
Ethylene response factor 1 (ERF1) | Jasmonate and ethylene signaling | ERF1-overexpressing Arabidopsis more tolerant to drought and salt stress | [62] |
Ethylene responsive element binding protein 1 (EREBP) | Connection between different stress signal transduction pathways | Expression induced in oil palm fruits in response to abiotic stress (drought, cold and salinity) | [63] |
Ethylene response factor 5 (ERF5) | Vegetative growth and plant development | ERF5-overexpressing tomatoes more tolerant to drought and salt stress | [64] |
Ethylene response factor 6 (ERF6) | Cell proliferation and leaf growth | ERF5/ERF6-deficient Arabidopsis mutants less affected by stress | [65] |
Jasmonate and ethylene response factor 1 (JERF1) | Activation of stress responsive genes, proline synthesis and ABA biosynthesis key enzymes | JERF1-overexpressing rice more tolerant to drought stress | [66] |
3. Protection of the Cells against Osmolytic and Oxidative Damages
3.1. Osmolytes: Glycine Betaine, Proline and Trehalose
Gene | Gene Function | Abiotic Stress Tolerance | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
Betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase (BADH) | Osmolyte biosynthesis | BADH from spinach in potato improved drought tolerance | [76] |
Δ1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase (P5CS) | Osmolyte biosynthesis | Proline: most frequent osmolyte in water-stressed plants | [77] |
Proline oxidase/dehydrogenase 1 (PDH1) | Osmolyte biosynthesis | Proline: most frequent osmolyte in water-stressed plants | [77] |
Δ1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase (P5CR) | Osmolyte biosynthesis | Proline: most frequent osmolyte in water-stressed plants; enhanced drought tolerance in soybean | [78] |
Trehalose-phosphate synthase 1 (TPS1) | Osmolyte biosynthesis | Transgenic expression in potato improved drought tolerance | [79] |
DNA-binding protein 4 | Transcription factor | Induced by drought | [51] |
Dehydration-responsive element binding factor 1 (DREB1B) | Transcription factor | Arabidopsis gene in transgenic potato improved drought tolerance | [80] |
3.2. Aquaporins
Gene | Gene Function | Abiotic Stress Tolerance | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
PIP2;1 | Water transport | PIP2;1 transcription downregulated in Arabidopsis; PIP2;1 degradation benefits drought tolerance | [86,87] |
GoPIP1 | Water transport | GoPIP1 overexpressing Arabidopsis mutants more sensitive to drought | [88] |
NtPIP1;1, NtPIP12;1 | Water transport | Downregulation of NtPIP1;1 and NtPIP2;1 in tobacco after drought stress | [89] |
NtAQP1 | Water transport | NtAQP1 transcription upregulated in tobacco after drought stress | [89] |
MaPIP1;1 | Water transport | MaPIP1;1 transcription in banana upregulated during drought stress; MaPIP1;1 overexpressing Arabidopsis mutants more tolerant to drought | [90] |
3.3. Protection against Reactive Oxygen Species
Gene | Gene Function | Abiotic Stress Tolerance | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
Aldehyde dehydrogenase family 7 member (ALDH7) | Oxygen radical detoxification | Extenuated oxidative stress | [51,93] |
Ascorbate peroxidase (APX) | H2O2 metabolism | Preventing oxidative stress | [94] |
Glutathione reductase (GR) | H2O2 metabolism | Induced by oxidative stress | [95] |
Superoxide dismutase (SOD) | Oxygen radical detoxification | Improved drought tolerance; Induced by drought | [96–98] |
4. Stay Green Trait
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Krannich, C.T.; Maletzki, L.; Kurowsky, C.; Horn, R. Network Candidate Genes in Breeding for Drought Tolerant Crops. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2015, 16, 16378-16400. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms160716378
Krannich CT, Maletzki L, Kurowsky C, Horn R. Network Candidate Genes in Breeding for Drought Tolerant Crops. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2015; 16(7):16378-16400. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms160716378
Chicago/Turabian StyleKrannich, Christoph Tim, Lisa Maletzki, Christina Kurowsky, and Renate Horn. 2015. "Network Candidate Genes in Breeding for Drought Tolerant Crops" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 16, no. 7: 16378-16400. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms160716378