Sea Buckthorn Pomace Supplementation in the Diet of Growing Pigs—Effects on Fatty Acid Metabolism, HPA Activity and Immune Status
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Fatty Acid Profiling
2.2. Biochemical Parameters in Blood Plasma
2.3. Immune Parameters in Peripheral Blood
2.4. Fatty Acid Concentration in Hypothalamus Tissue
2.5. Hypothalamus mRNA Expression Levels
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Animal Study
4.2. Sample Preparation for Fatty Acid Analysis—Blood Plasma
4.3. Sample Preparation for Fatty Acid Analysis—Hypothalamus
4.4. Analysis of Fatty Acids
4.5. Biochemical Analyses
4.6. RNA Isolation and Quantification of Transcripts
4.7. Immune Parameter Analysis
4.8. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
SBP | Sea buckthorn pomace |
n-3 PUFA | n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids |
SFA | Saturated fatty acids |
MUFA | Mono unsaturated fatty acids |
CRH | Corticotrophin releasing hormone |
MR | Mineralocorticoid receptor |
GR | Glucocorticoid receptor |
HPA | Hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal |
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CG | FG-SBP | CG | FG-SBP | p-Value | p-Value | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Timepoint 0 (TP0) § | Timepoint 1 (TP1) § | CG vs. FG-SBP | TP 0 vs. TP 1 | SBP * TP | |||
LSMSEM (n = 10) | LSMSEM (n = 10) | LSMSEM (n = 10) | LSMSEM (n = 10) | ||||
SFA | |||||||
C12:0 | 0.590.08 a | 0.640.08 a | 0.090.01 b | 0.090.01 b | 0.7680 | <0.0001 | 0.6479 |
C14:0 | 0.980.03 a | 0.930.03 a,b | 0.650.03 b | 0.580.03 b | 0.0297 | <0.0001 | 0.8261 |
C15:0 | 0.460.05 a | 0.330.05 a | 0.360.02 a,b | 0.280.02 b | 0.0162 | 0.0786 | 0.5120 |
C16:0 | 15.720.32 | 15.330.32 | 16.220.34 | 15.760.34 | 0.2908 | 0.0867 | 0.8897 |
C18:0 | 10.700.20 a | 11.150.20 a | 11.980.17 b | 11.920.17 b | 0.2652 | <0.0001 | 0.2202 |
Sum SFA* | 39.860.79 a | 38.440.79 a | 34.300.40 b | 33.830.40 b | 0.1261 | <0.0001 | 0.4788 |
MUFA | |||||||
C16:1cis-9 | 1.260.05 a | 1.260.05 a | 1.630.10 b | 1.600.10 b | 0.8417 | 0.0016 | 0.8493 |
C18:1cis-9 | 16.380.45 a | 16.410.45 a | 18.810.49 b | 17.870.49 b | 0.2557 | 0.0021 | 0.3828 |
C18:1cis-11 | 1.410.05 a | 1.370.05 a | 1.720.08 b | 1.720.08 b | 0.7300 | 0.0001 | 0.7724 |
Sum MUFA # | 20.860.63 a | 20.330.63 a | 23.880.52 b | 22.580.52 b | 0.0689 | 0.0009 | 0.5690 |
PUFA | |||||||
C18:2n-6 | 25.020.68 a | 25.600.68 a | 25.590.75 a | 27.570.75 b | 0.1226 | 0.0578 | 0.2790 |
C18:3n-3 | 0.720.04 a | 0.710.04 a | 0.930.09 b | 0.990.08 b | 0.7748 | 0.0003 | 0.4793 |
C20:4n-6 | 9.310.41 | 10.270.41 | 10.160.33 | 9.860.33 | 0.3996 | 0.5468 | 0.0912 |
C20:5n-3 | 0.560.03 a | 0.630.03 a | 0.870.04 b | 0.800.04 b | 0.9143 | <0.0001 | 0.0934 |
C22:5n-3 | 1.260.05 a | 1.370.05 a | 1.640.05 b | 1.530.05 b | 0.9677 | <0.0001 | 0.0470 |
C22:6n-3 | 0.920.09 a | 0.980.09 a | 0.710.04 b | 0.600.04 b | 0.7586 | 0.0009 | 0.2987 |
Sum PUFA + | 39.280.91 a | 41.230.91 a | 41.820.60 b | 43.560.60 b | 0.0225 | 0.0062 | 0.9129 |
n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio | 10.300.30 a | 10.150.30 a | 9.070.30 b | 10.100.30 a | 0.2110 | 0.0281 | 0.0416 |
CG | FG-SBP | CG | FG-SBP | p-Value | p-Value | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Timepoint 0 (TP0) § | Timepoint 1 (TP1) § | CG vs. FG-SBP | TP 0 vs. TP 1 | SBP * time point | |||
LSMSEM (n = 10) | LSMSEM (n = 10) | LSMSEM (n = 10) | LSMSEM (n = 10) | ||||
Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 0.420.05 | 0.460.05 | 0.330.03 | 0.360.03 | 0.4844 | 0.0298 | 0.8820 |
Cholesterol (mmol/L) | 2.340.06 | 2.310.06 | 2.270.06 | 2.340.06 | 0.7855 | 0.7476 | 0.4222 |
Glucose (mmol/L) | 3.830.20 a | 5.510.20 b | 4.430.22 b | 4.830.22 b | 0.0003 | 0.8110 | 0.0032 |
FFA (mmol/L) | 57.619.01 | 62.369.01 | 108.626.65 | 45.0026.65 | 0.1883 | 0.3648 | 0.0750 |
Lactate (mmol/L) | 2.940.46 | 2.150.46 | 2.540.62 | 2.350.62 | 0.4217 | 0.8450 | 0.5513 |
Cortisol (ng/mL) | 34.372.94a | 14.612.94b | 24.023.39c | 12.793.39b | 0.0007 | 0.0188 | 0.0870 |
Protein (mg/mL) | 69.820.94 a | 70.410.94 a | 72.021.07 b | 72.881.07 b | 0.4979 | 0.0260 | 0.8926 |
IgG (mg/mL) | 10.920.64 a | 12.610.64 b | 10.100.45 a | 13.550.45 b | 0.0005 | 0.9091 | 0.0925 |
IgM (mg/mL) | 5.230.47 | 5.510.47 | 6.110.58 | 5.570.58 | 0.8461 | 0.1912 | 0.2464 |
CG | FG-SBP | p-Value (p < 0.05) | |
---|---|---|---|
LSMSEM (n = 10) | LSMSEM (n = 10) | ||
PBMC × 106 | 8.310.67 | 8.810.67 | 0.6072 |
PI-ConA | 3.360.20 | 3.360.20 | 0.9972 |
PI-LPS | 2.080.11 | 2.030.11 | 0.7598 |
Lymphocytes (%) | 45.762.33 | 44.992.33 | 0.8187 |
Monocytes (%) | 8.140.56 | 8.660.54 | 0.5224 |
Neutrophils (%) | 27.212.34 | 30.832.36 | 0.2911 |
Neutrophil to lymphocyte (N/L) ratio | 0.620.08 | 0.730.08 | 0.3773 |
CG | FG-SBP | p-Value (p < 0.05) | |
---|---|---|---|
LSMSEM (n =10) | LSMSEM (n = 10) | ||
Sum fatty acids | 35.042.79 | 37.682.79 | 0.5118 |
SFA | |||
C12:0 | 0.010.001 | 0.010.001 | 0.8066 |
C14:0 | 0.090.01 | 0.090.01 | 0.7045 |
C15:0 | 0.030.003 | 0.030.003 | 0.5327 |
C16:0 | 5.510.43 | 5.840.43 | 0.5964 |
C18:0 | 6.000.50 | 6.440.50 | 0.5389 |
C20:0 | 0.080.01 | 0.090.01 | 0.3140 |
Sum SFA | 12.411.00 | 13.210.97 | 0.5653 |
MUFA | |||
C16:1 | 0.240.02 | 0.260.02 | 0.5384 |
C18:1 cis-9 | 6.730.57 | 7.540.57 | 0.3253 |
C18:1 cis-11 | 1.700.14 | 1.880.14 | 0.4091 |
Sum MUFA | 10.090.87 | 11.290.87 | 0.3422 |
PUFA | |||
C18:2 n-6 | 0.240.02 | 0.250.02 | 0.7032 |
C18:3 n-3 | 0.170.02 | 0.210.02 | 0.2637 |
C20:4 n-6 | 4.160.32 | 4.380.32 | 0.6368 |
C20:5 n-3 | 0.320.03 | 0.360.03 | 0.3234 |
C22:5 n-3 | 0.140.01 | 0.130.01 | 0.6499 |
C22:6 n-3 | 4.740.38 | 4.890.38 | 0.7726 |
Sum PUFA | 12.240.95 | 12.840.95 | 0.6661 |
n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio | 1.250.02 | 1.270.02 | 0.3655 |
Control Group (CG) | Feeding Group (FG-SBP) | |
---|---|---|
Feed components (%) | ||
SBP | - | 12.0 |
Wheat | 26.2 | 53.4 |
Barley | 20.0 | - |
Triticale | 20.0 | - |
Rye | 15.0 | 15.0 |
Soybean meal | 11.8 | 12.5 |
Soybean skin | 2.5 | - |
Beet molasses | 0.75 | - |
Dextrose | - | 3.3 |
Nutrient composition | ||
Crude fat (%) | 2.7 | 3.6 |
Crude protein (%) | 15.4 | 15.6 |
Energy (MJ) | 13.4 | 12.2 |
Lysine (%) | 0.68 | 0.60 |
Fatty acid profile (%) | ||
C14:0 | 0.43 | 0.45 |
C16:0 | 20.5 | 21.5 |
C16:1 | 1.2 | 5.0 |
C18:0 | 2.4 | 2.3 |
C18:1cis-9 | 17.5 | 19.5 |
C18:2n-6 | 47.4 | 39.4 |
C18:3n-3 | 5.8 | 5.8 |
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Dannenberger, D.; Tuchscherer, M.; Nürnberg, G.; Schmicke, M.; Kanitz, E. Sea Buckthorn Pomace Supplementation in the Diet of Growing Pigs—Effects on Fatty Acid Metabolism, HPA Activity and Immune Status. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2018, 19, 596. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms19020596
Dannenberger D, Tuchscherer M, Nürnberg G, Schmicke M, Kanitz E. Sea Buckthorn Pomace Supplementation in the Diet of Growing Pigs—Effects on Fatty Acid Metabolism, HPA Activity and Immune Status. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2018; 19(2):596. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms19020596
Chicago/Turabian StyleDannenberger, Dirk, Margret Tuchscherer, Gerd Nürnberg, Marion Schmicke, and Ellen Kanitz. 2018. "Sea Buckthorn Pomace Supplementation in the Diet of Growing Pigs—Effects on Fatty Acid Metabolism, HPA Activity and Immune Status" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 19, no. 2: 596. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms19020596