Corosolic Acid Induces Non-Apoptotic Cell Death through Generation of Lipid Reactive Oxygen Species Production in Human Renal Carcinoma Caki Cells
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Corosolic Acid Induces Caspase-Independent Cell Death in Renal Carcinoma Caki Cells
2.2. Corosolic Acid-Induced Cell Death Is not Associated with Necroptosis
2.3. The Generation of ROS Is not Involved in Corosolic Acid-Induced Cell Death
2.4. Corosolic Acid-Mediated Cell Death Is Independent of Ferroptosis
2.5. α-Tocopherol Protects Against Corosolic Acid-Induced ROS Generation, Lipid Peroxidation, and Cell Death
2.6. Effect of Corosolic Acid on Cell Death in Other Cancer and Normal Cells
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Cell Cultures and Materials
4.2. Cell Viability Assay
4.3. Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) Release Assay
4.4. Asp–Glu–Val–Asp–ase (DEVDase) Activity Assay
4.5. Western Blot Analysis
4.6. Annexin V and 7-AAD Staining and Propidium Iodide (PI) Uptake
4.7. Small Interfering RNA (siRNA)
4.8. Measurement of ROS
4.9. Detection of Lipid Peroxidation
4.10. Statistical Analysis
Author Contributions
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
ROS | Reactive oxygen species |
STAT | Signal transducer and activator of transcription |
CHX | Cycloheximide |
PARP | Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase |
7-AAD | 7-Aminoactinomycin D |
PI | Propidium iodide |
RIP1 | Receptor-interacting protein kinase1 |
AIF | Apoptosis-inducing factor |
NAC | N-acetyl-l-cysteine |
DFO | Deferoxamine |
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Woo, S.M.; Seo, S.U.; Min, K.-j.; Im, S.-S.; Nam, J.-O.; Chang, J.-S.; Kim, S.; Park, J.-W.; Kwon, T.K. Corosolic Acid Induces Non-Apoptotic Cell Death through Generation of Lipid Reactive Oxygen Species Production in Human Renal Carcinoma Caki Cells. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2018, 19, 1309. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms19051309
Woo SM, Seo SU, Min K-j, Im S-S, Nam J-O, Chang J-S, Kim S, Park J-W, Kwon TK. Corosolic Acid Induces Non-Apoptotic Cell Death through Generation of Lipid Reactive Oxygen Species Production in Human Renal Carcinoma Caki Cells. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2018; 19(5):1309. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms19051309
Chicago/Turabian StyleWoo, Seon Min, Seung Un Seo, Kyoung-jin Min, Seung-Soon Im, Ju-Ock Nam, Jong-Soo Chang, Shin Kim, Jong-Wook Park, and Taeg Kyu Kwon. 2018. "Corosolic Acid Induces Non-Apoptotic Cell Death through Generation of Lipid Reactive Oxygen Species Production in Human Renal Carcinoma Caki Cells" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 19, no. 5: 1309. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms19051309