Neuroprotective and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Low–Moderate Dose Ionizing Radiation in Models of Alzheimer’s Disease
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Short-Term Effect of LMDIR Treatment on Aβ Deposition in the Subiculum and Cerebral Cortex of Aβ-Overexpressing Transgenic Mice
2.2. Inhibitory Effects of LMDIR on Synaptic and Neuronal Loss in the Hippocampal Formation of Aβ-Overexpressing Transgenic Mice
2.3. Attenuating Effects of LMDIR on Neuroinflammation in the Subiculum and Cerebral Cortex of 5XFAD Mice
2.4. Direct Effects of LMDIR on Aβ-Induced Cell Death in Cultured Neurons
2.5. Alleviatory Effect of LMDIR on Aβ-Induced Neuroinflammatory Cytokine Production and NF-κB Pathway Activation in BV-2 Cells
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Animals
4.2. Cranial Irradiation Procedure
4.3. Preparation of Brain Tissue
4.4. Immunofluorescence Labeling
4.5. Image Acquisition and Analysis
4.6. Skeleton and Fractal Analysis
4.7. Cell Culture
4.8. Measurement of Cell Viability and DNA Fragmentation
4.9. Determination of Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines
4.10. Western Blot Analysis of NF-κB
4.11. Immunocytochemistry of NF-κB
4.12. Statistical Analysis
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
5XFAD | Five familial AD mutations |
AD | Alzheimer’s disease |
Aβ | Amyloid-β |
DG | Dentate gyrus |
DMEM | Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium |
DMSO | Dimethyl sulfoxide |
GFAP | Glial fibrillary acidic protein |
Gr | Granular layer |
Iba-1 | Ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule 1 |
IL | Interleukin |
LDIR | Low-dose ionizing radiation |
LMDIR | Low–moderate dose ionizing radiation |
ML | Molecular layer |
MMP | Metalloproteinase |
MTT | 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide |
NeuN | Neuronal nuclei |
NF-κB | Nuclear factor-kappa B |
PB | Phosphate buffer |
PBS | Phosphate-buffered saline |
PDGF | Platelet-derived growth factor |
Py | Pyramidal tract |
ROI | Reactive oxygen intermediates |
SLu | Stratum lucidum |
SR | Stratum radiatum |
Sub | Subiculum |
SYN | Synaptophysin |
TNF-α | Tumor necrosis factor-alpha |
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Kim, S.; Nam, Y.; Kim, C.; Lee, H.; Hong, S.; Kim, H.S.; Shin, S.J.; Park, Y.H.; Mai, H.N.; Oh, S.-M.; et al. Neuroprotective and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Low–Moderate Dose Ionizing Radiation in Models of Alzheimer’s Disease. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21, 3678. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21103678
Kim S, Nam Y, Kim C, Lee H, Hong S, Kim HS, Shin SJ, Park YH, Mai HN, Oh S-M, et al. Neuroprotective and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Low–Moderate Dose Ionizing Radiation in Models of Alzheimer’s Disease. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2020; 21(10):3678. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21103678
Chicago/Turabian StyleKim, Sujin, Yunkwon Nam, Chanyang Kim, Hyewon Lee, Seojin Hong, Hyeon Soo Kim, Soo Jung Shin, Yong Ho Park, Han Ngoc Mai, Sang-Muk Oh, and et al. 2020. "Neuroprotective and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Low–Moderate Dose Ionizing Radiation in Models of Alzheimer’s Disease" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 10: 3678. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21103678