Short Daily Exposure to Environmental Enrichment, Fluoxetine, or Their Combination Reverses Deterioration of the Coat and Anhedonia Behaviors with Differential Effects on Hippocampal Neurogenesis in Chronically Stressed Mice
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Coat-State and Sucrose Preference after Chronic Mild Stress
2.2. Hippocampal Neurogenic Associated Parameters
2.3. Net Neurogenesis after CMS
2.4. Correlations of Depressive-like Behavior with Parameters Related to Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis
3. Discussion
3.1. Behavioral Changes in Response to Chronic Mild Stress and Pharmacological or Environmental Interventions
3.2. Neurogenic Changes in Response to Chronic Mild Stress and Pharmacological or Environmental Interventions
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Animals
4.2. Chronic Mild Stress, Coat-State, and Anhedonia-like Behavior
4.3. BrdU-Labeling, Standard Housing, Environmental Enrichment, and Fluoxetine Administration
4.4. Tissue Processing for Immunohistochemistry
4.5. Immunohistochemistry
4.6. Quantification of Neurogenic Markers and Phenotypic Analysis
4.7. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
SSRIs | Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors |
BDNF | Brain-derived neurotrophic factor |
CMS | Chronic mild stress |
FLX | Fluoxetine |
ENR | Environmental enrichment |
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Stressors and Exposure Time | |
---|---|
Grouping housing (6 mice per cage) | 8 h |
Water deprivation | 18 h |
Food deprivation | 18 h |
Continous light | 24 h |
Cold room (4 °C) | 15 min |
Stroboscopic light | 3 h |
Constant motion (100 rpm) | 30 min |
White noise | 12 h |
Movement restriction | 1 h |
Dirty or wet cage | 12 h |
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Ramírez-Rodríguez, G.B.; Vega-Rivera, N.M.; Meneses-San Juan, D.; Ortiz-López, L.; Estrada-Camarena, E.M.; Flores-Ramos, M. Short Daily Exposure to Environmental Enrichment, Fluoxetine, or Their Combination Reverses Deterioration of the Coat and Anhedonia Behaviors with Differential Effects on Hippocampal Neurogenesis in Chronically Stressed Mice. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 10976. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms222010976
Ramírez-Rodríguez GB, Vega-Rivera NM, Meneses-San Juan D, Ortiz-López L, Estrada-Camarena EM, Flores-Ramos M. Short Daily Exposure to Environmental Enrichment, Fluoxetine, or Their Combination Reverses Deterioration of the Coat and Anhedonia Behaviors with Differential Effects on Hippocampal Neurogenesis in Chronically Stressed Mice. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021; 22(20):10976. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms222010976
Chicago/Turabian StyleRamírez-Rodríguez, Gerardo Bernabé, Nelly Maritza Vega-Rivera, David Meneses-San Juan, Leonardo Ortiz-López, Erika Montserrat Estrada-Camarena, and Mónica Flores-Ramos. 2021. "Short Daily Exposure to Environmental Enrichment, Fluoxetine, or Their Combination Reverses Deterioration of the Coat and Anhedonia Behaviors with Differential Effects on Hippocampal Neurogenesis in Chronically Stressed Mice" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 20: 10976. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms222010976