Evidence for 2-Methoxyestradiol-Mediated Inhibition of Receptor Tyrosine Kinase RON in the Management of Prostate Cancer
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. RON Levels Are Significantly Elevated in Prostate Adenocarcinoma
2.2. Serum MSP Level Is Associated with Biochemical Recurrence
2.3. 2-ME2-Mediated Proliferation Inhibition Is Associated with Decreased Levels, Expression and Activity of RON in Advanced PCa Cell Lines
2.4. 2-ME2 Affects Mechanical Properties of PCa Cells
2.5. Heterogeneous Response to Nano-Coated 2-ME2 Intervention for 10 Weeks on Castrate Resistant Prostate Tumor Development
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Cell Lines
4.2. Animal Study
4.3. RNA and qPCR
4.4. RNA Interference and Plasmid Transfection
4.5. Western Blotting
4.6. Immunohistochemistry
4.7. Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM)
4.8. Metabolomic Profiling
4.9. Metabolite Identification and Data Analysis
4.10. RON Kinase Activity
4.11. MSP in Serum Samples
4.12. Bioinformatic Analysis
4.13. Statistical Analysis
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Batth, I.S.; Huang, S.-B.; Villarreal, M.; Gong, J.; Chakravarthy, D.; Keppler, B.; Jayamohan, S.; Osmulski, P.; Xie, J.; Rivas, P.; et al. Evidence for 2-Methoxyestradiol-Mediated Inhibition of Receptor Tyrosine Kinase RON in the Management of Prostate Cancer. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 1852. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22041852
Batth IS, Huang S-B, Villarreal M, Gong J, Chakravarthy D, Keppler B, Jayamohan S, Osmulski P, Xie J, Rivas P, et al. Evidence for 2-Methoxyestradiol-Mediated Inhibition of Receptor Tyrosine Kinase RON in the Management of Prostate Cancer. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021; 22(4):1852. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22041852
Chicago/Turabian StyleBatth, Izhar Singh, Shih-Bo Huang, Michelle Villarreal, Jingjing Gong, Divya Chakravarthy, Brian Keppler, Sridharan Jayamohan, Pawel Osmulski, Jianping Xie, Paul Rivas, and et al. 2021. "Evidence for 2-Methoxyestradiol-Mediated Inhibition of Receptor Tyrosine Kinase RON in the Management of Prostate Cancer" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 4: 1852. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22041852