How Hydroxyurea Alters the Gut Microbiome: A Longitudinal Study Involving Angolan Children with Sickle Cell Anemia
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Overview of Clinical Characteristics
2.2. Metagenomic Data
2.3. Hydroxyurea Impact on Alpha and Beta Diversities
2.4. Hydroxyurea-Induced Differences in Gut Microbiome Composition
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Study Design and Ethical Considerations
4.2. Sample Collection and Clinical Analyses
4.3. DNA Extraction and 16S rRNA Sequencing
4.4. Quality-Control and Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Before HU | After HU | p-Value * | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | ±SD | Mean | ±SD | ||
Hemoglobin (g/dL) | 7.36 | ±0.89 | 7.68 | ±0.93 | 0.031 |
Fetal Hemoglobin (%) | 4.67 | ±3.85 | 7.58 | ±4.79 | <0.001 |
Erythrocytes (1012 L) | 2.93 | ±0.57 | 2.71 | ±0.47 | 0.001 |
MCV (fL) | 77.33 | ±6.86 | 84.61 | ±8.72 | <0.001 |
MCH (pg) | 25.53 | ±2.53 | 28.93 | ±3.63 | <0.001 |
WBC (109 L) | 12.92 | ±3.73 | 9.23 | ±3.11 | <0.001 |
Neutrophils (109 L) | 5.46 | ±1.65 | 3.64 | ±1.96 | <0.001 |
Platelets (109 L) | 432.61 | ±169.08 | 394.79 | ±164.77 | 0.249 |
Reticulocytes (%) | 10.26 | ±4.13 | 7.58 | ±3.62 | <0.001 |
LDH (U/L) | 523.84 | ±151.11 | 691.22 | ±215.07 | 0.001 |
Creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.65 | ±0.75 | 0.53 | ±0.30 | 0.970 |
Total Bilirubin (mg/dL) | 1.83 | ±1.93 | 1.09 | ±0.85 | 0.096 |
Direct Bilirubin (mg/dL) | 0.93 | ±1.38 | 0.61 | ±0.56 | 0.544 |
Urea (mg/dL) | 32.88 | ±15.95 | 29.65 | ±15.90 | 0.357 |
AST (U/L) | 33.07 | ±17.33 | 47.94 | ±15.71 | 0.001 |
ALT (U/L) | 11.78 | ±10.47 | 19.70 | ±10.75 | 0.001 |
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Delgadinho, M.; Ginete, C.; Santos, B.; Fernandes, C.; Silva, C.; Miranda, A.; Vasconcelos, J.N.d.; Brito, M. How Hydroxyurea Alters the Gut Microbiome: A Longitudinal Study Involving Angolan Children with Sickle Cell Anemia. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23, 9061. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23169061
Delgadinho M, Ginete C, Santos B, Fernandes C, Silva C, Miranda A, Vasconcelos JNd, Brito M. How Hydroxyurea Alters the Gut Microbiome: A Longitudinal Study Involving Angolan Children with Sickle Cell Anemia. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2022; 23(16):9061. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23169061
Chicago/Turabian StyleDelgadinho, Mariana, Catarina Ginete, Brígida Santos, Carolina Fernandes, Carina Silva, Armandina Miranda, Jocelyne Neto de Vasconcelos, and Miguel Brito. 2022. "How Hydroxyurea Alters the Gut Microbiome: A Longitudinal Study Involving Angolan Children with Sickle Cell Anemia" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 16: 9061. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23169061