Iron Oxide Powder as Responsible for the Generation of Industrial Polypropylene Waste and as a Co-Catalyst for the Pyrolysis of Non-Additive Resins
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Elemental Analysis of PP Samples
2.2. MFI
2.3. TGA
2.4. Characterization of Pyrolysis Gaseous and Liquid Products
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Standards
3.2. Preparation of FeO and Ziegler Natta Catalyst Mixtures
3.3. Site of Sampling and Collection of Samples
3.4. XRF
3.5. MFI
3.6. TGA
3.7. Pyrolysis
3.8. GC-MS/PDHID/FIDA Analysis of Pyrolysis Gases and Condensates
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Feed | PP-4 | PP-15 | PP-120 | PP-230 | PP-350 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Proximate analysis (as received) | |||||
Moisture, wt.% | 0.21 | 0.37 | 0.41 | 0.34 | 0.42 |
Volatile matter, wt.% | 99.58 | 99.43 | 99.42 | 99.39 | 99.45 |
Fixed carbon, wt.% | 0.11 | 0.13 | 0.13 | 0.18 | 0.09 |
Ash, wt.%) | 0.05 | 0.06 | 0.04 | 0.09 | 0.04 |
Ultimate analysis (as received, wt.%) | |||||
C, wt.% | 83.79 | 83.79 | 84.15 | 84.37 | 83.84 |
H, wt.% | 14.75 | 14.82 | 14.18 | 14.05 | 14.58 |
N, wt.% | 0.07 | 0.05 | 0.09 | 0.07 | 0.05 |
S, wt.% | 0.32 | 0.39 | 0.41 | 0.47 | 0.41 |
O, wt.% | 1.06 | 0.95 | 1.18 | 1.04 | 1.11 |
Ti, mg Kg−1 | 0.87 | 0.87 | 0.87 | 0.87 | 0.87 |
Al, mg Kg−1 | 9.16 | 10.11 | 8.53 | 9.27 | 8.45 |
Cl, mg Kg−1 | 13.43 | 13.82 | 13.91 | 14.17 | 13.95 |
FeO, mg Kg−1 | 4.13 | 15 | 121 | 227 | 351 |
Compounds | SAMPLES | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
PP-4 | PP-15 | PP-120 | PP-230 | PP-350 | |
ALKANS | |||||
Methane, % mol | 5.84 ± 0.0529 | 4.13 ± 0.1155 | 4.57 ± 0.0577 | 3.38 ± 0.0764 | 1.37 ± 0.0577 |
Ethane, % mol | 12.33 ± 0.1155 | 11.80 ± 0.1000 | 9.38 ± 0.0764 | 4.67 ± 0.0577 | 1.44 ± 0.0693 |
Propane, % mol | 3.10 ± 0.10 | 3.38 ± 0.0681 | 4.27 ± 0.1155 | 2.85 ± 0.050 | 1.17 ± 0.1155 |
Cyclopropane, % mol | 0.05 ± 0.0058 | 0.57 ± 0.0577 | 0.24 ± 0.0058 | 0.21 ± 0.0173 | 0.07 ± 0.0058 |
Isobutane, % mol | 0.48 ± 0.0764 | 0.70 ± 0.0058 | 0.22 ± 0.0289 | 0.32 ± 0.0289 | 0.12 ± 0.0289 |
N-Butane, % mol | 1.40 ± 0.10 | 1.00 ± 0.1732 | 1.40 ± 0.0 | 2.18 ± 0.1041 | 1.33 ± 0.0577 |
Isopentane, % mol | 12.03 ± 0.0577 | 8.79 ± 0.0503 | 6.52 ± 0.0289 | 11.81 ± 0.0173 | 5.37 ± 0.0577 |
Total Amount | 35.24 ± 0.2873 | 30.37 ± 0.1102 | 26.59 ± 0.0551 | 25.42 ± 0.1825 | 10.86 ± 0.1137 |
ALKENES | |||||
Ethylene, % mol | 1.71 ± 0.0231 | 0.89 ± 0.0173 | 1.47 ± 0.1155 | 1.50 ± 0.0058 | 1.47 ± 0.1155 |
Propylene, % mol | 57.15 ± 0.05 | 54.10 ± 0.10 | 49.60 ± 0.1732 | 37.81 ± 0.0173 | 25.76 ± 0.0231 |
Propadyene, % mol | 0.82 ± 0.0153 | 0.11 ± 0.0115 | 0.41 ± 0.0115 | 0.71 ± 0.0115 | 1.13 ± 0.1155 |
Trans-2-Butene, % mol | 0.21 ± 0.0173 | 0.22 ± 0.0289 | 0.40 ± 0.0 | 0.51 ± 0.0173 | 1.07 ± 0.0577 |
1-Butene, % mol | 0.91 ± 0.0173 | 0.23 ± 0.0306 | 0.61 ± 0.0231 | 0.71 ± 0.0115 | 2.09 ± 0.0808 |
Cis-2-Butene, % mol | 0.31 ± 0.0173 | 0.44 ± 0.0551 | 0.71 ± 0.0115 | 0.30 ± 0.0058 | 0.82 ± 0.0289 |
1,3-Butadiene, % mol | 0.70 ± 0.0058 | 9.12 ± 0.1258 | 5.38 ± 0.0289 | 0.10 ± 0.0012 | 1.32 ± 0.0346 |
1-Pentene, % mol | 0.91 ± 0.0173 | 0.81 ± 0.0115 | 0.49 ± 0.0115 | 1.80 ± 0.0058 | 0.90 ± 0.0058 |
Total Amount | 62.64 ± 0.0635 | 65.85 ± 0.1848 | 59.00 ± 0.1674 | 43.41 ± 0.0115 | 34.58 ± 0.0520 |
ALKYNES | |||||
Acetylene, % mol | 0.21 ± 0.0115 | 0.23 ± 0.1155 | 0.80 ± 0.0058 | 0.50 ± 0.0 | 1.41 ± 0.0115 |
Methyl acetylene, % mol | 0.42 ± 0.0153 | 0.71 ± 0.0173 | 0.52 ± 0.0289 | 0.31 ± 0.0231 | 1.60 ± 0.0 |
Total Amount | 0.61 ± 0.0115 | 0.94 ± 0.0981 | 1.30 ± 0.0058 | 0.81 ± 0.0231 | 3.01 ± 0.0115 |
ALCOHOL | |||||
Methanol, % mol | 0.01 ± 0.0 | 0.05 ± 0.0058 | 3.71 ± 0.0231 | 5.43 ± 0.0577 | 8.40 ± 0.0 |
Ethanol, % mol | 0.11 ± 0.0115 | 0.21 ± 0.0058 | 0.86 ± 0.0200 | 1.61 ± 0.0115 | 3.73 ± 0.0577 |
Isopropyl Alcohol, % mol | 0.04 ± 0.0100 | 0.01 ± 0.0 | 1.03 ± 0.0577 | 2.43 ± 0.0577 | 4.20 ± 0.0 |
N-Propanol, % mol | 0.03 ± 0.0 | 0.09 ± 0.0058 | 0.83 ± 0.0173 | 3.07 ± 0.0577 | 5.83 ± 0.0577 |
N-Butyl Alcohol, % mol | 0 | 0.05 ± 0.0058 | 1.43 ± 0.0577 | 2.65 ± 0.1286 | 3.31 ± 0.0173 |
1,2- Isobutenediol, % mol | 0 | 0.02 ± 0.0 | 0.98 ± 0.0115 | 1.80 ± 0.0 | 3.87 ± 0.0608 |
3-Methyl-2-Pentanol, % mol | 0 | 0 | 0.22 ± 0.0289 | 1.62 ± 0.0252 | 3.17 ± 0.0577 |
Total Amount | 0.18 ± 0.0058 | 0.44 ± 0.0173 | 9.08 ± 0.0058 | 18.61 ± 0.0115 | 32.53 ± 0.0577 |
KETONE | |||||
Acetone, % mol | 0.08 ± 0.0 | 0.05 ± 0.0058 | 0.20 ± 0.0 | 0.80 ± 0.0058 | 1.83 ± 0.0577 |
1-Hydroxy-2-Propanone, % mol | 0.01 ± 0.0058 | 0.04 ± 0.0 | 0.30 ± 0.0 | 1.20 ± 0.0 | 2.87 ± 0.0643 |
2,4-Pentadione, % mol | 0.02 ± 0.0058 | 0.05 ± 0.0058 | 0.23 ± 0.0577 | 1.60 ± 0.0 | 3.08 ± 0.0764 |
2-Pentanone, % mol | 0.13 ± 0.0153 | 0.11 ± 0.0058 | 0.70 ± 0.0000 | 2.43 ± 0.0577 | 2.80 ± 0.0058 |
Total Amount | 0.25 ± 0.0115 | 0.24 ± 0.0115 | 1.43 ± 0.0577 | 6.03 ± 0.0577 | 10.57 ± 0.0577 |
ACIDS | |||||
Formic Acid, % mol | 0.20 ± 0.0 | 0.72 ± 0.0058 | 1.20 ± 0.0 | 2.43 ± 0.0577 | 4.57 ± 0.0577 |
Acetic Acid, % mol | 0.10 ± 0.0 | 0.05 ± 0.0 | 1.27 ± 0.1155 | 3.40 ± 0.0 | 3.83 ± 0.0577 |
Total Amount | 0.30 ± 0.0 | 0.77 ± 0.0058 | 2.47 ± 0.1155 | 5.83 ± 0.0577 | 8.40 ± 0.0 |
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Hernández-Fernández, J.; Castro-Suarez, J.R.; Toloza, C.A.T. Iron Oxide Powder as Responsible for the Generation of Industrial Polypropylene Waste and as a Co-Catalyst for the Pyrolysis of Non-Additive Resins. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23, 11708. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms231911708
Hernández-Fernández J, Castro-Suarez JR, Toloza CAT. Iron Oxide Powder as Responsible for the Generation of Industrial Polypropylene Waste and as a Co-Catalyst for the Pyrolysis of Non-Additive Resins. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2022; 23(19):11708. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms231911708
Chicago/Turabian StyleHernández-Fernández, Joaquín, John R. Castro-Suarez, and Carlos A. T. Toloza. 2022. "Iron Oxide Powder as Responsible for the Generation of Industrial Polypropylene Waste and as a Co-Catalyst for the Pyrolysis of Non-Additive Resins" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 19: 11708. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms231911708