Melanins from the Lichens Lobaria pulmonaria and Lobaria retigera as Eco-Friendly Adsorbents of Synthetic Dyes
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Physico-Chemical Characteristics of Melanins from Lichens L. pulmonaria and L. retigera
2.1.1. Melanin Yield and Qualitative Analysis
2.1.2. Elemental Analysis
2.1.3. X-ray Fluorescence Analysis
2.1.4. FT-IR Spectroscopy
2.1.5. Chemical Analysis of Melanins
2.1.6. Zeta (ζ) Potential of Melanins
2.2. Adsorption Studies
2.2.1. Chemical Structure of Applied Synthetic Dyes
2.2.2. Evaluation of Adsorption Capacity of Lichen Melanins
2.2.3. Regeneration Studies
2.2.4. Reducing the Biological Toxicity of Synthetic Dyes by Their Adsorption
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Chemicals/Reagents
3.2. Extraction and Purification of Melanins from Lichens L. pulmonaria and L. retigera
3.3. Physico-Chemical Characteristics of Melanins
3.3.1. Elemental Composition and Content of Polysaccharides
3.3.2. Functional Groups
3.3.3. Colloidal Properties
3.4. Adsorption Properties of Melanins
3.4.1. Adsorption of Synthetic Dyes
3.4.2. Construction of Adsorption Isotherms
3.5. Desorption of Synthetic Dyes Adsorbed by Melanins
3.6. Biotesting of the Toxicity of Synthetic Dyes Adsorbed by Melanins
3.7. Statistical Analysis
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Melanins | C (%) | H (%) | N (%) | O (%) | Atomic Ratio | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
C/O | C/H | C/N | |||||
L. pulmonaria | 49.62 ± 0.03 | 5.78 ± 0.10 | 4.44 ± 0.12 | 40.16 | 1.65 ± 0.12 | 0.72 ± 0.11 | 13.04 ± 0.01 |
L. retigera | 47.38 ± 0.10 | 6.13 ± 0.11 | 9.47 ± 0.12 | 37.02 | 1.71 ± 0.14 | 0.64 ± 0.11 | 5.84 ± 0.11 |
S. officinalis | 44.62 ± 0.20 | 3.39 ± 0.01 | 7.60 ± 0.05 | 44.39 | 1.34 ± 0.07 | 1.10 ± 0.14 | 6.85 ± 0.23 |
Melanins | Content of Polysaccharides (%) | –OH (%) | –COOH (%) |
---|---|---|---|
L. pulmonaria | 19.93 ± 0.60 | 14.54 ± 1.85 | 1.06 ± 0.01 |
L. retigera | 14.08 ± 0.19 | 8.08 ± 1.28 | 2.66 ± 0.75 |
S. officinalis | - | 16.15 ± 0.90 | 2.19 ± 0.10 |
Melanins | Amount of Dye (μg) 1 | Amount of Adsorbed Dye (μg) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
MB | RBBR | IC | ||
L. pulmonaria | 75 | 67.49 ± 1.00 | 51.57 ± 0.04 | 41.29 ± 2.30 |
150 | 140.50 ± 2.26 | 64.46 ± 4.41 | 93.54 ± 1.89 | |
300 | 260.40 ± 1.98 | 140.53 ± 0.42 | 197.19 ± 4.56 | |
L. retigera | 75 | 49.53 ± 0.34 | 38.40 ± 0.14 | 38.07 ± 1.10 |
150 | 70.15 ± 4.69 | 64.46 ± 1.05 | 50.39 ± 4.65 | |
300 | 129.21 ± 3.50 | 82.96 ± 0.21 | 60.97 ± 1.97 |
Melanins | Treatment | Desorption (D) of the Adsorbed Dye (%) 1 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
MB | RBBR | IC | ||
L. pulmonaria | H2O | 1.50 ± 0.12 | 9.14 ± 0.11 | 2.16 ± 0.21 |
H2O, 30 °C | 0.16 ± 0.05 | 0.89 ± 0.06 | 0.60 ± 0.59 | |
H2O, pH 3 | 1.91 ± 0.23 | 1.08 ± 0.80 | 0.89 ± 0.32 | |
H2O, pH 11 | n.d. 2 | n.d. | n.d. | |
L. retigera | H2O | 6.48 ± 0.75 | 12.68 ± 1.10 | 16.06 ± 0.73 |
H2O, 30 °C | 1.42 ± 0.21 | 3.00 ± 0.10 | 3.82 ± 0.11 | |
H2O, pH 3 | 61.83 ± 0.04 | 2.46 ± 0.05 | 3.89 ± 0.55 | |
H2O, pH 11 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
Dyes | Content of Dye (µg/disk) | Zone of Growth Retardation (mm) | |
---|---|---|---|
MB | RBBR | ||
Dye without melanins | 50 | 28.8 ± 1.8 | 10.9 ± 1.6 |
Dye adsorbed by melanin from L. pulmonaria | 20.0 ± 0.8 | 0 | |
Dye adsorbed by melanin from L. retigera | 21.0 ± 0.8 | 8.3 ± 0.5 |
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Rassabina, A.; Khabibrakhmanova, V.; Babaev, V.; Daminova, A.; Minibayeva, F. Melanins from the Lichens Lobaria pulmonaria and Lobaria retigera as Eco-Friendly Adsorbents of Synthetic Dyes. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23, 15605. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232415605
Rassabina A, Khabibrakhmanova V, Babaev V, Daminova A, Minibayeva F. Melanins from the Lichens Lobaria pulmonaria and Lobaria retigera as Eco-Friendly Adsorbents of Synthetic Dyes. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2022; 23(24):15605. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232415605
Chicago/Turabian StyleRassabina, Anna, Venera Khabibrakhmanova, Vasily Babaev, Amina Daminova, and Farida Minibayeva. 2022. "Melanins from the Lichens Lobaria pulmonaria and Lobaria retigera as Eco-Friendly Adsorbents of Synthetic Dyes" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 24: 15605. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232415605