Zebrafish, Medaka and Turquoise Killifish for Understanding Human Neurodegenerative/Neurodevelopmental Disorders
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Central Nervous System in Small Fishes
3. Ease of Laboratory Management and Experimentation with Zebrafish, Medaka and Turquoise Killifish
3.1. Visibility and Light Transmission in Small Fishes
3.2. Ease of Gene Editing with Small Fishes
4. Ease of Laboratory Management and Experimentation with Zebrafish, Medaka and Turquoise Killifish
4.1. Zebrafish and Medaka Models of Parkinson’s Disease
4.2. Idiopathic Parkinson’s Disease Phenotypes Seen in Turquoise Killifish
5. Human Neurodevelopmental Disorders in Small Fishes
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Zebrafish | Medaka | Turquoise Killifish | |
---|---|---|---|
Scientific name | Danio rerio | Oryzias latipes | Nothobranchius furzeri |
Lifespan | 2–5 years | 2–5 years | 4–6 months |
Generation time | 2–3 months | 2–3 months | 1 month |
Water temperature | 27–29 °C (20–33 °C) | 25–28 °C (0–40 °C) | 28 °C (20–35 °C) |
Genome size | 1700 Mbp | 800 Mbp | 1500 Mbp |
Number of chromosomes | 25 chromosomes (2n = 50) | 23 (West Korea, China) or 24 (Japan, East Kore) chromosomes (2n = 46 or 48) | 19 chromosomes (2n = 38) |
Time to hatch | 2 days | 7–8 days | 12–14 days (Longer if embryos enter diapause, from several months to several years) |
Sex determination | Environment? | XY/XX | XY/XX |
Difficulty of breeding | simple | simple | difficult |
Fish | Disorder in Human | Behavioural Assay | Phenotype | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|
Dyrk1aa KO zebrafish | ASD | Novel tank test | ↓ anxiety-like behaviour (↓ spending time in the bottom ↓ freezing time) | [127] |
Shoaling test | impaired social preference (↑ independently from one another) | |||
Social preference test | impaired social preference (↓ spending time near social zone) | |||
Shank3b KO zebrafish | ASD | Locomotor activity screening | ↓ spontaneous activity ↓ responses to changes in illumination | [128] |
Shoaling test | impaired social preference (↑ swimming away from group, ↑ spending outside group) | |||
Social preference test | impaired social preference (↓ frequency of social contact) | |||
Nrxn2a KO zebrafish | ASD | Novel tank test | ↑ anxiety-like behaviour (↑ spending time in the bottom, ↑ freezing and thigmotaxis) | [129] |
Cntnap2ab KO zebrafish | ASD | Locomotor activity screening | ↑ nighttime activity | [130] |
Per1b KO zebrafish | ADHD | Locomotor activity screening | ↑ locomotor activities ↑ swimming velocity | [131] |
Image-attack assay | ↑ attack mirror image (nearly continuously, failing to break off) | |||
Chmp7 KO zebrafish | ADHD | Locomotor activity screening | ↑ average time spent moving each hour | [132] |
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Kodera, K.; Matsui, H. Zebrafish, Medaka and Turquoise Killifish for Understanding Human Neurodegenerative/Neurodevelopmental Disorders. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23, 1399. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23031399
Kodera K, Matsui H. Zebrafish, Medaka and Turquoise Killifish for Understanding Human Neurodegenerative/Neurodevelopmental Disorders. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2022; 23(3):1399. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23031399
Chicago/Turabian StyleKodera, Kazuki, and Hideaki Matsui. 2022. "Zebrafish, Medaka and Turquoise Killifish for Understanding Human Neurodegenerative/Neurodevelopmental Disorders" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 3: 1399. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23031399