Mechanistic Insights into Selective Autophagy Subtypes in Alzheimer’s Disease
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Aggrephagy
3. Mitophagy
4. Reticulophagy
5. Lipophagys
6. Pexophagy
7. Nucleophagy
8. Lysophagy
9. Ribophagy
10. Therapeutic Strategies for AD Based on Selective Autophagy
11. Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
AD | Alzheimer’s disease |
Aβ | amyloid β-protein |
APP | amyloid precursor protein |
Atg8 | autophagy-related protein 8 |
AVs | autophagic vacuoles |
APLP1 | amyloid beta precursor-like protein 1 |
Atg39 | autophagy-related protein 39 |
ALFY | WD repeat and FYVE domain containing 3 |
ATGL | adipose triglyceride lipase |
ATM | ataxia-telangiectasia mutated |
BNIP3 | E1B 19 kDa protein-interacting protein 3 |
BNIP3L | adenovirus E1B 19kDa interacting protein 3-like |
Bre5 | UBP3-associated protein BRE5 |
BACE1 | beta-site APP-cleaving enzyme 1 |
CMA | chaperone-mediated autophagy |
CHIP | C-terminus of Hsc70-interacting protein |
CCPG1 | cell cycle progression protein 1 |
ER | endoplasmic reticulum |
ERAD | ER-associated degradation |
FIP200 | focal adhesion kinase family-interacting protein of 200 kDa |
FBXO27 | F-box protein |
FKBP8 | FKBP prolyl isomerase 8 |
G3BP1 | G3BP stress granule assembly factor 1 |
Galectin 3 | LGALS3/GAL3 |
TRIM16 | tripartite motif containing 16 |
HDAC6 | histone deacetylase 6 |
Hsc70 | heat shock cognate protein 70 |
HSP60 | heat shock cognate protein 60 |
HSP90 | heat shock cognate protein 90 |
HSPs | heat shock proteins |
LDs | lipid droplets |
LMNB1 | lamin B1 protein |
LC3 | microtubule-associated proteins light chain 3 |
MFN1/2 | mitofusin 1 and 2 |
Drp1 | dynamin-related protein 1 |
NUFIP1 | nuclear fragile X mental retardation-interacting protein 1 |
NM-DARS | n-methyl-D-aspartate receptors |
NFTs | neurofibrillary tangles |
Nvj1 | nucleus–vacuole junction protein 1 |
NBR1 | neighbor of BRCA1 gene 1 |
NLRP3 | NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 |
Opa1 | optic atrophy 1 |
PHFs | paired helical filaments |
PINK1 | PTEN-induced kinase 1 |
PGC-1-alpha | peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1 |
PTMs | post-translational modifications |
PEX5 | peroxisomal biogenesis factor 5 |
PEX2 | peroxisomal biogenesis factor 2 |
PD | Parkinson’s disease |
PPAR/PPARα | peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha |
PI3P | phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate |
P-tau | phosphorylated tau |
ROS | reactive oxygen species |
RTN3 | reticulon 3 |
P62 | SQSTM1-p62 |
SEC62 | preprotein translocation factor |
RB1CC1 | RB1-inducible coiled-coil 1 |
TBK1 | serine/threonine protein kinase |
TCA | tricarboxylic acid cycle |
UPS | ubiquitin–proteasome system |
UBA | ubiquitin-associated domains |
UCHL1 | ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase L1 |
ULK1 | Unc-51-like autophagy activating kinase 1 |
UBP3 | ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase 3 |
USP10 | ubiquitin-specific protease 10 |
UPR | unfolding protein response |
VDAC1 | voltage-dependent anion-selective channel 1 |
VPS34 | vacuolar protein sorting 34 |
Vac8 | vacuole related 8 |
VCP | valosin-containing protein. |
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Selective Autophagy | Receptor | References | AD-Related Receptor |
---|---|---|---|
Aggrephagy | P62; NBR1; ALFY Hsc70; CHIP OPTN; TOLLIP TAX1 binding protein 1 | [38,39] [57] [212,213] [214] | P62; NBR1; ALFY Hsc70; CHIP |
Mitophagy | PINK1/Parkin VDAC; RHOT1 MFN1/2; BNIP3L FUNDC1; BNIP3 AMBRA1; BCL2LI3 FKBP8; CHDHD ISC1; PHB2 Cardiolipin; NIPSNAP1/2 NDP52; OPTN MCL-1; P62 | [201,215] [216,217] [218,219] [208,220] [221,222] [223,224] [225,226] [227,228] [229,230] [231,232] | PINK1/Parkin MCL-1; DISC1 |
Reticulophagy | FAM134B.; SEC62 CCPG1; RTN3 ATL3 | [233,234] [32,210,235] [236] | RTN3 |
Lipophagy | ATGL | [144] | - |
Pexophagy | NBR1; P62; ABCD3 | [167] [237] | - |
Nucleophagy | Atg39 | [238] | - |
Lysophagy | Galectin 3 | [186] | - |
Ribophagy | NUFIP1 | [239] | - |
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Guan, X.; Iyaswamy, A.; Sreenivasmurthy, S.G.; Su, C.; Zhu, Z.; Liu, J.; Kan, Y.; Cheung, K.-H.; Lu, J.; Tan, J.; et al. Mechanistic Insights into Selective Autophagy Subtypes in Alzheimer’s Disease. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23, 3609. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23073609
Guan X, Iyaswamy A, Sreenivasmurthy SG, Su C, Zhu Z, Liu J, Kan Y, Cheung K-H, Lu J, Tan J, et al. Mechanistic Insights into Selective Autophagy Subtypes in Alzheimer’s Disease. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2022; 23(7):3609. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23073609
Chicago/Turabian StyleGuan, Xinjie, Ashok Iyaswamy, Sravan Gopalkrishnashetty Sreenivasmurthy, Chengfu Su, Zhou Zhu, Jia Liu, Yuxuan Kan, King-Ho Cheung, Jiahong Lu, Jieqiong Tan, and et al. 2022. "Mechanistic Insights into Selective Autophagy Subtypes in Alzheimer’s Disease" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 7: 3609. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23073609