Empagliflozin Attenuates Vascular Calcification in Mice with Chronic Kidney Disease by Regulating the NFR2/HO-1 Anti-Inflammatory Pathway through AMPK Activation
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Empagliflozin Enables the AMPK–Nrf2–HO-1 Pathway to Attenuate Phosphorus-Induced Calcium Deposition in Mouse VSMCs
2.2. Empagliflozin Reduces Mean Arterial Pressure, PWV in The Mouse Model of VC
2.3. Empagliflozin Improves Renal Function in The Mouse Model of VC
2.4. Empagliflozin Improves Serum Level of Calcium, Phosphorus and Decrease Glucose in The Mouse Model of VC
2.5. Empagliflozin Decreases Serum Proinflammatory IL-1β, and IL-6 Cytokines in the Mouse Model of VC
2.6. Empagliflozin Decreased Aorta Calcium Deposition in Von Kossa Stain
2.7. Empagliflozin Increased AMPK, αSMA, SM22α Expression in The Mouse Model of VC
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Antibodies and Chemicals
4.2. MOVAS Cell Culture
4.3. Induction of Calcification
4.4. Alizarin Red S Staining
4.5. Quantification of Calcium Content
4.6. qRT-PCR Analysis
4.7. Western Blotting
4.8. Animals
4.9. Animal Model of VC
4.10. Mean Arterial Pressure
4.11. Pulse Wave Velocity
4.12. Transcutaneous GFR
4.13. Tissue Collection, Biochemical Analysis, and Serum Cytokines Analysis
4.14. Von Kossa Staining
4.15. Immunohistochamistry Staining
4.16. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
6. Limitations
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Lu, C.-W.; Lee, C.-J.; Hsieh, Y.-J.; Hsu, B.-G. Empagliflozin Attenuates Vascular Calcification in Mice with Chronic Kidney Disease by Regulating the NFR2/HO-1 Anti-Inflammatory Pathway through AMPK Activation. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24, 10016. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241210016
Lu C-W, Lee C-J, Hsieh Y-J, Hsu B-G. Empagliflozin Attenuates Vascular Calcification in Mice with Chronic Kidney Disease by Regulating the NFR2/HO-1 Anti-Inflammatory Pathway through AMPK Activation. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2023; 24(12):10016. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241210016
Chicago/Turabian StyleLu, Chia-Wen, Chung-Jen Lee, Yi-Jen Hsieh, and Bang-Gee Hsu. 2023. "Empagliflozin Attenuates Vascular Calcification in Mice with Chronic Kidney Disease by Regulating the NFR2/HO-1 Anti-Inflammatory Pathway through AMPK Activation" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 12: 10016. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241210016