Protaetia Brevitarsis-Derived Protein Hydrolysate Reduces Obesity-Related Colitis Induced by High-Fat Diet in Mice through Anti-Inflammatory Pathways
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Effects of PHPB on Stools, Colon Length/Weight, and Immune-Related Organs
2.2. Effects of PHPB on Body Weight and Food Intake
2.3. Effects of PHPB on Fat Accumulation, Lipid Metabolism, and Adipogenesis
2.4. Effects of PHPB on Inflammatory Molecules
2.5. Effects of PHPB on Gut Microbiota and Serum LPS
2.6. Effects of PHPB on Macrophage Polarization into M2
2.7. Effects of PHPB on Oxidative Stress and ER Stress in Epithelial Cells
2.8. Effects of PHPB on Goblet Cells
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Experimental Design and Diets
4.2. Sampling of Blood, Colon, and Other Target Organs
4.3. Colitis Activity Index
4.4. Serum Chemistry
4.5. Histopathology and Immunohistochemical (IHC) Analysis
4.6. Western Blot Analysis
4.7. Gene Expression Analysis
4.8. Microbial Assessment
4.9. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Functional Classification | Target Molecules | Detection | Primer Seq. | Company, Dilution |
---|---|---|---|---|
Excessive adipogenesis | PPARγ C/EBPα, p-AMPKα AMPKα | WB | - | |
Pro-inflammatory cytokine | TNF-α | PCR | F: TTCACTGGAGCCTCGAATGT R: ACCTGACCACTCTCCCTTTG | - |
IL-1β | F: AGGCTCCGAGATGAACAACA R: TCAGCTCATATGGGTCCGAC | |||
IL-6 | F: AGTTGCCTTCTTGGGACTGA R:TCCACGATTTCCCAGAGAAC | |||
IL-17α | F: CAGCGATCATCCCTCAAAGC R: GTCGTTGGCCTCAGTGTTTG | |||
Anti-inflammatory | Adiponectin | PCR | F: GTTGCAAGCTCTCCTGTTCC R: ATCCAACCTGCACAAGTTCC | - |
IL-10 | F: CCAGGG AGATCCTTTGATGA R: AACTGGCCACAGTTTTCAGG | |||
Lipin | F: GATGCCGCTAAAGACACTGG R: TGGCTAGGATGCTCACAACA | |||
defensin | F: CTGCAAAGGAAGAGAACGCA R: TGGCCTCAGTACTCATGCTC | |||
Gut microbiota | Bacteroides-Prevotella | PCR | F: GAGAGGAAGGTCCCCCAC R: CGCTACTTGGCTGGTTCAG | - |
Desulfovibrios | F: CCGTAGATATCTGGAGGAACATCAG R: ACATCTAGCATCCATCGTTTACAGC | |||
Lactobacillus | F: GAGGCAGCAGTAGGGAATCTTC R: GGCCAGTTACTACCTCTATCCTTCTTC | |||
Bifidobacterium | F: CGCGTCTGGTGTGAAAG R: CCCCACATCCAGCATCCA | |||
LPS | ELISA | - | R&D Systems | |
Macrophage polarization | F4/80 CD11c CD206 | IHC | - | |
Oxidative stress | iNOS Cox2, | WB | - | Abcam, 1:100 |
ER stress | sXbp1 | PCR | F:GAGTCCGCAGCAGGTGC R:CAAAAGGATATCAGACTCAGAATCTGAA | - |
Grp78 | F:TGCTGCTAGGCCTGCTCCGA R:CGACCACCGTGCCCACATCC | |||
Edem1 | F:ATCCTCGGGTGAATCTGAAGACG R:TCATAGAAGGAATCCAGCCCAGC | |||
Goblet cell dysfunction | Muc2 | IHC PAS/Alcian | - |
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Kwon, H.J.; Chun, S.Y.; Lee, E.H.; Yoon, B.; Han, M.-H.; Chung, J.-W.; Ha, Y.-S.; Lee, J.N.; Kim, H.T.; Kim, D.H.; et al. Protaetia Brevitarsis-Derived Protein Hydrolysate Reduces Obesity-Related Colitis Induced by High-Fat Diet in Mice through Anti-Inflammatory Pathways. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24, 12333. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241512333
Kwon HJ, Chun SY, Lee EH, Yoon B, Han M-H, Chung J-W, Ha Y-S, Lee JN, Kim HT, Kim DH, et al. Protaetia Brevitarsis-Derived Protein Hydrolysate Reduces Obesity-Related Colitis Induced by High-Fat Diet in Mice through Anti-Inflammatory Pathways. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2023; 24(15):12333. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241512333
Chicago/Turabian StyleKwon, Hyung Jun, So Young Chun, Eun Hye Lee, BoHyun Yoon, Man-Hoon Han, Jae-Wook Chung, Yun-Sok Ha, Jun Nyung Lee, Hyun Tae Kim, Dae Hwan Kim, and et al. 2023. "Protaetia Brevitarsis-Derived Protein Hydrolysate Reduces Obesity-Related Colitis Induced by High-Fat Diet in Mice through Anti-Inflammatory Pathways" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 15: 12333. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241512333