Non-Coding RNAs Regulating Mitochondrial Functions and the Oxidative Stress Response as Putative Targets against Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. AMD—General
3. Oxidative Stress and Mitochondrial Function in AMD
4. Non-Coding RNAs
4.1. Overview
4.2. Micro-RNAs
4.3. Long Non-Coding RNAs
4.4. Circular Non-Coding RNAs
5. Non-Coding RNAs in Mitochondrial Regulation
5.1. MiRNAs as Bioenergy Regulators in the Mitochondria
miRNAs | Targets | Effect | Model | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 ↑ | MINOS, GPD2, LRPPRC | Mitochondrial damage ↑, mitophagy ↑ | Human breast cancer and melanoma cells | [72] |
7 ↑ | KEAP1 | Antioxidant response ↑ | Human neuroblastoma cells | [73] |
9 ↑ | a PGC-1α ↑ | Mitochondrial function ↑ | Human kidney cells | [74] |
15b, 16, 95 ↑ | Arl2 | ATP production ↓ | Rat cardiomyocytes | [75] |
17, 18a, 19a/b, 20a, 92 ↑ | MFN1 | Mitochondrial fusion ↓ | Human osteosarcoma cells | [76] |
19b-3p, 221-3p, 222-3p ↑ | PPARGC1A | Mitochondrial function ↓ | Human atherosclerotic vessel | [77] |
23a ↑ | GLS1 MnSOD | Glutamine metabolism ↓ Mitochondrial function ↓ | Human RPE cells Mouse cardiomyocytes | [78,79] |
23a-3p ↑ | PPARGC1A | Mitochondrial function and fatty acid metabolism ↓ | Mouse liver | [80] |
24-3p ↑ | KEAP1 | Antioxidant response ↑ | Mouse cardiomyocytes | [81] |
26a/b ↑ | COX5a | OXPHOS ↓ | Rat myoblasts, rat | [65] |
27a ↑ | NFE2L2 | Antioxidant response ↓ | Human and rat kidney cells | [82] |
27a/b ↑ | PINK1 | Oxidative stress ↑ | Human cervical cancer and neuroblastoma cells | [83] |
29a/b, 124 ↑ | MCT1 | Pyruvate circulation ↓ | Human and mouse pancreatic cells | [84,85] |
33a/b ↑ | CROT | Fatty acid oxidation ↓ | Monkey liver cells | [86] |
34a ↑ | NFE2L2 PINK1 | Antioxidant response ↓ Mitophagy ↓ | Neuroblastoma cells Human kidney cells, mouse | [87,88] |
34b/c ↓ | a Parkin ↓, DJ-1 ↓ | Mitochondrial function ↓ | Parkinson’s disease human tissue | [89] |
98 ↓ | Hey2 (Notch signaling) | Oxidative stress ↑, mitochondrial function ↓, apoptosis ↓, and viability ↓ | Alzheimer’s disease mouse model | [90] |
101 ↑ | PRDM16 | Mitochondrial function ↓, apoptosis ↑ | Human astrocytoma cells, in silico | [91] |
130-3p ↑ | PPARGC1A | Mitochondrial function ↓, TFAM ↓ | Human placental cells | [92] |
142, 144, 153 ↑ | NFE2L2 | Antioxidant response ↓ | Human neuroblastoma cells | [93] |
181a ↑ | PARKIN | Mitophagy ↓ | Human neuroblastoma cells | [94] |
181a/b ↑ | NRF1, COX11, COQ10B, PRDX3 | Mitochondrial biogenesis and function ↓ | Mouse retinal neurons | [95] |
181c ↑ | COX1 | OXPHOS ↓ | Rat myocytes | [66,67] |
204 ↑ | PPARGC1A | Mitochondrial copy number ↓, citrate cycle function ↓, autophagy ↓ | Mouse myoblast cells | [96] |
210 ↑ | COX10 | OXPHOS ↓ | Human primary fibroblasts | [69] |
210 ↑ | Ephrin-A3 | Tubulogenesis and chemotaxis ↑ | Human umbilical vein and osteosarcoma cells | [97] |
338 ↑ | COX4, ATP5G1 | OXPHOS ↓ | Primary rat neuronal cells | [98,99] |
494 ↑ | PARK7 | Antioxidant response ↓ | Mouse adipocyte and neuroblastoma cells | [100] |
762 ↑ | ND2 | OXPHOS ↓ | Mouse cardiomyocytes | [101] |
5.2. MiRNAs Affecting Additional Mitochondrial Functions Other Than Energy Supply
5.3. Effects of Selected lncRNAs on Mitochondria
LncRNA | Target/Mediator | Effects | Model | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Cyt b ↑ | mtDNA (?) | Mitochondrial gene expression regulation (?) | Human cervical cancer cells | [111,112] |
FENDRR ↑ | PPARGC1A/miR-18-5p | Mitochondrial disorder ↓ | Human coronary cells | [117] |
GAS5 ↑ | Sirt1/miR-579-3p | Mitochondrial disorder ↓, antioxidant response ↑ | Renal injury mouse | [118] |
LINC00842 ↑ | Acetylated PGC-α | OXPHOS ↓, fatty acid synthesis ↑ | Human adeno-carcinoma cells | [116] |
MALAT1 ↑ | NFE2L2 | Antioxidant response ↓ | Mouse | [119] |
MALAT1 ↑ | SMAD 2/3 pathway | EMT ↑ | Human RPE cells | [120] |
MEG3 ↑ | Drp1 | Mitochondrial fission ↑ | Diabetic mouse model | [113] |
MEG3 ↑ | MMP-2 | Fibrosis ↑ | Mouse cardiac fibroblasts | [121] |
MEG3 ↑ | Sirt1/miR-204 | Oxidative stress↓, inflammation ↓ | Muller cells of mouse retina | [122] |
MEG3 ↑ | NFE2L2/miR-93 | Apoptosis and inflammation ↓ | Human RPE cells | [123] |
MEG3 ↑ | Pax6/miR-7 | RPE differentiation ↑ | Human RPE cells | [114] |
ND5 and ND6 ↑ | mtDNA (?) | Mitochondrial gene expression regulation (?) | Human cervical carcinoma cells | [111,112] |
NRAL ↑ | NFE2L2/miR-340 | Antioxidant response ↑ | Human liver carcinoma cells | [124] |
PWRN2 ↑ | Not known | Cell death ↑, mitochondrial damage ↑ | Human RPE cells | [125] |
TUG1 ↑ | PPARGC1A | Mitochondrial function ↑ | Diabetic mouse model | [126] |
TUG1 ↑ | NFE2L2 | Antioxidant response ↑ | Glaucoma mouse model, mouse retinal ganglion cells | [127] |
UCA1 ↑ | NFE2L2/miR-495 | Antioxidant response ↑, apoptosis ↓ | Rat epilepsy model | [128] |
5.4. Mitochondrial Actions of Circular Selected Non-Coding RNAs
6. Non-Coding RNAs in Antioxidant Response Pathway
6.1. Overview
6.2. MiRNAs
6.3. LncRNAs
6.4. CircRNAs
7. Non-Coding RNAs as Therapeutic Targets
7.1. General Aspects
7.2. MiRNAs
7.3. LncRNAs
7.4. Circular ncRNAs
8. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
AD | Alzheimer’s disease |
AKT | protein kinase B |
AMD | age-related macular degeneration |
ASO | antisense oligonucleotide |
circRNA | circular RNA |
COQ10 | coenzyme Q10; ubiquinone |
COX | cytochrome c oxidase subunit |
CREB | cAMP response element binding protein |
CROT | carnitine-O-acetyltransferase |
dAMD | dry AMD |
EMT | epithelial-to-endosomal transition |
ETC | electron transport chain |
KEAP1 | Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 |
LNA | locked nucleic acid |
lncRNA | long non-coding RNA |
miRNA | microRNA |
MnSOD | manganese superoxide dismutase |
mtDNA | mitochondrial DNA |
ncRNA | non-coding RNA |
ND | (mitochondrial) NADH dehydrogenase subunit |
NFE2L2 | nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2; NFE2 like bZIP transcription factor 2 |
NOX | NADPH oxidase |
NRF | nuclear respiratory factor |
nt | nucleotide |
OXPHOS | oxidative phosphorylation |
PD | Parkinson’s disease |
PGC-1α | peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1 alpha |
PINK1 | PTEN-induced putative kinase 1 |
PPARGC1A | gene coding PGC-1α |
ROS | reactive oxygen species |
RPE | retinal pigment epithelium |
SIRT1 | silent information regulator factor 2-related enzyme |
TFAM | mitochondrial transcription factor |
TGF | transforming growth factor |
UTR | untranslated region |
VEGF | vascular endothelial growth factor |
wAMD | wet AMD |
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CircRNA | Target/Mediator | Effects | Models | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
AKT3 ↑ | β-catenin-Wnt signaling/miR-144 | Apoptosis ↑, EMT ↑ | Rat renal ischemic model | [130] |
CBFB ↑ | p66Shc/miR-185 | Mitochondrial ROS ↑ | Mouse liver injury model, and mouse liver cells | [131] |
circ_0005915 ↑ | NFE2L2 pathway | Antioxidant response ↓ | Human liver cells | [132] |
KEAP1 ↑ | KEAP1/miR-141-3p | Antioxidant response ↓ | Human lung adenocarcinoma samples | [133] |
mc-COX2 ↓ | ? | ATP production ↓ | Leukemia samples, leukemia cells | [134] |
mecciND1 and mecciND5 ↑ | Mitochondrial proteins | Protein import ↑, chaperone function ↑ | Human cervical cancer cells | [111] |
NCX1 ↑ | CDIP1/miR-133-3p | Apoptosis ↑ | Rat myocardial cells, and mouse ischemia model | [135] |
PRKCI ↓ | E2F7/miR-545 and miR-589 | Neuronal cell injury ↑ | Human neuroblastoma cells | [136] |
RERE ↑ | Galectin-3/miR-299 | Apoptosis ↑, fibrosis ↑ | Human nucleus pulposus cells | [137,138] |
SCAR ↑ | ATP5B | ROS production ↓, fibroblast activation ↓ | Human and mouse fibroblasts | [139] |
SLC8A1 ↑ | AXIN1/miR-128 | Apoptosis ↑ | Human neuroblastoma cells | [140,141] |
SPECC1 ↓ | TGFβ2/miR-33a | Apoptosis ↑, proliferation ↓, autophagy ↓ | Human hepatocarcinoma cells | [142] |
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Hyttinen, J.M.T.; Blasiak, J.; Kaarniranta, K. Non-Coding RNAs Regulating Mitochondrial Functions and the Oxidative Stress Response as Putative Targets against Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD). Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24, 2636. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24032636
Hyttinen JMT, Blasiak J, Kaarniranta K. Non-Coding RNAs Regulating Mitochondrial Functions and the Oxidative Stress Response as Putative Targets against Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD). International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2023; 24(3):2636. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24032636
Chicago/Turabian StyleHyttinen, Juha M. T., Janusz Blasiak, and Kai Kaarniranta. 2023. "Non-Coding RNAs Regulating Mitochondrial Functions and the Oxidative Stress Response as Putative Targets against Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD)" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 3: 2636. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24032636