Sperm RNA Payload: Implications for Intergenerational Epigenetic Inheritance
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Small RNA Classes and Their Functions
3. Current Methods for Sequencing sRNAs
4. The Mammalian Sperm RNA Payload
The Epididymis Shapes the sRNA Payload of Mature Sperm
5. Paternal Environmental Effects on Offspring Phenotypes
6. Role of Sperm Non-Coding RNAs in Intergenerational Inheritance
6.1. tRNA Fragments
6.2. Micro-RNAs
Environmental Factors | Tissue (Species) | Altered sRNA Subtype | Primary Detection Method | Citation |
---|---|---|---|---|
High-fat diet | F0 Sperm (rat) | 15 miRNAs (let-7c, miR-293, miR-880, etc.), 41 tRFs (tRFGluCTC etc.) and 1092 piRNAs (piR-025883, piR-015935, piR-036085) | NEBNext® Multiplex Small RNA Library Prep Set for Illumina (New England Biolabs, Ipswich, MA, USA) | [129] |
High-fat diet | F0 Sperm (mouse) | 11.53% tRFs (tRFGluCTC, tRFGlyGCC etc.), and 2.28% miRNAs (miR-3107, miR-142, miR-7210, etc.) | TruSeq Small RNA Sample Prep Kit (Illumina, San Diego, CA, USA) | [16] |
High-sugar diet | F0 Sperm (mouse) | miR-19 | - | [86] |
Western diet | RsRNAs (16S, 18S, 28S), tRFs (tRFSerGCT, tRFGluCTC, tRFiMetCAT, miRNAs (miR-10b, miR-10a, miR-125a) | TruSeq Small RNA Sample Pre Kit (Illumina) | [144] | |
Low-protein diet | F0 Sperm (rat) | tRFGlyGCC, tRFGlyCCC, tRFLys CTT, tRFHisGTG and miRNA Let7 | 3′ and 5′ ligation-dependent protocol | [15] |
vinclozolin | F3 Sperm (rat) | 13 miRNAs (miR-101, miR-1247 etc.), 16 piRNAs (piR_000216, piR_000333 etc.), 19 Mitochondrial RNAs, 59 tRFs (tRFProAGG, tRF AlaAGC etc.) | Ion RNA Kit v2 (Life Technologies, Carslbad, CA, USA) | [130] |
DDT | F1, F2, and F3, sperm (rat) | tRFs and piRNAs | NEBNext Multiplex Small RNA Library Prep Set for Illumina | [131] |
chronic mild stress (CMS) | F0 Sperm (mouse) | miRNAs (miR-199a, miR-103, miR-146a etc.) | TruSeq Small RNA Sample Pre Kit (Illumina) | [105] |
chronic variable stress (CVS) | F0 Sperm (mouse) | miR-29c, miR-30a, miR-30a, miR-32, miR-193-5p, miR-204, miR-375, miR-532-3p, miR-698 | qRT-PCR | [101] |
chronic social instability (CSI) | F0 Sperm (mouse) | miR-449, miR-34 | qRT-PCR | [145] |
unpredictable maternal separation combined with unpredictable maternal stress (MSUS) | F1 Sperm (mouse) | miRNAs (miR-375-3p, miR-375-5p, miR-200b-3p etc.) | modified Illumina v1.5 (3′ and 5′ ligation-dependent protocol) | [133] |
hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis dysregulation by feeding corticosterone (CORT) for 4 weeks | F1 Sperm (mouse) | miRNAs (miR-144, miR-190B, miR-192 etc.) | NA | [134] |
long-term exercise | F0 Sperm (mouse) | miR-483, miR-431, miR-221, miR-21 | qRT-PCR | [135] |
short-term exercise | F0 Sperm (mouse) | miR-19b, miR-455 and miR-133a, tRFGly and tRF-Pro | NA | [136] |
6.3. PIWI-Interacting RNAs
6.4. Circular RNAs
6.5. Long RNAs
7. Interplay among Different Epigenetic Markers
8. Role of Sperm sRNAs in Intergenerational Inheritance: Evidence from Human Studies?
9. Conclusions and Future Directions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sequencing Methods | Pretreatment of RNA | Sequencing of RNA with 5′OH | Sequencing of RNA with 2′–3′ Cyclic Phosphate/3′ Phosphate | RT through Modified RNA Nucleotides | Small RNA Classes Preferentially Sequenced |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
OTTR-seq | −/+ PNK | Yes | Yes | Yes | tRFs, rRNA fragments, miRNAs, and other non-modified small RNA classes |
DM-tRNA | AlkB (wild type and D135S mutant) | No | No | Yes | tRFs, miRNAs, and other non-modified small RNA classes |
ARM-seq | AlkB | No | No | No | tRFs, miRNAs, and other non-modified small RNA classes |
PANDORA-seq | T4 PNK, AlkB | Yes | Yes | No | tRFs, rRNA fragments, miRNAs, and other non-modified small RNA classes |
Ligation-dependent | No | No | No | No | miRNAs, and other non-modified small RNA classes |
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Liu, S.; Sharma, U. Sperm RNA Payload: Implications for Intergenerational Epigenetic Inheritance. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24, 5889. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24065889
Liu S, Sharma U. Sperm RNA Payload: Implications for Intergenerational Epigenetic Inheritance. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2023; 24(6):5889. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24065889
Chicago/Turabian StyleLiu, Simeiyun, and Upasna Sharma. 2023. "Sperm RNA Payload: Implications for Intergenerational Epigenetic Inheritance" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 6: 5889. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24065889