Insecticide Resistance and Its Management in Two Invasive Cryptic Species of Bemisia tabaci in China
Abstract
:1. Introduction: The Whitefly Bemisia tabaci
2. B. tabaci Resistance to Pesticides of Different Classes
2.1. Organophosphates (OPs) and Carbamates
2.2. Pyrethroids
2.3. Insect Growth Regulators (IGRs)
2.4. Neonicotinoids
2.5. Biogenic Insecticide
2.6. Other Insecticides
2.7. Cross-Resistance
Insecticide | Resistance Mechanism | Associated Gene | References |
---|---|---|---|
Organophosphates (ops) Methamidophos Phoxim Chlorpyrifos Profenofos Acephate Malathion | Target resistance | Acetylcholinesterase ace1 gene | [14,18,20,21] |
Pyrethroids Bifenthrin Cypermethrin | Target resistance | Para-type voltage-gated sodium channel gene | [14,18] |
Neonicotinoids Dinotefuran Imidacloprid Thiamethoxam Acetamiprid Sulfoxaflor Flupyradifurone Acetamiprid | Metabolic resistance | Cytochrome P450 gene; glutathione-S-transferase gene (GST); nicotinic acetylcholine receptor β1 subunit gene (Btβ1); and ATP-binding cassette subfamily G member 3 gene (ABCG3) | [8,9,18,28,29,32,33,34,35,39,47] |
Biogenic insecticides Abamectin Afidopyropen | Metabolic resistance | Cytochrome P450 gene and glutathione-S-transferase gene (GST) | [40,48] |
Other insecticides Pymetrozine Cyantraniliprole | Metabolic resistance | Cytochrome P450 gene | [28] |
3. Management of B. tabaci Resistance
3.1. Insecticide Rotation
3.2. Improvement in Insecticide Efficiency
3.3. Synergists
3.4. Bacteriostatic and Insecticidal Compounds
3.5. New Prevention and Control Technology
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Wang, Q.; Luo, C.; Wang, R. Insecticide Resistance and Its Management in Two Invasive Cryptic Species of Bemisia tabaci in China. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24, 6048. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24076048
Wang Q, Luo C, Wang R. Insecticide Resistance and Its Management in Two Invasive Cryptic Species of Bemisia tabaci in China. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2023; 24(7):6048. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24076048
Chicago/Turabian StyleWang, Qian, Chen Luo, and Ran Wang. 2023. "Insecticide Resistance and Its Management in Two Invasive Cryptic Species of Bemisia tabaci in China" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 7: 6048. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24076048