The Apelinergic System in Pregnancy
Abstract
:1. Overview of the Apelinergic System
2. The Apelinergic System in the Reproductive System—Pregnancy and Postpartum
2.1. Reproductive System
2.2. Development of the Embryo
2.3. The Apelinergic System in Placenta
2.3.1. Differentiation
2.3.2. Cell Cycle and Proliferation
2.3.3. Cell Survival
2.3.4. Trophoblastic Invasion
2.3.5. Placental Hormone Secretion
2.4. Labor
2.5. The Apelinergic System and Postpartum/Breastfeeding
3. Placenta-Related Complications
3.1. Preeclampsia (PE)
3.2. Intrauterine Growth Restriction (IUGR)
3.3. Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM)
3.4. Miscarriage
4. From Research to the Clinical Setting: Challenges and Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | Tissue/Fluid | Expression | Methods | Pathologies | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pregnancy | |||||
Molecule: APLNR | |||||
delivery | placenta | mRNA, protein | Real-time PCR, IHC | Late onset PE (↘) | [71] |
delivery | placenta | protein | IHC | PE (≈) | [58] |
delivery | placenta | protein | IHC | PE (↗) | [136] |
delivery | placenta | mRNA | RT-qPCR | Maternal obesity (≈) | [137] |
delivery | placenta, adipose tissue | mRNA | Real-time PCR | GDM (≈) | [138] |
Molecule: APLN | |||||
delivery | serum, cord blood | protein | ELISA | GDM (≈in cord blood, ↗ in serum) | [115] |
24–28 WG | serum | protein | ELISA, EIA | GDM (↘) | [117] |
2nd and 3rd trimester | serum | protein | ELISA | GDM (↗only in the 2nd trimester ) | [74] |
delivery | serum | protein | ELISA | GDM (≈) | [118] |
delivery | maternal and cord blood | protein | ELISA | GDM (↘ in cord blood, ≈ in maternal blood ) | [119] |
24–32 WG and delivery | plasma, adipose tissue, placenta | protein | ELISA, Real-time PCR | GDM (≈mRNA and circulating level) | [138] |
delivery | placenta | protein | IHC | GDM (↘) | [122] |
2nd trimester | serum | protein | ELISA | GDM (↗) | [139] |
20–34 WG and delivery | serum, placenta | protein, mRNA | ELISA, IHC, RT-PCR | Preterm ≈, IUGR and PE (↘ prot, ≈mRNA) | [111] |
delivery | placenta | protein | RIA | PE (↘) | [140] |
delivery | plasma | protein | ELISA | PE (↘) | [103] |
time of diagnosis | serum | protein | EIA | PE (↗) | [98] |
time of diagnosis | serum | protein | EIA | PE (↘) | [101] |
delivery | maternal and cord blood | protein | ELISA | PE (↘ in both maternal and cord blood) | [100] |
delivery | placenta | protein | IHC | PE (↘) | [122] |
delivery | serum | protein | ELISA | PE (↘) | [104] |
delivery | placenta, serum | protein, mRNA | ELISA, IHC, WB, RT-qPCR | PE (↘ in placenta, ↗ in maternal circulation) | [58] |
delivery | serum | protein | ELISA | PE (↘) | [105] |
delivery | placenta | protein | IHC | PE (↗) | [136] |
time of diagnosis | serum | protein | ELISA | PE (↗) | [99] |
delivery | plasma, cord blood, placenta | protein, mRNA | ELISA, RT-qPCR | Maternal obesity (≈mRNA and plasma, ↘ in cord blood) | [137] |
Molecule: ELA | |||||
time of diagnosis | serum | protein | ELISA | IUGR (↘) | [113] |
delivery | serum | protein | ELISA | IUGR (↗) | [114] |
delivery | maternal and cord blood | protein | ELISA | PE (↘ in both maternal and cord blood) | [100] |
delivery | plasma | protein | ELISA | Early-onset PE (≈), late-onset PE (↗) | [92] |
delivery | serum, urine, placenta | protein, mRNA | ELISA, IHC, Real-time PCR | Late-onset PE (circulating and placental level ↘) | [71] |
delivery | plasma, placenta | protein, mRNA | ELISA, RNA sequencing | PE (≈ placental mRNA and circulating protein) | [91] |
1st trimester | serum | protein | ELISA | GH/PE (≈) | [67] |
2nd trimester | serum | protein | ELISA | GDM (↗) | [139] |
2nd and 3rd trimester | serum | protein | ELISA | GDM (↘ during second trimester) | [74] |
delivery | plasma, cord blood, placenta | protein, mRNA | ELISA, RT-qPCR | Maternal obesity (≈mRNA and protein) | [137] |
time of diagnosis | serum | protein | ELISA | MA (↘) | [127] |
Post-partum | |||||
Molecule: APLN | |||||
serum, colostrum and mature milk | protein | ELISA | GDM (↘ in colostrum and milk) | [79] | |
plasma | protein | ELISA | GDM (↘) | [116] | |
plasma, breast milk | protein | ELISA | Obesity (↗with BMI) | [80] |
Model | Peptide | Output | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
Obesogenic diet mice | Apelin | Improvement in placental function of obese dams | [157] |
L-NAME-induced PE in rats | Apelin-13 | Reno-protective effects | [97] |
PE rat model (TGA-PE) | Pyr- Apelin-13 | Improvement in hemodynamic response and renal injury without fetal toxicity | [140] |
PE rat model by reduced uterine perfusion pressure | Apelin | Amelioration of PE symptoms | [39] |
L-NAME-induced PE in rats | ELA | Reversion of the phenotypes of L-NAME-induced PE | [158] |
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Pécheux, O.; Correia-Branco, A.; Cohen, M.; Martinez de Tejada, B. The Apelinergic System in Pregnancy. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24, 8014. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24098014
Pécheux O, Correia-Branco A, Cohen M, Martinez de Tejada B. The Apelinergic System in Pregnancy. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2023; 24(9):8014. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24098014
Chicago/Turabian StylePécheux, Océane, Ana Correia-Branco, Marie Cohen, and Begoῆa Martinez de Tejada. 2023. "The Apelinergic System in Pregnancy" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 9: 8014. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24098014