Third Generation Biofuels via Direct Cellulose Fermentation
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Biofuels and Fossil Fuels
2.1. Environmental concerns
2.2. Bioethanol
2.3. Biohydrogen
3. Cellulose Feedstocks and Cellulolytic Bacteria
3.1. Cellulose
3.2. Detection and enumeration of cellulolytic bacteria
4. The Cellulosome
4.1. Cellulolytic enzymes
4.2. Mechanisms of cellulose degradation
4.3. Regulation of cellulase synthesis
5. Metabolism of Cellulolytic Clostridia
5.1. Sugar uptake
5.2. Cellulose Fermentation and metabolic fluxes in C. cellulolyticum
5.3. Cellulose fermentation and metabolic fluxes in C. thermocellum
6. Metabolic Engineering
6.1. Completion of partial pathways for novel product synthesis
6.2. Engineering metabolic shifts to increase synthesis of desired end-products
7. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
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Fuela | Ethanol content (% v/v) |
---|---|
Hydrous ethanol (Alcohol)(Brazil) | 95.5 |
E85 (North America) | 85 |
Gasoline (Brazil) | 24 |
E10 (gasohol)(North America) | 10 |
Oxygenated fuel (USA) | 7.6 |
Reformulated gasoline (USA) | 5.7 |
Biodiesel' (Sweden) | 15 |
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Carere, C.R.; Sparling, R.; Cicek, N.; Levin, D.B. Third Generation Biofuels via Direct Cellulose Fermentation. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2008, 9, 1342-1360. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms9071342
Carere CR, Sparling R, Cicek N, Levin DB. Third Generation Biofuels via Direct Cellulose Fermentation. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2008; 9(7):1342-1360. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms9071342
Chicago/Turabian StyleCarere, Carlo R., Richard Sparling, Nazim Cicek, and David B. Levin. 2008. "Third Generation Biofuels via Direct Cellulose Fermentation" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 9, no. 7: 1342-1360. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms9071342