Optimizing Building Rehabilitation through Nondestructive Evaluation of Fire-Damaged Steel-Fiber-Reinforced Concrete
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental Procedure
2.1. Materials and Experimental Setup
2.1.1. Bending Test Setup
2.1.2. Compression Test Setup
2.2. Monitoring Methods and Procedure
2.2.1. AE
2.2.2. Ultrasonic Inspection
3. Results
4. Conclusions
- This study found a significant reduction in maximum load-bearing capacity and UPV values for all fire-damaged specimens compared to intact specimens. This indicates substantial structural degradation due to exposure to fire.
- AE monitoring revealed distinct differences between healthy and fire-damaged specimens. Fire-damaged specimens exhibited higher RA and lower AF values, indicating an increased severity and frequency of internal damage. The variability in AE parameters over time highlighted the progressive nature of the damage.
- A strong correlation between compressive strength and the average amplitude of AE signals was observed, confirming the effectiveness of AE as a diagnostic tool. Similarly, the well-documented relationship between compressive strength and UPV was validated.
- The strong correlations between AE parameters and mechanical properties, as well as between UPV and strength, highlight the effectiveness of these nondestructive evaluation techniques in assessing the structural integrity of fire-damaged SFRC.
- The inferred extensive micro-cracking in fire-damaged specimens, suggested by the gradual rise in AE activity, emphasizes the need for thorough evaluation of internal damage. This interpretation is consistent with established studies using AE data to monitor micro-crack development in fire-affected concrete [49,51,53]. This micro-cracking, which accumulates progressively, contrasts with the abrupt damage observed in healthy specimens and highlights the complexity of assessing fire-damaged SFRC.
5. Recommendations for Future Studies
- Combining time-domain and frequency-domain parameters could lead to a more comprehensive assessment of structural integrity across various concrete structures, enhancing the accuracy and reliability of damage evaluations.
- Utilizing advanced techniques like scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to investigate microstructural changes due to fire exposure could provide deeper insights into the mechanisms underlying AE and UPV behaviors, applicable to a wide range of concrete types.
- Future studies should develop predictive models that integrate AE and UPV data with temperature exposure history to predict the remaining service life of fire-damaged structures, aiding in rehabilitation decisions.
- Research on different types of fiber reinforcements, such as glass or synthetic fibers, could identify the most effective materials for fire-resistant applications and provide insights into how various reinforcements influence residual strength and damage mechanisms.
- Future research should explore the integration of traditional invasive assessment methods with NDE techniques like AE and UPV. Comparative analyses between these approaches could also quantify their respective benefits and limitations, potentially leading to more effective and less damaging assessment strategies for concrete structures.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Cement (Type II 42.5 N) | Water | Crushed Sand | Fine Gravel | Retarder–Plasticizer (CHEM I) | Retarder–Plasticizer (CHEM II) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
(kg/m3) | (kg/m3) | (kg/m3) | (kg/m3) | (kg/m3) | (kg/m3) |
350 | 245 | 1161 | 404 | 1.54 | 1.96 |
Average Max Load (kN) | UPV (m/s) | |
---|---|---|
Fire-Damaged Bending Specimens | 15.45 | 3233.29 |
Healthy Bending Specimens | 24.70 | 4274.10 |
Fire-Damaged Compression Specimens | 233.20 | 2982.07 |
Healthy Compression Specimens | 655.72 | 4127.07 |
Specimen Name | Hits | Sum ENER (10−14 V2s) | ENER (10−14 V2s) | DURATION (μs) | AMP (dB) | A-FRQ (kHz) | RA (μs/V) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fired-Damaged Bending Specimens | |||||||
H2_1 | 38,339.00 | 802,196.00 | 20.92 | 884.35 | 47.51 | 152.20 | 4726.96 |
H2_2 | 28,362.00 | 708,930.00 | 24.99 | 865.51 | 47.79 | 164.46 | 4117.19 |
H2_3 | 28,110.00 | 460,369.00 | 16.38 | 706.18 | 47.75 | 158.75 | 3618.20 |
H2_4 | 43,890.00 | 920,812.00 | 20.98 | 796.78 | 48.08 | 152.13 | 3985.14 |
H2_5 | 23,365.00 | 371,693.00 | 15.91 | 698.94 | 47.31 | 180.90 | 3414.55 |
H2_6 | 47,296.00 | 821,251.00 | 17.36 | 718.71 | 47.72 | 151.15 | 3955.37 |
Average | 34,893.67 | 680,875.17 | 19.42 | 778.41 | 47.69 | 159.93 | 3969.57 |
Healthy Bending Specimens | |||||||
H2_7 | 272.00 | 3393.00 | 12.43 | 342.71 | 46.41 | 216.01 | 1248.72 |
H2_8 | 3463.00 | 30,357.00 | 8.76 | 313.54 | 46.02 | 255.16 | 1146.57 |
H2_9 | 7852.00 | 43,661.00 | 5.56 | 281.97 | 45.78 | 251.10 | 1640.35 |
Average | 3862.33 | 25,803.67 | 8.92 | 312.74 | 46.07 | 240.76 | 1345.21 |
Specimen Name | Hits | Sum ENER (10−14 V2s) | ENER (10−14 V2s) | DURATION (μs) | AMP (dB) | A-FRQ (kHz) | RA (μs/V) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fired-Damaged CompressionSpecimens | |||||||
H2_c1 | 3641.00 | 2,384,061.00 | 654.60 | 17,210.64 | 51.31 | 119.26 | 14,388.27 |
H2_c2 | 4305.00 | 2,000,598.00 | 464.61 | 12,167.51 | 51.12 | 115.06 | 12,171.61 |
H2_c3 | 5934.00 | 1,501,131.00 | 252.93 | 9513.33 | 52.18 | 107.97 | 14,883.35 |
Average | 4626.67 | 1,961,930.00 | 457.38 | 12,963.83 | 51.54 | 114.09 | 13,814.41 |
Healthy CompressionSpecimens | |||||||
H2_c4 | 21,845.00 | 421,591.00 | 19.30 | 970.37 | 45.68 | 202.09 | 5878.04 |
H2_c5 | 13,137.00 | 372,592.00 | 28.36 | 1481.19 | 45.12 | 221.61 | 7293.30 |
H2_c6 | 13,777.00 | 355,977.00 | 25.84 | 1010.75 | 45.24 | 236.18 | 3686.38 |
Average | 16,253.00 | 383,386.67 | 24.50 | 1154.10 | 45.35 | 219.96 | 5619.24 |
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Mpalaskas, A.C.; Kytinou, V.K.; Zapris, A.G.; Matikas, T.E. Optimizing Building Rehabilitation through Nondestructive Evaluation of Fire-Damaged Steel-Fiber-Reinforced Concrete. Sensors 2024, 24, 5668. https://doi.org/10.3390/s24175668
Mpalaskas AC, Kytinou VK, Zapris AG, Matikas TE. Optimizing Building Rehabilitation through Nondestructive Evaluation of Fire-Damaged Steel-Fiber-Reinforced Concrete. Sensors. 2024; 24(17):5668. https://doi.org/10.3390/s24175668
Chicago/Turabian StyleMpalaskas, Anastasios C., Violetta K. Kytinou, Adamantis G. Zapris, and Theodore E. Matikas. 2024. "Optimizing Building Rehabilitation through Nondestructive Evaluation of Fire-Damaged Steel-Fiber-Reinforced Concrete" Sensors 24, no. 17: 5668. https://doi.org/10.3390/s24175668