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Open AccessReview
Effects of Mobile Electromagnetic Exposure on Brain Oscillations and Cortical Excitability: Scoping Review
by
Azadeh Torkan
Azadeh Torkan
Azadeh Torkan received her Bachelor of Applied Science in Microbiology from the University of in and [...]
Azadeh Torkan received her Bachelor of Applied Science in Microbiology from the University of Isfahan in 1997 and her Master of Biomedical Engineering in Biomedical Sciences from RMIT University in 2021. She is currently studying for a PhD in Neuroscience at Monash University, focusing on the effects of 5G mobile phone radiation on brain function.
From 1997 to 2012, she worked as a Quality Control Analyst and researcher in several pharmaceutical companies, where she gained extensive experience in pharmaceutical and environmental microbiology. In 2018, she began her postgraduate studies at RMIT University, where she engaged in advanced biomedical research, including cell culture, PCR, Western blotting, calcium imaging, and electromagnetic exposure systems.
In 2021, she joined Monash University as a PhD student and has since been conducting experimental studies using Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS), Electroencephalography (EEG), and the Balance Master System to explore the influence of mobile phone radiation on brain oscillations and cortical excitability.
Her research interests include neurophysiology, brain stimulation, biomedical signal analysis, and the biological effects of electromagnetic fields. She is passionate about linking Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering to develop innovative approaches that enhance human health. Keywords: neuroscience; biomedical engineering; microbiology
,
Maryam Zoghi
Maryam Zoghi
Negin Foroughimehr
Negin Foroughimehr
Ali Yavari
Ali Yavari
Shapour Jaberzadeh
Shapour Jaberzadeh
1
Monash Neuromodulation Research Unit, Department of Physiotherapy, School of Primary and Allied Health Care, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3199, Australia
2
Discipline of Physiotherapy, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Federation University, Melbourne, VIC 3842, Australia
3
Australian Synchrotron, Australian Nuclear Science & Technology Organisation, Melbourne, VIC 3168, Australia
4
6G Research and Innovation Lab, Swinburne University of Technology, John Street, Hawthorn, Melbourne, VIC 3122, Australia
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Sensors 2025, 25(9), 2749; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25092749 (registering DOI)
Submission received: 6 March 2025
/
Revised: 18 April 2025
/
Accepted: 23 April 2025
/
Published: 26 April 2025
Abstract
With the widespread adoption of smartphones, concerns about increased exposure to non-ionizing radiofrequency have emerged. This scoping review examines the effects of mobile phone exposure on neural oscillations and cortical excitability, focusing on both motor and non-motor regions of the cerebral cortex. A scoping review identified seventy-eight studies that involved healthy individuals and employed electroencephalography and only two studies that investigated transcranial magnetic stimulation as primary technical tools. The findings suggest that mobile phone exposure may affect brain oscillations and cortical excitability. However, inconsistencies in experimental methods across studies make it difficult to draw definitive conclusions. Additionally, research on fifth-generation technology, particularly mmWave exposure from next-generation mobile networks, remains limited and needs further exploration. These gaps highlight the need for more in-depth studies on how mobile phone exposure impacts brain function.
Share and Cite
MDPI and ACS Style
Torkan, A.; Zoghi, M.; Foroughimehr, N.; Yavari, A.; Jaberzadeh, S.
Effects of Mobile Electromagnetic Exposure on Brain Oscillations and Cortical Excitability: Scoping Review. Sensors 2025, 25, 2749.
https://doi.org/10.3390/s25092749
AMA Style
Torkan A, Zoghi M, Foroughimehr N, Yavari A, Jaberzadeh S.
Effects of Mobile Electromagnetic Exposure on Brain Oscillations and Cortical Excitability: Scoping Review. Sensors. 2025; 25(9):2749.
https://doi.org/10.3390/s25092749
Chicago/Turabian Style
Torkan, Azadeh, Maryam Zoghi, Negin Foroughimehr, Ali Yavari, and Shapour Jaberzadeh.
2025. "Effects of Mobile Electromagnetic Exposure on Brain Oscillations and Cortical Excitability: Scoping Review" Sensors 25, no. 9: 2749.
https://doi.org/10.3390/s25092749
APA Style
Torkan, A., Zoghi, M., Foroughimehr, N., Yavari, A., & Jaberzadeh, S.
(2025). Effects of Mobile Electromagnetic Exposure on Brain Oscillations and Cortical Excitability: Scoping Review. Sensors, 25(9), 2749.
https://doi.org/10.3390/s25092749
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