Impact of Sex on the Association between Flexibility and Arterial Stiffness in Older Adults
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Cohort
2.2. Covariates
2.3. SRT
2.4. BaPWV Measurement
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Baseline Characteristics
3.2. Association between BaPWV and the SRT Result
3.3. Multivariable Analysis of the Association between BaPWV and the SRT Result
4. Discussion
Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Male Participants | Female Participants | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
≤3.10 cm | 3.11–11.00 cm | ≥11.01 cm | p | ≤15.00 cm | 15.01–22.00 cm | ≥22.01 cm | p | |||
n | 308 | 102 | 103 | 103 | 308 | 104 | 102 | 102 | ||
Age (year) | 71.44 ± 4.42 | 73.05 ± 4.82 | 71.29 ± 4.31 | 70.13 ± 3.68 | <0.001 | 70.64 ± 4.13 | 71.33 ± 4.14 | 71.07 ± 4.00 | 69.50 ± 4.04 | 0.003 |
Height (cm) | 166.12 ± 5.57 | 165.85 ± 5.29 | 166.30 ± 5.82 | 166.18 ± 5.58 | 0.820 | 152.64 ± 4.99 | 152.41 ± 4.63 | 152.24 ± 5.10 | 153.31 ± 5.19 | 0.231 |
Weight (kg) | 66.04 ± 8.59 | 65.96 ± 9.07 | 65.13 ± 8.97 | 67.13 ± 7.59 | 0.198 | 57.70 ± 7.81 | 57.87 ± 8.59 | 57.81 ± 7.45 | 57.40 ± 7.37 | 0.887 |
Sit-and-reach test result (cm) | 6.58 ± 9.97 | −5.08 ± 6.83 | 6.86 ± 2.43 | 16.80 ± 4.62 | <0.001 | 18.04 ± 7.48 | 9.63 ± 4.69 | 18.74 ± 2.29 | 25.92 ± 2.56 | <0.001 |
Resting HR | 62.69 ± 10.63 | 64.30 ± 10.60 | 61.71 ± 0.90 | 62.29 ± 11.71 | 0.006 | 64.15 ± 8.77 | 65.12 ± 9.24 | 63.87 ± 9.07 | 63.44 ± 7.92 | 0.364 |
BMI | 23.87 ± 2.48 | 23.85 ± 2.63 | 23.60 ± 2.64 | 24.19 ± 2.11 | 0.218 | 24.70 ± 3.07 | 24.81 ± 3.27 | 24.90 ± 2.91 | 24.42 ± 3.03 | 0.492 |
LDL cholesterol level | 116.95 ± 33.94 | 113.83 ± 31.85 | 118.75 ± 32.00 | 117.82 ± 37.73 | 0.559 | 131.35 ± 35.53 | 131.47 ± 36.82 | 125.29 ± 34.63 | 137.29 ± 34.38 | 0.054 |
Glucose level | 102.73 ± 25.01 | 104.70 ± 36.44 | 104.29 ± 19.79 | 99.25 ± 15.50 | 0.224 | 101.91 ± 21.50 | 105.63 ± 25.03 | 100.55 ± 17.05 | 99.46 ± 21.29 | 0.088 |
sBP | 130.72 ± 15.04 | 129.90 ± 14.74 | 129.12 ± 16.28 | 133.21 ± 16.66 | 0.112 | 133.72 ± 16.54 | 133.44 ± 14.57 | 134.56 ± 17.20 | 133.17 ± 17.82 | 0.817 |
dBP | 74.04 ± 8.92 | 72.87 ± 9.73 | 73.56 ± 8.40 | 75.61 ± 8.55 | 0.077 | 74.09 ± 9.20 | 72.47 ± 9.05 | 75.01 ± 9.73 | 74.57 ± 8.84 | 0.11 |
History of smoking | 22 (7.10) | 4 (4.30) | 11 (9.82) | 7 (6.25) | 0.307 | 4 (1.30) | 2 (1.9) | 2 (1.9) | 0 (0) | 0.367 |
Active lifestyle | 130 (42.20) | 34 (36.55) | 40 (35.71) | 56 (50) | 0.009 | 190 (61.69) | 66 (63.46) | 64 (62.74) | 60 (58.82) | 0.763 |
History of HTN | 120 (38.96) | 33 (35.48) | 42 (37.50) | 45 (40.18) | 0.463 | 138 (44.80) | 48 (46.15) | 54 (52.94) | 36 (35.29) | 0.038 |
History of dyslipidemia | 52 (16.88) | 13 (13.98) | 16 (14.29) | 23 (20.54) | 0.194 | 102 (33.12) | 34 (32.69) | 42 (41.18) | 26 (25.49) | 0.058 |
History of stroke | 20 (6.49) | 5 (5.38) | 8 (71.43) | 7 (6.25) | 0.867 | 11 (3.57) | 5 (4.80) | 3 (2.94) | 3 (2.94) | 0.706 |
History of MI | 10 (3.25) | 4 (4.30) | 4 (3.57) | 2 (1.79) | 0.63 | 7 (2.27) | 2 (1.90) | 1 (1.00) | 4 (3.92) | 0.355 |
Male Participants | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | ≤3.10 cm | 3.11–11.00 cm | ≥11.01 cm | p | p for trend | |
n | 308 | 102 | 103 | 103 | ||
baPWV, cm/s | 1635.64 ± 283.52 | 1713.49 ± 331.31 | 1608.04 ± 260.95 | 1595.36 ± 246.63 | 0.006 | 0.003 |
Female Participants | ||||||
Total | ≤15.00 cm | 15.01–22.00 cm | ≥22.01 cm | p | p for trend | |
n | 308 | 104 | 102 | 102 | ||
baPWV, cm/s | 1635.09 ± 333.89 | 1663.54 ± 344.91 | 1652.23 ± 358.52 | 1588.95 ± 292.79 | 0.227 | 0.109 |
Male Participants | Female Participants | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
β | 95% CI | p | β | 95% CI | p | |||
Crude | ≤3.10 cm (Ref) | Ref | Ref | Ref | ≤14.00 cm (Ref) | Ref | Ref | Ref |
3.11–11.00 cm | −84.05 | −142.36–−25.76 | <0.001 | 14.01–20.60 cm | −13.41 | −104.31–77.50 | 0.773 | |
≥11.01 cm | −121.72 | −180.75–−62.68 | 0.005 | ≥20.60 cm | −76.68 | −167.59–14.23 | 0.098 | |
Adjusted model | ≤3.10 cm (Ref) | Ref | Ref | Ref | ≤14.00 cm (Ref) | Ref | Ref | Ref |
3.11–11.00 cm | −74.45 | −140.93–−8.55 | 0.027 | 14.01–20.60 cm | 0.58 | −70.69–71.85 | 0.987 | |
≥11.01 cm | −108.17 | −177.65–−38.70 | 0.002 | ≥20.60 cm | −5.26 | −77.59–67.08 | 0.887 |
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Yoo, T.-K.; Park, S.-H.; Park, S.-J.; Lee, J.-Y. Impact of Sex on the Association between Flexibility and Arterial Stiffness in Older Adults. Medicina 2022, 58, 789. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina58060789
Yoo T-K, Park S-H, Park S-J, Lee J-Y. Impact of Sex on the Association between Flexibility and Arterial Stiffness in Older Adults. Medicina. 2022; 58(6):789. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina58060789
Chicago/Turabian StyleYoo, Tae-Kyung, Soo-Hyun Park, Sae-Jong Park, and Jong-Young Lee. 2022. "Impact of Sex on the Association between Flexibility and Arterial Stiffness in Older Adults" Medicina 58, no. 6: 789. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina58060789