Evaluating the Effect of a Novel Molluscicide in the Endemic Schistosomiasis Japonica Area of China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Study Site
2.2. Molluscicide
2.3. Molluscicidal Activity
2.4. Cost Comparison
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Comparison between the Snail Mortality Rate of LDS and WPN
Molluscicide | Dose (g/m3) | 1 day | 2 days | 3 days | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mortality Rate (%) | χ2 | P-value * | Mortality Rate (%) | χ2 | P-value * | Mortality Rate (%) | χ2 | P-value * | ||
LDS | 0.2 | 83.92 (1284/1530) | 6.611 | 0.010 | 94.05 (1439/1530) | 0.749 | 0.387 | 98.76 (1511/1530) | 0.476 | 0.490 |
0.4 | 88.10 (1348/1530) | 0.592 | 0.442 | 96.60 (1478/1530) | 6.207 | 0.013 | 99.54 (1523/1530) | 2.930 | 0.087 | |
0.6 | 92.22 (1411/1530) | 20.982 | 0.000 | 98.50 (1507/1530) | 32.642 | 0.000 | 99.80 (1527/1530) | 8.047 | 0.005 | |
WPN | 1.0 | 87.19 (1334/1530) | 94.77 (1450/1530) | 99.02 (1515/1530) | ||||||
control | 0.0 | 3.40 (42/1530) | 4.12 (63/1530) | 4.38 (67/1530) |
Molluscicide Method | Molluscicide | Dose (g/m2) | 1 Day | 3 Days | 7 Days | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mortality Rate (%) | χ2 | P-value * | Mortality Rate (%) | χ2 | P-value * | Mortality Rate (%) | χ2 | P-value * | |||||
spraying | LDS | 0.4 | 73.09 (1388/1899) | 9.284 | 0.002 | 82.25 (1520/1848) | 15.340 | 0.000 | 88.57 (1635/1846) | 12.035 | 0.001 | ||
0.6 | 76.62 (1494/1950) | 0.311 | 0.577 | 86.26 (1595/1849) | 0.332 | 0.565 | 93.42 (1703/1823) | 2.819 | 0.093 | ||||
0.8 | 81.41 (1546/1899) | 9.399 | 0.002 | 88.13 (1589/1803) | 1.244 | 0.265 | 94.15 (1707/1813) | 6.705 | 0.010 | ||||
1.0 | 83.98 (1599/1904) | 26.470 | 0.000 | 89.08 (1680/1886) | 4.149 | 0.042 | 92.32 (1732/1876) | 0.161 | 0.688 | ||||
WPN | 1.0 | 77.37 (1450/1874) | 86.91 (1600/1841) | 91.97 (1672/1818) | |||||||||
control | 0.0 | 4.07 (75/1843) | 4.45 (85/1910) | 5.64 (108/1915) | |||||||||
powdering | LDS | 0.4 | 69.41 (1305/1880) | 0.012 | 0.912 | 79.18 (1453/1835) | 5.304 | 0.021 | 84.30 (1664/1974) | 35.590 | 0.000 | ||
0.6 | 71.75 (1392/1940) | 2.121 | 0.145 | 82.28 (1500/1823) | 0.004 | 0.952 | 89.58 (1625/1814) | 1.133 | 0.287 | ||||
0.8 | 77.08 (1544/2003) | 27.380 | 0.000 | 84.12 (1573/1870) | 2.390 | 0.122 | 92.17 (1847/2004) | 3.003 | 0.083 | ||||
1.0 | 79.96 (1584/1981) | 54.126 | 0.000 | 86.61 (1663/1920) | 13.734 | 0.000 | 92.94 (1842/1982) | 6.989 | 0.008 | ||||
WPN | 1.0 | 69.58 (1249/1795) | 82.20 (1469/1787) | 90.62 (1758/1940) | |||||||||
control | 0.0 | 3.79 (71/1873) | 4.66 (86/1846) | 5.11 (103/2016) |
3.2. The Snail Mortality Rate by Molluscicide Concentration and Exposure Time in Different Molluscicide Methods
Molluscicide Method | Variables | Estimate | Std. Error | OR (95% CI) | P-value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Immersion | Intercept | 1.843 | 0.066 | 6.317 (6.242, 6.390) | 0.000 |
Day | |||||
1 | - | - | 1.000 | - | |
2 | 1.203 | 0.076 | 3.329 (2.867, 3.865) | 0.000 | |
3 | 2.960 | 0.156 | 19.320 (14.219, 26.251) | 0.000 | |
molluscicide | |||||
0.2 LDS | −0.229 | 0.084 | 0.795 (0.674, 0.938) | 0.006 | |
0.4 LDS | 0.209 | 0.092 | 1.233 (1.030, 1.476) | 0.022 | |
0.6 LDS | 0.757 | 0.106 | 2.132 (1.733, 2.622) | 0.000 | |
1.0 WPN | - | - | 1.000 | - | |
Spraying | Intercept | 1.268 | 0.043 | 3.555 (3.267, 3.866) | 0.000 |
Day | |||||
1 | - | - | 1.000 | - | |
3 | 0.569 | 0.040 | 1.767 (1.635, 1.909) | 0.000 | |
7 | 1.164 | 0.046 | 3.204 (2.927, 3.507) | 0.000 | |
molluscicide | |||||
0.4 LDS | −0.306 | 0.052 | 0.736 (0.665, 0.815) | 0.000 | |
0.6 LDS | −0.001 | 0.054 | 0.999 (0.898, 1.111) | 0.983 | |
0.8 LDS | 0.221 | 0.057 | 1.247 (1.116, 1.393) | 0.000 | |
1.0 LDS | 0.277 | 0.057 | 1.319 (1.179, 1.475) | 0.000 | |
1.0 WPN | - | - | 1.000 | - | |
Powdering | Intercept | 0.934 | 0.039 | 2.544 (2.357, 2.747) | 0.000 |
Day | |||||
1 | - | - | 1.000 | - | |
3 | 0.556 | 0.036 | 1.744 (1.625, 1.873) | 0.000 | |
7 | 1.171 | 0.041 | 3.225 (2.976, 3.496) | 0.000 | |
molluscicide | |||||
0.4 LDS | −0.206 | 0.048 | 0.814 (0.742, 0.894) | 0.000 | |
0.6 LDS | 0.024 | 0.049 | 1.024 (0.930, 1.128) | 0.630 | |
0.8 LDS | 0.263 | 0.051 | 1.300 (1.178, 1.436) | 0.000 | |
1.0 LDS | 0.431 | 0.052 | 1.539 (1.389, 1.704) | 0.000 | |
1.0 WPN | - | - | 1.000 | - |
3.3. Cost Comparison
Content | 50% WPN | 10% LDS | Cost Reduction by Use of LDS Relative to Cost of WPN (%) |
---|---|---|---|
Commercial price of molluscicide (CNY Yuan/kg) | 38.000 | 12.000 | - |
Recommended immersion concentration (Kg/m3) | 0.002 | 0.004 | - |
Market price of application by immersion (CNY Yuan/ m3) | 0.076 | 0.048 | Decline 36.842 |
Recommended spraying or powdering concentration (kg/ m2) | 0.002 | 0.006 | - |
Market price of application by spraying or powdering (CNY Yuan/ m2) | 0.076 | 0.072 | Decline 5.263 |
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgements
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Wu, Z.D.; Lv, Z.Y.; Yu, X.B. Development of a vaccine against Schistosoma japonicum in China: A review. Acta Tropica 2005, 96, 106–116. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Steinmann, P.; Keiser, J.; Bos, R.; Tanner, M.; Utzinger, J. Schistosomiasis and water resources development: Systematic review, meta-analysis, and estimates of people at risk. The Lancet Infect. Dis. 2006, 6, 411–425. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, L.D.; Utzinger, J.; Zhou, X.N. Schistosomiasis control: Experiences and lessons from China. The Lancet 2008, 372, 1793–1794. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chitsulo, L.; Engels, D.; Montresor, A.; Savioli, L. The global status of schistosomiasis and its control. Acta Tropica 2000, 77, 41–51. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Gryseels, B.; Polman, K.; Clerinx, J.; Kestens, L. Human schistosomiasis. Lancet 2006, 368, 1106–1118. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Zheng, H.; Zhang, L.J.; Zhu, R.; Xu, J.; Li, S.Z.; Guo, J.G.; Xiao, N.; Zhou, X.N. Schistosomiasis situation in People’s Repubic of China in 2011. Chin. J. Schisto. Control. 2012, 24, 621–626. [Google Scholar]
- Chen, X.Y.; Wang, L.Y.; Cai, J.M.; Zhou, X.N.; Zheng, J.; Guo, J.G.; Wu, X.H.; Engels, D.; Chen, M.G. Schistosomiasis control in China: the impact of a 10-year World Bank Loan Project (1992–2001). Bull. World Health Organ. 2005, 83, 43–48. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Mao, C.P. Biology of Schistosome and Control of Schistosomiasis; People’s Health Press: Beijing, China, 1990. [Google Scholar]
- Yang, G.J.; Li, W.; Sun, L.P.; Wu, F.; Yang, K.; Huang, Y.X.; Zhou, X.N. Molluscicidal efficacies of different formulations of niclosamide: Result of meta-analysis of Chinese literature. Parasit. Vectors 2010, 3, 84–92. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Perrett, S.; Whitfield, P.J. Currently available molluscicides. Parasitol. Today 1996, 12, 156–159. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- WHO. Division of control of tropical diseases. In The Role of Mollusciciding in Schistosomiasis Control; WHO: Geneva, Switzerland, 1992; pp. 1–10. [Google Scholar]
- Huang, Y.X.; Sun, L.P.; Hong, Q.B.; Yang, K.; Jiang, Y.J.; Xi, W.P. Study on molluscicidal effect of niclosamide ethanolamine salt dustable powder against oncomelania hupensis in marshland of Yangtze river ahead of schedule in spring. Chin. J. Schisto. Control. 2004, 16, 334–337. [Google Scholar]
- He, J.X.; Wang, H.; Wu, M.Y.; Chen, X.F.; Shu, Q.M.; Tao, W.; Xu, Y.X.; Zhang, S.Q. Observation on the molluscicidal effect of niclosamide ethanolamine salt dustable powder by dusting in fields. J. Trop. Dis. Parasitol. 2007, 5, 153–154. [Google Scholar]
- Zhang, T.; Jiang, Q.W. Study on the toxicology of niclosamide. Chin. J. Schisto. Control. 2002, 14, 234–236. [Google Scholar]
- Xiu, R.Q.; Cheng, C.; Xu, Y.X.; Gao, S.R.; Ren, G.Y.; Zheng, J. Studies on toxicities of niclosamide against fish and water flea. Chin. J. Schisto. Control. 1996, 8, 355–357. [Google Scholar]
- Xiong, W.K.; Cai, D.Q.; Lu, Y.S.; Bai, Z.H.; Zuo, S.H.; Xi, J.Y.; Liu, G.H. Safety trial of releasing mollucicides of niclosamide in fish. Environ. Pollut. Control. 1992, 14, 11–12. [Google Scholar]
- Zhu, M.D.; Hong, L.D.; Cai, Z.H.; Shao, F.Y.; Jiang, L.X.; XU, S.F.; Chen, J.H.; Wen, L.Y. Effective duration of niclosamide and influencing factors in water and soil. Chin. J. Schisto. Control. 2005, 17, 373–376. [Google Scholar]
- Fang, Y.M.; Huang, Y.X. Application of niclosamide ethanolamine salt dustable powder. Chin. J. Schisto. Control. 2007, 19, 398–400. [Google Scholar]
- Wang, T.P.; Zhang, G.H.; Xiao, X.; Lv, D.B.; Wu, D.G.; Chen, B.; Fang, G.R.; Wang, Q.Z.; Zhang, S.Q. Observation on the molluscicidal effect of Shangchongding against oncomelania hupensis in laboratory and marshland field. Chin. J. Schisto. Control. 2001, 14, 134–138. [Google Scholar]
- Sarquis, O.; Pieri, O.S.; dos Santos, J.A. Effects of Bayluscide WP 70® on the survival and water-leaving behaviour of Biomphalaria. straminea, snail host of schistosomiasis in Northeast Brazil. Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz 1997, 92, 619–623. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Liu, X.S.; Zhang, S.Q.; Wang, T.P.; Xu, X.Z.; WD, W. Observation mollusciciding effect of niclosamide ethanolamine salt wettable powder. Chin. J. Schisto. Control. 1994, 6, 13–15. [Google Scholar]
- Chinese Ministry of Health. Handbook of Schistosomiasis Control; Shanghai Scientific and Technological Literature Publishing House: Shanghai, China, 2000. [Google Scholar]
- Xu, X.J.; Yuan, Y.; Li, G.L.; Wei, F.H.; Zhao, Y.B.; Tu, Z.W.; Liu, M.; Cao, M.M.; He, H.; Fan, H.P. Molluscicidal effect of a novel molluscicide, LDS. Chin. J. Schisto. Control. 2007, 19, 328–333. [Google Scholar]
- Jin, W.; Du, J.K.; Yuan, Y.; Wei, F.H.; Liu, W.; Wang, H.; Li, G.L.; Xu, X.J. Study on molluscicidal effect of chlorosalicylicamide. Chin. J. Parasitol. Parasit. Dis. 2007, 25, 411–414. [Google Scholar]
- Yuan, Y.; Dong, H.F.; Xu, X.J.; Li, G.L.; Wei, F.H.; Zhao, Y.B.; Tu, Z.W.; Liu, M.; Cao, M.M.; He, H. Evaluation of a new molluscicide for counteracting the intermediate snail host of Schistosoma. Japonicum. Malacologia. 2011, 53, 217–227. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yuan, Y.; Xu, X.J.; Wei, F.H.; Li, G.L.; Zhao, Y.B.; Liu, M. Acute toxicity of LDS, a molluscicide. Chin. J. Schisto. Control. 2007, 19, 188–191. [Google Scholar]
- Hao, Y.; Zheng, H.; Zhu, R.; Guo, J.G.; Wang, L.Y.; Chen, Z.; Zhou, X.N. Schistosomiasis situation in People’s Republic of China in 2009. Chin. J. Schisto. Control. 2010, 22, 521–527. [Google Scholar]
- Lei, Z.N.; Zheng, H.; Zhang, L.J.; Guo, J.G.; Li, S.Z.; Wang, L.Y.; Chen, C.; Zhou, X.N. Schistosomiasis status in People’s Republic of China in 2010. Chin. J. Schisto. Control. 2011, 23, 599–604. [Google Scholar]
- Zhu, H.M.; Xiang, S.; Yang, K.; Wu, X.H.; Zhou, X.N. Three Gorges Dam and its impact on the potential transmission of schistosomiasis in regions along the Yangtze River. Ecohealth 2008, 5, 137–148. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Yuan, Y.; Xu, X.J.; Dong, H.F.; Jiang, M.S.; Zhu, H.G. Transmission control of schistosomiasis japonica: Implementation and evaluation of different snail control interventions. Acta Tropica 2005, 96, 191–197. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liu, Y.F.; Peng, Y.; Liu, F.X. A brief review on oncomelania hupensis Control in China. Sichuan J. Zool. 2005, 24, 213–216. [Google Scholar]
- Wang, R. History and current status of molluscicides research. Chin. J. Schisto. Control. 2003, 15. (In Chinese) [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Huang, S.S.; Zhu, H.G.; Xia, P.F.; Peng, D.Y. Study on the Molluscicidal Effect and Toxic with Compound Nicotinanilide. (In Chinese)Available online: http://kns.chkd.cnki.net/kcms/detail/detail.aspx?recid=&FileName=ZJSB199202032&DbName=CHKJ7993&DbCode=CHKJ&uid=WEEvREcwSlJHSldRa1FhcXVzR0l5bnYyeFVkNnVoSVZzc0hGNnBGQ05XSU82bG5oOThRdWZmN1k2MldneVZ3REtRPT0=$9A4hF_YAuvQ5obgVAqNKPCYcEjKensW4IQMovwHtwkF4VYPoHbKxJw!! (accessed on 18 July 2014).
- Chen, C. Molluscicides and their application in China. Chin. J. Schisto. Control. 2003, 15, 321–322. [Google Scholar]
- Zou, F.C.; Duan, G.; Xie, Y.J.; Zhou, Y.; Dong, G.D.; Lin, R.Q.; Zhu, X.Q. Molluscicidal activity of the plant Eupatorium adenophorum against Oncomelania hupensis, the intermediate host snail of Schistosoma japonicum. Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol. 2009, 103, 549–553. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Wei, F.H.; Xu, X.J.; Liu, J.B.; Dai, Y.H.; Dussart, G.; Trigwell, J. Toxicology of a potential molluscicide derived from the plant Solanum xanthocarpum: A preliminary study. Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol. 2002, 96, 325–331. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Dai, J.R.; Wang, W.; Liang, Y.S.; Li, H.J.; Guan, X.H.; Zhu, Y.C. A novel molluscicidal formulation of niclosamide. Parasitol. Res. 2008, 103, 405–412. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Rapado, L.N.; de Sá Pinheiro, A.; de Moraes Victor Lopes, P.O.; Fokoue, H.H.; Scotti, M.T.; Marques, J.V.; Ohlweiler, F.P.; Borrely, S.I.; de Braganca Pereira, C.A.; Kato, M.J.; et al. Schistosomiasis control using piplartine against biomphalaria glabrata at different developmental stages. PLos Negl. Trop. Dis. 2013, 7. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Yuan, Y.; Xu, X.J.; Dong, H.F.; Cao, M.M.; Tu, Z.W.; Wei, F.H.; Jiang, M.S. Experimental study of complex molluscicidal with nicotinanilide and niclosamide produced in different manufactories. Chin. J. Endemilol. 2005, 24, 167–169. [Google Scholar]
- Dai, J.R.; Zhu, Y.C.; Liang, Y.S.; Li, H.J.; Gong, M.T.; Zhang, J.S.; Guan, X.H. Development of a novel synergism compound suspension cocentrate of niclosamide and chlorphoxim I. Formula and its characteristics. Chin. J. Schisto. Control. 2005, 17, 413–416. [Google Scholar]
- Huang, Y.X.; Hong, Q.B.; Sun, L.P.; Wu, F.; Xi, W.P.; Cai, G. Studies on molluscicidal effect of niclosamide ethanolamine salt dustable powder against oncomelania hupensis. Chin. J. Schisto. Control. 2003, 15, 255–258. [Google Scholar]
- Li, B.G.; Li, W.B.; Dong, Y.; Xiong, M.T.; Feng, X.G.; Mu, L.X.; Tian, S.H.; Li, P.; Xiong, K.; Dong, X.Q. Molluscicidal effect of LDS in mountainous areas of Yunnan Province. Chin. J. Schisto. Control. 2011, 23, 395–401. [Google Scholar]
- Zhou, X.N. Chapter 5: Biochemistry and histochemistry of snail. Chapter 10: Snail control. In Science of Oncomelania. Snail; Science Press: Beijing, China, 2005; pp. 97–108, 317–318. [Google Scholar]
© 2014 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Xia, J.; Yuan, Y.; Xu, X.; Wei, F.; Li, G.; Liu, M.; Li, J.; Chen, R.; Zhou, Z.; Nie, S. Evaluating the Effect of a Novel Molluscicide in the Endemic Schistosomiasis Japonica Area of China. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2014, 11, 10406-10418. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph111010406
Xia J, Yuan Y, Xu X, Wei F, Li G, Liu M, Li J, Chen R, Zhou Z, Nie S. Evaluating the Effect of a Novel Molluscicide in the Endemic Schistosomiasis Japonica Area of China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2014; 11(10):10406-10418. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph111010406
Chicago/Turabian StyleXia, Jing, Yi Yuan, Xingjian Xu, Fenghua Wei, Guiling Li, Min Liu, Jianqiang Li, Rujuan Chen, Zhengping Zhou, and Shaofa Nie. 2014. "Evaluating the Effect of a Novel Molluscicide in the Endemic Schistosomiasis Japonica Area of China" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 11, no. 10: 10406-10418. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph111010406