Environmental Impact Assessment and End-of-Life Treatment Policy Analysis for Li-Ion Batteries and Ni-MH Batteries
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. LCA Model
Raw material | Mass/g | w% | Energy | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Li | 1.75E−05 | 69.63% | Fossil fuels (Heat coal in industrial furnace) | 0.190 MJ |
Ni | 1.25E−06 | 4.95% | Electricity from grid | 3.77 E−04 kWh |
Mn | 1.50E−06 | 5.97% | ||
Co | 1.60E−06 | 6.37% | ||
Fe3O4 | 7.40E−08 | 0.29% | ||
Acetylene black | 1.01E−06 | 4.02% | ||
PVDF | 5.05E−07 | 2.01% | ||
LiPF6/PC-DMC (1 mol·L−1) | 1.70E−06 | 6.76% | ||
Total | 2.51E-05 | 100% |
Raw material | Mass/g | w% | Energy | |
---|---|---|---|---|
La | 3.21E−05 | 0.09% | Fossil fuels (Heat coal in industrial furnace) | 24.6 MJ |
Mg | 6.75E−05 | 0.19% | Electricity from grid | 2.95 kWh |
Ni | 3.70E−04 | 1.03% | ||
C | 3.10E−04 | 0.86% | ||
KOH | 3.36E−02 | 93.65% | ||
LiOH | 1.50E−03 | 4.18% | ||
Total | 3.59E−02 | 100% |
2.2. Choices and Assumption of the Study
Main Types of Damage | Eco-indicator Damage |
---|---|
(A) human health damage | (1) carcinogens, (2) respiratory organics, (3) respiratory inorganics, (4) climate change, (5) radiation, (6) ozone layer; |
(B) ecosystem quality impact | (7) eco-toxicity, (8) acid rain / eutrophication, (9) land use; |
(C) resource consumption | (10) minerals, (11) fossil fuels. |
2.3. Data Quality and Assumptions
2.4. Quality Standardisation of Raw Materials
2.5. End-of-Life Treatment Policy Analysis
2.6. Evaluation Procedures
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Cycle Performance Fitting
3.2. Comparison of Selected Batteries
3.2.1. Three-Dimensional Eco-Indicator Slices of the Two Selected Batteries
3.2.2. Influence of Cycles and Incineration Rate on Eco-Indicator Distribution
3.2.3. Influence of Cycles and Recycle Rate on Eco-Indicator Distribution
3.2.4. Influence of Recycle Rate and Incineration Rate on Eco-Indicator Distribution
3.3. Uncertainty Analysis
4. Conclusions and Policy Implications
Nomenclature
Ci | battery charge-discharge capacity | LCIA | life cycle inventory assessment |
Ctotal | total battery capacity in use phase | m | battery mass under test |
Cs | standard specific capacity per functional unit | ms | required raw materials mass per functional unit |
LCA | life cycle assessment | Nk | charge-discharge cycles in use phase |
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Yu, Y.; Chen, B.; Huang, K.; Wang, X.; Wang, D. Environmental Impact Assessment and End-of-Life Treatment Policy Analysis for Li-Ion Batteries and Ni-MH Batteries. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2014, 11, 3185-3198. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph110303185
Yu Y, Chen B, Huang K, Wang X, Wang D. Environmental Impact Assessment and End-of-Life Treatment Policy Analysis for Li-Ion Batteries and Ni-MH Batteries. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2014; 11(3):3185-3198. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph110303185
Chicago/Turabian StyleYu, Yajuan, Bo Chen, Kai Huang, Xiang Wang, and Dong Wang. 2014. "Environmental Impact Assessment and End-of-Life Treatment Policy Analysis for Li-Ion Batteries and Ni-MH Batteries" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 11, no. 3: 3185-3198. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph110303185